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Cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cryptography is also considered a branch of engineering, but it is considered to be an unusual one as it deals with active, intelligent and malevolent opposition (see cryptographic engineering and security engineering). When cryptography relies on hard mathematical problems, as is usually the case in asymmetric cryptography, algorithms for tasks such as factoring become potential tools for cryptanalysis. Asymmetric cryptography also provides mechanisms for digital signatures, which are a way to establish with high confidence (under the assumption that the relevant private key has not been compromised in any way) that the message received was sent by the claimed sender. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptography   (2438 words)

Cryptography - Open Encyclopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, "hidden", and gráphein, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. Secondly, cryptography has come to be in widespread use by many civilians who do not have extraordinary needs for secrecy, although typically it is transparently built into the infrastructure for computing and telecommunications, and users are not aware of it. In cryptography, however, the term has a specialised technical meaning: codes are a method for classical cryptography, substituting larger units of text, typically words or phrases (e.g., "apple pie" replaces "attack at dawn"). open-encyclopedia.com /Cryptography   (2195 words)

Asymmetric key algorithm -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Thus, use of asymmetric key algorithms does not ensure security; it is an area of active research to discover and protect against new and unexpected attacks. Another potential weakness in the process of using asymmetric keys is the possibility of a ' (additional info and facts about Man in the middle) Man in the middle' attack, whereby the communication of public keys is intercepted by a third party and modified to provide the third party's own public keys instead. The first known asymmetric key algorithm was invented by (additional info and facts about Clifford Cocks) Clifford Cocks of (additional info and facts about GCHQ) GCHQ in the (A monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland) UK. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/as/asymmetric_key_algorithm.htm   (1386 words)

Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key, by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically. For most of the history of cryptography, a key had to be kept absolutely secret and would be agreed upon beforehand using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method; for example, a face-to-face meeting or a trusted courier. An asymmetric key cryptosystem was published in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, who, influenced by Ralph Merkle's work on public key distribution, disclosed a method of public key agreement. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetric_cryptography   (2981 words)

Encyclopedia: Cryptography Main article: Public key cryptography / Asymmetric key algorithm Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key, by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically. In cryptography, a password-authenticated key agreement method is an interactive method for two or more parties to establish cryptographic keys based on one or more partys knowledge of a password. In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is an interactive method for one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that it knows a value of a password, without revealing anything other than the fact that it knows that password to the verifier. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cryptography   (3662 words)

[No title] Nevertheless cryptography still has value under these circumstances, because it forces the adversary to alter his or her attack and expend greater effort to obtain information; furthermore, the use of cryptography will foil some adversaries who are not motivated or skilled enough to develop alternative attacks. Cryptography enables the division of a secret among m people in a way that any k people can reconstruct the secret (for k less than or equal to m), but also in such a way that any combinations of fewer than k people have no information at all about the secret. Cryptography enables a function to be evaluated publicly with multiple arguments in such a way that none of the holders of each argument has any knowledge about what the others are holding. www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/crisis/C.txt   (12692 words)

Managing XML Encryption with Java Asymmetric cryptography replaces the single, shared key with a pair of mathematically related keys, known as the public key and private key or asymmetric keys. With asymmetric cryptography, the public key is made available for use by anyone who wishes to communicate securely with the owner of the private key, while the owner keeps the private key confidential. Asymmetric cryptography is more expensive than symmetric encryption in terms of computational resources; therefore, developers ordinarily use asymmetric encryption only to exchange a shared symmetric key, which is then used by the sender and receiver for the duration of the data exchange in a symmetric-based conversation. www.devx.com /xml/Article/28701/0/page/2   (442 words)

An intro to Elliptical Curve Cryptography The critical feature of asymmetric cryptography, which makes it useful, is this key pair — and more specifically, a particular feature of the key pair: the fact that one of the keys cannot be obtained from the other. In all asymmetric cryptographic schemes, this property — the property that one key is used for encryption, and another for decryption, and the decryption key cannot be found from the encryption key — is derived from the use of mathematical functions whose inverse is extremely difficult to calculate. You may understand an asymmetric cryptographic key pair as a pair of numbers which have some relationship associated with a mathematical function which is relatively easy to compute in one direction, but whose inverse is in practical terms intractable. www.deviceforge.com /articles/AT4234154468.html   (6007 words)

ipedia.com: Asymmetric key algorithm Article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) With a symmetric key system, Alice first puts the secret message in a box, and then padlocks the box using a lock to which she has a key. In an asymmetric key system, instead of opening the box when he receives it, he simply adds his own personal lock to the box, then returns the box to Alice. The critical advantage in an asymmetric key system is that Alice never need send a copy of her key to Bob. www.ipedia.com /asymmetric_key_algorithm.html   (1033 words)

