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Topic: Asymmetric multiprocessing

	Multiprocessing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Multiprocessing is a generic term for the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system.
		The term multiprocessing is sometimes used to refer to the execution of multiple concurrent software processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant.
		SIMD multiprocessing is well suited to parallel or vector processing, in which a very large set of data can be divided into parts that are individually subjected to identical but independent operations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multiprocessing (1063 words)

	Symmetric multiprocessing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Symmetric Multiprocessing, or SMP, is a multiprocessor computer architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single shared main memory.
		Other systems include asymmetric or asymmetrical multiprocessing (ASMP), in which separate specialized processors are used for specific tasks; and computer clustered multiprocessing (e.g.
		The former is not widely used or supported (though the high-powered 3D chipsets in modern videocards could be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing), while the latter is used fairly extensively to build very large supercomputers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing (796 words)

	[No title]
		By contrast, for the DEC OSF/1 multiprocessing design, the concept of a master processor applies only to the keeping of the global system time and to other specialized uses (such as supporting subsystems that are not yet fully symmetric).
		During multiprocessing development, locking strategies were designed to o Reduce the total number of locks per subsystem o Reduce the number of locks taken per subsystem operation o Improve the level of parallelism throughout the kernel At times, these goals clashed: enhancing parallelism usually involves adding a lock to some structure or code path.
		Before the advent of multiprocessing, the CPU number was a compile-time constant, so that thread-state lookup involved simply reading a global variable to form the pointer to the data.
	people.freebsd.org /~fsmp/SMP/files/DTJF03SC.TXT (8408 words)

	www.iGeek.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One type of multiprocessing may be better for some things than the others, but then there are usually cases where a different solution would be better for that other case.
		Almost all computers have specialized multiprocessing going on -- so ironically, when people (geeks) talk about multiprocessing they almost never mean that type -- they are almost always discussing multiple primary (general) processors.
		Note: there are other benefits of threading beyond multiprocessing; it helps uniprocessor systems as well, since it offers hint to schedulers, or allows the OS to better manage a program.
	www.igeek.com /articles/Hardware/MultiProcessing.txt (1254 words)

	Embedded.com - Using an asymmetric multiprocessor model to build hybrid multicore designs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Multiprocessing programming models have been either inefficient in resource utilization or lack determinism, but a new multiprocessing model is now available that can solve both problems for the right applications.
		Figure 3 – Asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) combines two approaches, allowing some tasks to be mapped to specific processors while retaining the ability to implement load balancing on the remaining tasks.
		This yields a hybrid multiprocessing approach that combines some of the advantages of the traditional methods as well as eliminating some of their disadvantages.
	www.embedded.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=173402824 (2060 words)

	Welcome to Vmebus Systems
		Even higher performance can be achieved cost effectively by using an asymmetric multiprocessing approach where two processors on a single board share the workload.
		Asymmetric multiprocessing refers to the type of multiprocessing where each processor in a multiprocessor system has its own operating system.
		The asymmetric multiprocessing is coordinated via the FPGA processor using approximately half of its available gates; the other gates are used for standard functions and are user programmable.
	www.vmebus-systems.com /articles/authorsold/eder (1043 words)

	Multiprocessing 101
		For years, big companies have relied on multiprocessing for server applications (imagine a train pulled by two locomotives), and hardcore PC enthusiasts have built "duallies" to speed up games like Quake III Arena (imagine a dragster with two engines).
		Asymmetric systems reserve separate processors for specific tasks -- one to handle disk operations, say, while another crunches numbers.
		Multiprocessing is sometimes confused with multitasking, in which an operating system like Windows loads and runs two or more tasks or programs in memory at once (right now, for instance, you probably have your e-mail program and word processor open as well as your Web browser).
	www.cpuplanet.com /features/article.php/1456611 (704 words)

	The Common Man's Guide to Operating System Design: Processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Multiprocessing is not, however, mututally exclusive with multiprogramming.
		Asymmetric multiprocessing involved using multiple processors by giving each a specific function in the system.
		Asymmetric multiprocessing is not used in any modern operating systems that I am aware of.
	cdsmith.twu.net /professional/osdesign/ch04.html (6049 words)

	Symmetric multiprocessing: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Multiprocessing is traditionally known as the use of multiple concurrent processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant....
		Other systems include asymmetric or asymmetrical multiprocessing, EHandler: no quick summary.
		The former is not widely used or supported (though the high-powered 3d chipsets in modern videocards could be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing), EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/symmetric_multiprocessing.htm (2555 words)

	General Micro Systems ships the fastest multiprocessor CPU board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Atlas-C provides built-in support for symmetric and real-time asymmetric multiprocessing, which enables its two Coppermine-256 processors to work together in parallel on the same program, transparent to the programmer and the application.
		Symmetric multiprocessing, which leverages SMP facilities built into Windows NT, Solaris and Linux, is ideal for SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) applications like graphics and imaging because it enables multiple CPUs to work concurrently on the same program thread, symmetric multiprocessing.
		Asymmetrical multiprocessing is an innovative form of de-coupled multiprocessing based on GMS' new RAMP (Real-time Asymmetric Multi Processing) technology.
	www.hoise.com /primeur/00/articles/monthly/AE-PR-06-00-61.html (426 words)

