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Topic: Asymmetrical information

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	Information asymmetry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In economics, information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party.
		George Akerlof later used the term asymmetric information in his 1970 work The Market for Lemons.
		Information asymmetry has recently been noted to be on the decline thanks to the Internet, which allows unknowledgeable users to acquire heretofore unavailable information such as the costs of competing insurance policies, used cars, etc. (see Freakonomics)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetrical_information (312 words)

	Occupational Regulation [Mackinac Center for Public Policy]
		Information is asymmetrical, for example, when consumers cannot adequately judge the quality of the product or service they are buying, yet producers can judge the demand for their product.
		The specific case of asymmetrical information exists when forest landowners, the consumers, cannot adequately judge the quality of the logging service that they are buying, yet loggers (producers) can judge the demand for their service.
		Market failure due to asymmetrical information may also be addressed through means that do not restrict the number and quality of practitioners in the occupation but that make it possible for consumers to judge the quality of the service themselves.
	www.mackinac.org /article.asp?ID=5257 (1422 words)

	Power and Interdependence in the Information Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Yet as modernists insist, the information revolution is not "deja vu all over again": cyberspace is truly global; it is harder to stop or even monitor the flow of information-carrying electrons than to do so for raw materials or goods; and dramatic reductions in the cost of information transmission make other resources relatively scarce.
		In contrast to free information, where low average costs have had a strong impact on increasing flows, much of the profit from commercial information comes from the advantage of being first and the ability to withhold information unless recipients pay for it.
		Unlike asymmetrical interdependence in trade, where power goes to those who can afford to hold back or break trade ties, information power flows to those who can edit and credibly validate information to sort out what is both correct and important.
	siyaset.bilkent.edu.tr /Harvard/nyekeo.htm (6535 words)

	CEPIS/OPS-A. Conduct regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Asymmetric information and limited observability mean imperfect incentives and impaired economic efficiency, creates a divergence of interest between the regulated firm and its customers, and gives rise to strategic behaviour on the part of both the regulator and the regulated firm.
		Asymmetric information allows a firm to extract rents from its monopoly of information and hence obtain supernormal profits resulting in an overall welfare loss or allocative inefficiency.
		Thus, asymmetric information blocks the possibility for simultaneous attainment of productive efficiency, which requires that price be kept as low as possible, and allocative efficiency, which requires that price be kept close to marginal cost, and leads to a tradeoff between them (Rees and Vickers, 1995).
	www.cepis.ops-oms.org /muwww/fulltext/rpp/rppmona1.html (7417 words)

	IPC - Privacy as a Fundamental Human Right vs. an Economic Right: An Attempt at Conciliation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While personal information has been commodified or commercialized, there has not been a corresponding empowerment of individuals that would give them the ability to control how their personal information will be used, or for which they will be compensated.
		These examples would suggest that under conditions of asymmetrical information and bargaining power, individuals can be placed in situations where they have to make decisions under some compulsion, or put differently, individuals do not have a completely free choice in making decisions about their informational privacy.
		The asymmetrical information deficit that individuals may be prone to could be offset by their reliance on such agents.
	www.ipc.on.ca /scripts/index_.asp?action=31&P_ID=11431&N_ID=1&PT_ID=11351&U_ID=0 (15384 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In economics, information asymmetry occurs when one party to 0 a transaction has more 9 or better information 2 than the other party.
		Examples of situations 0 where the seller usually 1 has better information 4 than the buyer 4 are numerous but 2 include stockbrokers, real 6 estate agents, and 9 life insurance transactions.
		This 2 situation was first 4 described in by 4 George Akerlof (who coined 8 the term asymmetric information) 1 in his 1970 9 work The Market for Lemons.
	www.regtro.com /information_asymmetry_.htm (278 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In economics, information asymmetry occurs when one party to 4 a transaction has 3 more or better 4 information than the other 1 party.
		Examples of situations 1 where the seller 0 usually has better 7 information than the buyer 5 are numerous but include 7 stockbrokers, real estate 5 agents, and life insurance 6 transactions.
		This situation was 7 first described in by 2 George Akerlof (who 5 coined the term 5 asymmetric information) in his 7 1970 work The Market for Lemons.
	www.regtro.com /asymmetrical_information_.htm (275 words)

	Information asymmetry -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In (The branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management) economics, information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party.
		This situation was first described by (Click link for more info and facts about Kenneth J. Arrow) Kenneth J. Arrow in a seminal article on health care in 1963 entitled "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care," in the American Economic Review.
		Because of information asymmetry, unscrupulous sellers can " (A composition that imitates somebody's style in a humorous way) spoof" items (like software or computer games) and defraud the buyer.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/information_asymmetry.htm (415 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Behind the Great Firewall of China: A Look at RMA/IW Theory From ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The good information must be separated from "information contamination or information trash." Theory must be directed at the art of dealing with information at higher levels where accuracy is hard to achieve, at the level of multidimensional battlefields and commanding diversified forces via multi-media devices (computers, images, etc.).
		Information warfare is combat aimed at seizing the battlefield initiative; with digitized units as its essential combat force; the seizure, control, and use of information as its main substance; and all sorts of information weaponry [smart weapons] and systems as its major means.
		Information warfare is combat in the area of fire assault and operational command for information acquisition and anti-acquisition; for suppression [neutralization] and anti-neutralization; for deception and anti-deception; and for the destruction and anti-destruction of information and information sources.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/fmso/chinarma.htm (10776 words)