Cryptography Article, Cryptography Information   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Cryptography (from Greek kryptós,"hidden", and gráphein, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of ways to convert information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadablewithout secret knowledge — the art of encryption. In cryptography, however, the term has a specialised technical meaning: codes are a method for classical cryptography, substituting larger units of text, typically words or phrases(e.g., "apple pie" replaces "attack at dawn"). Asymmetric cryptography also provides mechanisms for digitalsignatures, which are way to establish with high confidence (under the assumption that the relevant private key has not beencompromised in any way) that the message received was sent by the claimed sender. www.anoca.org /key/ciphers/cryptography.html   (2136 words)

TACC > Introduction to Cryptography In public-key or asymmetric cryptography, separate keys are used for encryption and decryption. Note the difference with "ordinary" asymmetric cryptography, where the public key is used for encryption. Cryptography Resources is a repository of reference materials on cryptography, including online resources, software, and journal articles. www.tacc.utexas.edu /resources/userguides/ssh_intro/cryptography.php   (1111 words)

Basic Encryption Definitions This means that with symmetric cryptography one needs only a single key for both encryption and decryption, using the inverse of the encryption algorithm for decryption. Asymmetric cryptography refers to encryption algorithms that are not inverse (one-way functions). Public key cryptography is very useful since it doesn't require both participants of a communication to agree on a secret key before starting the communication. www2.rad.com /networks/1997/ssl/glosary.htm   (858 words)

[No title] Rather than offer the security and protection afforded by public-key cryptography, SET simply uses session keys (56 bits) which are transmitted asymmetrically — the remainder of the transaction uses symmetric encryption in the form of DES. The computational cost of asymmetric encryption is cited as reason for using weak 56 bit DES, however other reasons such as export/import restrictions, and the perceived need by law enforcement and government agencies to access the plain-text of encrypted SET messages may also play a role. Modern cryptography uses encryption keys, which can encode (lock) and decode (unlock) messages when an encryption algorithm is used. oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~mg561498/mis485/key.htm   (823 words)

Linux.com | Linux Advisory Watch - October 10, 2003 Conversely, with asymmetric cryptography, it is nearly impossible to determine a decryption key from an encryption key. Asymmetric cryptography can be compared to a bevelled sprung lock; anyone has the ability to lock it, but only those with the key can unlock it. Strength of cryptography is usually measured by the length of the key. www.linux.com /security/03/10/10/1312220.shtml?tid=2&tid=90   (685 words)

Snake Oil Warning Signs:Encryption Software to Avoid We're specifically trying to reach people who are not experts in cryptography or security but find themselves making decisions about what sorts of crypto (if any) to use, both for their organizations and for themselves. Beware of any vendor who claims to have invented a ``new type of cryptography'' or a ``revolutionary breakthrough.'' True breakthroughs are likely to show up in research literature, and professionals in the field typically won't trust them until after years of analysis, when they're not so new anymore. Strong cryptography is considered dangerous munitions by the United States and requires approval from the US Bureau of Export Administration, under the US Department of Commerce, before it can leave the country. www.interhack.net /people/cmcurtin/snake-oil-faq.html   (4062 words)

Public-key cryptography   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Public-key cryptography is a form of modern cryptography which allows users to communicate securely without previously agreeing on a shared secret key. The first asymmetric key algorithm was invented, secretly, by Clifford Cocks (then a recent mathematics graduate and a new staff member at GCHQ in the UK) early in the 1970s, and reinvented by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman all then at MIT. The NSA — the US signals security agency — has also claimed to have invented public-key cryptography, in the 1960s; however, there is currently (as of 2004) little supporting evidence for their claims http://www.research.att.com/~smb/nsam-160/. www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Public-key-cryptography.htm   (976 words)

Primer on elliptical curve cryptography This primer provides a gentle yet thorough introduction to elliptical key cryptography (ECC), said to be ideal for resource-constrained embedded systems because it provides more "security per bit" than other types of asymmetric cryptography. Asymmetric cryptography has, in fact, proved so useful for securing communications that it has become pervasive in modern life. Using asymmetric cryptography, this quantity can be reduced to N key pairs. www.windowsfordevices.com /articles/AT4461971842.html   (5975 words)

perl.com: Asymmetric Cryptography in Perl Asymmetric cryptography did not only provide an elegant solution to the aforementioned bootstrapping problem, it simultaneously solved several other problems of digital privacy, including unforgeable signatures and non-repudiation. Central to asymmetric cryptography, is the notion of trapdoor one-way functions. In an asymmetric cryptosystem, each user has two keys: a public key that others use to encrypt messages to the user and a secret key for decrypting messages encrypted with the public key. www.perl.com /pub/a/2001/09/26/crypto1.html   (1162 words)