	Leveraging Multi-Core Processors for High-Performance Network Elements \| RTC Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It all depends on how the OS supports the various multiprocessing modes that a multi-core chip may offer.
		• Bound multiprocessing — A single instantiation of an OS manages all processor cores simultaneously, but each application is locked to a specific core.
		Asymmetric multiprocessing, or AMP, provides an execution environment similar to conventional uniprocessor systems, which most developers already know and understand.
	www.rtcmagazine.com /home/article.php?id=100403 (743 words)

	ARM ponders a four-processor core (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		ARM is considering a hybrid symmetry model with support for both symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing architectures.
		Goodacre told SBN that a four-way symmetric multiprocessing core with ARM's traditional robust support and offering close to four times the performance of an ARM uniprocessor looked like it would appeal to partners who might chose not to push on to the most advanced, and costly, manufacturing process technology.
		The ARM multiprocessing trial platform is a four-processor device with a single AMBA bus and a trigger and trace bus to help with debugging and system integration.
	www.commsdesign.com /printableArticle?articleID=16501602 (700 words)

	Technology@Intel Magazine
		Obviously, because of Amdahl’s Law, the first challenge for multiprocessing performance is to improve the performance of the scalar components of execution.
		With this asymmetric multiprocessor prototype, parallel phases of code were dynamically assigned to the low EPI processors in the AMP prototype, and sequential phases were assigned to the high EPI processor.
		The current shift toward a new era of computing based on multiprocessing, multithreaded applications on multi-core processors comes at a time when processor power/thermal properties are increasingly challenging to control.
	developer.intel.com /technology/magazine/research/power-efficiency-0206.htm (2809 words)

	Real-time multiprocessing on CompactPCI
		We wanted true real-time asymmetric multiprocessing -- two or more processes running independently of one another on the same memory subsystem.
		The model today in Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) is that two CPUs on the same board give you increased processing power of thirty to forty percent (operating-system dependent) over the speed of a single CPU.
		With asymmetric multiprocessing the increase in speed of instruction execution is approximately 98 percent -- just about the equivalent of two CPU boards
	www.tonimcconnel.com /GMS.htm (1778 words)

	Performance Tuning for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
		Multiprocessing works best with large computing data sets that can be broken into chunks and solved independently.
		Asymmetric processing does not allow the operating system to make the most effective use of processor time.
		Computer designers often use asymmetric multiprocessing to give the system processor hardware-level access to input/output devices and deny that access to the user processor(s), thus protecting system resources and reducing the need for security in the operating system.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/archive/ntwrkstn/maintain/optimize/2698c14.mspx (8517 words)

	What is SMP??
		The term "SMP" is an acronym for "symmetric multiprocessing".
		In a symmetric multiprocessing system, by contrast, each CPU usually figures out what to do for itself, and each CPU is capable of doing anything that needs doing.
		But when the necessary applications do lots of computation, and are coded to take advantage of multiprocessing, big gains are possible.
	www.overclockers.com /tips498 (1164 words)

	Network Computing \| Workshop \| Infrastructure \| 'Multis' Can Mean Better Performance \| Page 2 \| August 20, 2001
		Multiprocessing refers to the ability of an operating system to use multiple CPUs.
		Multiprocess is a programmatic model that uses multiple processes within an application.
		In an asymmetric multiprocessing system, each CPU is assigned a specific task, with one master processor controlling the entire system.
	www.networkcomputing.com /1217/1217ws12.html (921 words)

	Processes and Process Context
		Asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP) operating systems typically select one processor to run operating system code, with the other processors running user jobs.
		Symmetric multiprocessing systems (SMPs), which include Linux, Sun's Solaris and Windows NT each allow the operating system to run on any or all of the available processors, sharing memory between them.
		The central unit for execution on such machines is the thread, with multiple threads of a single process having the possibility to be spread across multiple processors.
	www.tldp.org /LDP/LGNET/issue23/flower/multiproc.html (184 words)

	creativepro.com - Multiprocessing in Mac OS X
		Many of OS X's services have been written from the ground up to take advantage of multiprocessing, and the new OS gives developers a choice of programming interfaces they can use to enable MP in their applications.
		In Part One, we noted that Mac OS 9 supports asymmetric multiprocessing, in which one processor maintains the OS and schedules work for other processors.
		The first two are used in the Carbon environment, which allows developers to retrofit existing applications to run natively under Mac OS X. NSThread and java.lang.Thread are used in the Cocoa environment, which is aimed at developers who want to build native OS X applications from scratch.
	www.creativepro.com /story/news/10640.html (1111 words)