	EastSouthWestNorth: One-Sided Asymmetrical Information Warfare
		Because this is an asymmetrical game in which they hold all the information on their side.
		That is why this post is titled "One-sided asymmetrical information warfare." They can decide what to release, they can decide when to release and they can decide how to release, either officially or unofficially.
		This case is made worse when Mary Lau disclosed many facts (such as the connection with Lu Jianhua and the internal speeches of the CCP leaders on Ching's computer) and she is not to be doubted by Ching's supporters.
	www.zonaeuropa.com /20050812_2.htm (1625 words)

	[No title]
		The certainty of this outcome follows directly from existence of asymmetrical information about the operation of the dairy CAFO and from the motivation of the operators of the dairy.
		The term asymmetrical information refers to a situation where one of two individuals in an agreement or contract possesses more information than the other individual about the nature of the bargain.
		If one individual possesses critical additional information about the contract, this individual can use his proprietary information to gain an advantage in the bargain. In theory, the permitting process used to evaluate dairy CAFO applications should insure that the citizens of a region are fully informed about all aspects of the dairy’s proposed operation.
	www.factoryfarm.org /docs/dairy_paper_sectI_I_II.doc (6018 words)

	arbyte.us: Jury Duty - Take 1
		I went downstairs to the jury orientation room only to see that the door was closed and a sign said I should go back upstairs to the information desk.
		After a couple minutes the jury coordinator showed up and started talking to people and it became apparent that most of the people in line for the information desk were also jurors who missed the orientation — roughly 15 people.
		Several of the others were given his contact information so they could write letters expressing their displeasure.
	arbyte.us /blog_archive/2004/02/Jury_Duty_1.html (641 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, the physical relationship between the CAFO and the region is essentially predetermined by the rules and policies that are already in place in the region--and this set of rules and policies is often based on the pivotal assumptions that: 1.
		Problems with Asymmetrical Information Asymmetrical information is created when one of two individuals in an agreement or contract possesses more information than the other individual about the nature of the bargain.
		However, the nature of the permitting process--which is usually based on incorrect assumptions that all agricultural projects are conventional in nature--allows the CAFO operator to acquire an operating permit while withholding significant amounts of information from the residents of the region.
	factoryfarm.com /docs/Weida_Prop_Devaluation.doc (2346 words)

	Information Superiority and Game Theory: Experimental Evidence of the Value of Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Darilek and Bracken focus their results on the implications of asymmetrical information on the success of military operations in the next decade.
		However, information superiority, defined as the "capability to collect, process and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an adversary’s ability to do the same," has applications to any competitive environment, including market competition.
		Additionally, one of the subjects may be given the option to pay to eliminate one of their opponent’s strategies (delete a row) and we would evaluate their willingness to pay for this option as well.
	www.iaes.org /conferences/past/montreal_48/prelim_program/c50-1/slate.htm (501 words)

	World Commodity Survey
		One of these obstacles include asymmetrical information, which is an example of non-perfect markets.
		Most developing countries lack access to the basic information which would enable them to negotiate the best prices, understand underlying market mechanisms, position themselves in dynamic sectors, learn about quality standards and be aware of the various links in the process of trade.
		This survey was prepared with the support of the Government of France, which funds the INFOCOMM programme ("Market information in the commodity sector"), and in partnership with Cyclope, a group of French-speaking researchers.
	r0.unctad.org /infocomm/WorldCommSurvey/coverpage.htm (353 words)

	The Syndicates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To leverage our economic, financial, and technical expertise, in collaboration with our corporate customer, to develop an innovative, scalable, and cost effective method for diluting the adverse effects of moral hazard derived from asymmetrical information; and reducing the probability of costly supply chain interruptions.
		Private information which is only made available to selected parties, results in all parties to the transaction no longer possessing the same levels of information.
		Akerlof suggested that in situation of asymmetric information, a seller may possess information about defects in a product that is not available to a potential buyer.
	thesyndicates.net /Risk.htm (358 words)