Roger Clarke's Crypto in Plain Text Asymmetric cryptography involves two related keys, referred to as a 'key-pair', one of which only the owner knows (the 'private key') and the other which anyone can know (the 'public key'). Because of the nature of the mathematics underlying asymmetric cryptography, the pairs of keys are created as part of a single process. Cryptography in general, and the strategies adopted in relation to public key infrastructure in particular, are at the centre of these debates. www.anu.edu.au /people/Roger.Clarke/II/CryptoSecy.html   (4812 words)

Asymmetric Key Cryptography     (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Asymmetric or public-key cryptography differs from conventional cryptography in that key material is bound to a single user. Thus, the current use of public-key cryptography to encrypt large messages is impractical. Although public-key cryptography, by itself, is inefficient for providing message secrecy, it is well suited for providing authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation services. csrc.nist.gov /publications/nistpubs/800-7/node210.html   (473 words)

Cryptography FAQ (06/10: Public Key Cryptography) Message-ID: X-Last-Updated: 1994/07/05 Newsgroups: sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto Subject: Cryptography FAQ (06/10: Public Key Cryptography) From: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Reply-To: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Date: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:37 GMT Archive-name: cryptography-faq/part06 Last-modified: 94/06/07 This is the sixth of ten parts of the sci.crypt FAQ. Hence public key cryptography `solves' one of the most vexing problems of all prior cryptography: the necessity of establishing a secure channel for the exchange of the key. Intrinsic to public key cryptography is a `trapdoor function' D_K with the properties that computation in one direction (encryption, E_K) is easy and in the other is virtually impossible (attack, determining P from encryption E_K(P) and public key X). www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part06   (1816 words)

Encyclopedia article on Cryptography [EncycloZine]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The first recorded usage of the word 'cryptography' however, occurs in Sir Thomas Browne's Discourse of 1658 entitled The Garden of Cyrus... Cryptonomicon — a novel by Neal Stephenson in which cryptography plays an important role. Cryptography World (http://www.cryptographyworld.com) - A very basic guide to cryptography and key management. encyclozine.com /Cryptography   (2328 words)

An Overview of Cryptography Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; the first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. when an Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver; that, in fact, is the secret. Asymmetric schemes can also be used for non-repudiation; if the receiver can obtain the session key encrypted with the sender's private key, then only this sender could have sent the message. www.garykessler.net /library/crypto.html   (17397 words)

Asymmetric Cryptography Asymmetric cryptography, also called public key cryptography, is a relatively new field, it was invented by Diffie and Hellman in 1976 [7]. The essential difference to symmetric cryptography is that this kind of algorithm uses two different keys for encryption and corresponding decryption. A major problem with asymmetric cryptography is the distribution of public keys. www.maths.mq.edu.au /~steffen/old/PCry/report/node8.html   (1355 words)

Avoiding bogus encryption products: Snake Oil FAQ   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The Cryptography FAQ [3] is a more general tutorial of cryptography and should also be consulted. Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Cryptography There are two basic types of cryptosystems: symmetric (also known as ``conventional'' or ``secret key'') and asymmetric (``public key.'') Symmetric ciphers require both the sender and the recipient to have the same key. Revolutionary Breakthroughs Beware of any vendor who claims to have invented a ``new type of cryptography'' or a ``revolutionary breakthrough.'' True breakthroughs are likely to show up in research literature, and professionals in the field typically won't trust them until after years of analysis, when they're not so new anymore. www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/snake-oil   (4136 words)

Asymmetric Cryptography   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The authors of ".NET Security and Cryptography" also examine how asymmetric algorithms work at a conceptual level, and also provide a detailed analysis of RSA, which is currently the most popular asymmetric algorithm. We then look at how asymmetric algorithms work at a conceptual level in the general case, with emphasis on the concept of trapdoor one-way functions. Fortunately, asymmetric algorithms can be used to solve these problems by performing the same basic operations but encrypting the hash using a private key (belonging to an asymmetric key pair) that one individual and only one individual knows. www.informit.com /isapi/product_id~{125DD02D-EE81-4502-B644-BF23459B6697}/content/index.asp   (1117 words)

Asymmetric Cryptography with S-Boxes - Patarin, Goubin (ResearchIndex)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) This C  scheme was broken in [13] due to unexpected algebraic properties. In this paper, we study some new \candidate" asymmetric cryptosystems based on the idea of hiding one or two rounds of small S-box computations with secret functions of degree one or two. Patarin, L. Goubin, Asymmetric Cryptography with S-Boxes, Proceedings of ICICS'97, Springer, LNCS n o 1334, pp. citeseer.ist.psu.edu /patarin97asymmetric.html   (639 words)

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