	NX616146 ËÒ Website à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº Multiprocessor ¤ÃÑº (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One type of multiprocessing may be better for some things than the others, but then there are
		multiprocessing is that each processor can see and do the same things.
		asymmetric multiprocessing is that different processors do different things.
	www.pantip.com /tech/nonpc/topic/NX616146.html (1357 words)

	Wireless Design & Development
		Quadros announces its distributed, asymmetric multiprocessing RTXC/mp RTOS for the TI OMAP5912 dual-core processor.
		The RTXC/mp RTOS presents the two cores that comprise the OMAP5912 as a single logical processor that lets the developer distribute the application's code and kernel objects to the processor most suited to the needs of the application or for greatest efficiency.
		Use of this website is subject to its terms of use.
	www.wirelessdesignmag.com /ShowPR.aspx?PUBCODE=055&ACCT=0031535&ISSUE=0502&RELTYPE=PR&Cat=18&SubCat=1&ProdCode=R0190&PRODLETT=A&SearchText=Quadros (216 words)

	QNX Momentics Multi-Core Edition Addresses Imminent Industry Transition to Multi-Core Processors
		In addition to offering both asymmetric (AMP) and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) capabilities, QNX has pioneered an innovative "hybrid" capability that combines the superior resource management of SMP with the application control of AMP.
		Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) -- For years, QNX has proven the power of its SMP capabilities with industry-leading networking customers, enabling them to extract maximum performance from their multiprocessing designs while simultaneously minimizing the complexity associated with management of shared resources.
		Bound Multiprocessing (BMP) -- QNX has developed a new approach to multiprocessing that combines the superior resource management of SMP with the application control of AMP.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-24-2005/0004193036&EDATE= (710 words)

	Timeline: Adaptive hardware utilization
		With a self-optimizing compiler, capable of translating 68040 machine code for a PalmPilot interface into Flare and thence to parallel-computing Intel assembly that runs on a multiprocessing Linux machine (1), the SMP market should really hit the mainstream for the first time.
		I used to wonder why, if we can fit a primitive CPU onto thousands of transistors, and a modern CPU onto millions of transistors, we can't fit a thousand primitive processors onto a modern chip.
		With a self-optimizing compiler around, it should be possible for Intel to design thousand-processor asymmetric multiprocessing chips and be assured that existing programs will be capable of using them to their full potential.
	yudkowsky.net /sing/PtS/technology/timeline/hardware.html (336 words)

	CPSC 499 - 2 Computer Ethics: Examination #1
		Multiprocessing – job execution involving more than one processor with close communication.
		– In symmetric multiprocessing the processors sometimes share a CPU clock and expanded global memory.
		- In asymmetric multiprocessing, the processors have independent CPU clocks and do not share OS and have limited global memory.
	www.utc.edu /Faculty/Joseph-Kizza/ComputerScience251/Solutions/Exam1(2001).htm (478 words)

	Software facilitates leveraging of multi-core processors., QNX Software Systems, Lt
		Multiprocessing options, including symmetric, asymmetric, and bound, enable developers to accelerate code migration and achieve optimal performance on multi-core processors from Intel, Freescale, Broadcom, and others.
		Whether customers are migrating existing applications to multi-core hardware platforms or creating new multi-core enabled applications, the TDK offers the full range of multiprocessing options, including symmetric, asymmetric, and "bound," an innovative new technology from QNX Software Systems.
		Besides offering asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), the kit supports bound multiprocessing (BMP), an innovative hybrid capability that combines the superior scalability and resource management of SMP with the developer control of AMP.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/481626/rss (1168 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The three most prevalent classes of so-called multiprocessing systems today include: Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) Asymmetric Multiprocessing (ASMP) Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) But even these approaches have weaknesses that limit their ability to efficiently process vast amounts of data.
		Asymmetric Multiprocessing (ASMP) systems assign specific tasks to specific processors, with a master processor controlling the system.
		The present invention also uses a two-tier MPP approach, but unlike the DIRECT machine, the present invention assumes an asymmetric approach, in which each back-end processor is the exclusive"owner"of its data.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=04/27576.040617&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11760 words)

	PLASMA online - Your hardware guide
		SMP describes a computer system equipped with more than one processor, and equipped with an operating system capable of distributing load evenly over those processors.
		Asymmetric systems dedicate individual processors to specific tasks.
		These systems don't have the flexibility to assign processes to the least-loaded CPU, unlike an SMP system.
	www.plasma-online.de /textual/almanac/term/cpu_multiproc.html (123 words)

	The PC Guide Discussion Forums - View Single Post - SMP on NT 4.0 with processor failure(s)
		"Multiprocessing operating systems can be either asymmetric or symmetric.
		In asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), the operating system typically sets aside one or more processors for its exclusive use.
		In symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), any processor can run any type of thread.
	www.pcguide.com /vb/showpost.php?p=34204&postcount=2 (196 words)

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