	Stock Option Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Click here for information on how to obtain an extension of time to file.
		Information on Stock option trading and stock trading book.Truth about Stock option trading...
		This website has information on stock exchange is not stock trading search.
	www.trading-report.com /stocks/stock-option-information.html (1047 words)

	the LCD: The Economics of Dating
		Asymmetrical information, for the non-economists out there, deals with the fact that actors in the marketplace do not have perfect information.
		Asymmetrical information is usually offered as an example of "market failure," but really it's just another obstacle for businessmen (or consumers in the case of used cars) to overcome.
		In fact, we could say that dating is really just a process of eliminating asymmetrical information, by increasing our knowledge of another individual.
	thelcd.blogspot.com /2004/11/economics-of-dating.html (583 words)

	Fall 2001 Letter Home: A Newsletter for Cal Parents
		Berkeley's new Nobel Prize economist wins for explaining asymmetric information in the marketplace, a notion that has had profound effect on theories of behavioral economics.
		A co-winner of the 2001 economics prize, Akerlof first introduced the notion of "asymmetric information" as a factor in the performance of some markets in his landmark study in 1970.
		In his theory of asymmetrical information, one side of the economic equation—either the buyer or the seller—has more information than the other.
	calparents.berkeley.edu /letterhome/2001/fall/awards.html (514 words)

	Mediator As Arbitrager
		The arbitrager takes advantage of asymmetrical information to serve as an honest broker to complete a transaction.
		Arbitrators conduct symmetrical processes based upon the same information being known to everyone and conveyed in a transparent manner.
		Asymmetrical dynamics or paradigms may include, among other elements, in no particular order: 1) One party, usually defendants, are often repeat players in the legal system or manage a book of business risks or disputes.
	www.mediate.com /articles/creoR2.cfm?nl=64 (627 words)

	Where I Stand
		From what little I know about the theory, it is about the different level of information between a buyer and seller.
		Because of the unequal share of information, participants of the market are not able to maximize their satisfaction.
		Because of this asymmetrical information, exchange are not made most fruitful.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~banana/stand.htm (392 words)

	An Economic Geography of Information & Telecommunications: Outline & Resources
		The Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP) is committed to sharing knowledge, information, experience, and resources, as well as collaborating on joint activities that aim to enhance human and economic security, social equity, and sustainable development in the information age.
		Information may be thought of as a transmissible form of knowledge, having a similar relation to knowledge as currency has to wealth: a medium of trade.
		Information is nothing if it is not used, but the organized accumulation of it becomes knowledge.
	faculty.washington.edu /krumme/550/resources.html (3834 words)

	Ethics Notions
		The unhealthy insurance customer may not know that he is unhealthy; and the dodgy builder may simply not appreciate the difference between the professional builder and himself.
		The principal typically incurs monitoring costs, to guard against the possibility that the agent may be stealing from him, or concealing relevant information (moral hazard).
		A structure intended to reduce asymmetrical information and moral hazard.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rxv/orgmgt/ethicnotions.htm (1344 words)

	Calpundit: Census Privacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As one piece of compelling evidence for this, note that the Electronic Privacy Information Center, which obtained the documents describing the CAPPS II study in the first place, is not making a big deal out of this.
		Release of census information to ANYBODY is a violation of Title 13 and involves 5 years in prison and a 5,000 fine.
		If all that was used was statistical information derived from Census reports that does not identify any individual, there is no violation of law BUT if Census information which identifies any individual, is voluntarily divulged to ANYONE voluntary compliance with the Census is severely undermined.
	www.calpundit.com /archives/003084.html (4619 words)

	Asymmetrical Information
		Asymmetrical information exists when one side of the market possesses information lacked by others in that market.
		Employers in labor markets often posses more information about the current/future status of their industry than trade unions or workers, and can use this as a basis of negotiation.
		However, it can be seen as an imperfection in the working of the market mechanism and may lead to economic inefficiency.
	www.economyprofessor.com /economictheories/asymmetrical-information.php (124 words)

	HLS Federalist Society \| Ex Parte - Karl Rove and Valerie Plame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, I believe that there is not enough information to say that the other two elements have been satisfied at this point.
		with respect to element (1), it seems likely that it was precisely the political operatives that proactively and affirmatively sought out information on joe wilson in the wake of his ny times op ed.
		Unless Rove was used as a patsy and told by somebody higher than himself of her identity without being informed of her covert status.
	exparte.powerblogs.com /posts/1121712372.shtml (736 words)

	Do information asymmetries constitute a solid foundation for the elaboration of a Keynesian theory of credit and ...
		The distinctive feature of this new approach is its emphasis on the credit market and the role played by financial intermediaries rather than the money market; the importance given to the credit market is justified by the presence of asymmetrical information.
		The objective of this paper is twofold: i) to show that the presence of asymmetric information constitutes a weak premise on which to build a Keynesian theory of credit and financial intermediaries; ii) to outline the elements on which a theory of credit consistent with Keynes's thinking can be built.
		In the first one, the most important aspects of the NK's theory are described; the limitations of this theoretical approach are then demonstrated in the second section; in the third section, the elements which should characterise a Keynesian theory of credit and financial institutions are outlined.
	ideas.repec.org /p/ins/quaeco/qf0111.html (371 words)

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