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Topic: Asymptotic freedom

	Asymptotic freedom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fact that asymptotic freedom is a feature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the quantum field theory of the interactions of quarks and gluons, was discovered by David Gross, Frank Wilczek, and David Politzer in 1973.
		Asymptotic freedom implies that in high-energy scattering the quarks move within nucleons, such as the neutron and proton, essentially as free, non-interacting particles, and it allows physicists to calculate the cross sections of various events in particle physics reliably using parton techniques.
		Asymptotic freedom can be derived by calculating the beta-function describing the variation of the theory's coupling constant under the renormalization group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymptotic_freedom (815 words)

	Freedom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau asserted that the condition of freedom was inherent to humanity, an inevitable facet of the possession of a soul and sapience, with the implication that all social interactions subsequent to birth imply a loss of freedom, voluntarily or involuntarily.
		Freedom of expression (or speech) is similar to freedom of information, but refers to a general lack of such restrictions (on the creation, use, modification and dissemination of ideas) in a society by the government or those that hold power in that society.
		Freedom from existence; meaning either death of the body or death of the soul (example: freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth - moksa).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freedom (709 words)

	Freedom - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The French philosopher Rousseau asserted that the condition of freedom was inherent to humanity, an inevitable facet of the possession of a soul and sapience, with the implication that all social interactions subsequent to birth imply a loss of freedom, voluntary or involuntary: "All men are born free, and yet everywhere lie in chains."
		Freedom of a person refers to not being in prison as well as not being a victim of false imprisonment.
		freedom of expression (or speech) is similar to software freedom, but refers to a general lack of such restrictions (on the creation, use, modification and dissemination of ideas) in a society by the government or those that hold power in that society.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Freedom (476 words)

	Encyclopedia: Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Freedom of religion is a modern legal concept of being free as a matter of right, while freedom of worship is based upon the free expression of that right.
		Freedom of the press (or press freedom) is the guarantee by a government of free public speech for its citizens and their associations, extended to members of news gathering organizations, and their published reporting.
		Freedom of information can mean: whether a particular piece of information can be freely created, read, modified, copied and distributed; see free content (as well as free culture and free software) freedom to express ones opinions or ideas, generally, within a society; see freedom of speech the accessibility of...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Freedom (2278 words)

	David Gross and Frank Wilczek - Nobel Prize 2004: Department of Physiccs, Princeton University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Asymptotic freedom is one of the cornerstones of modern particle physics.
		Asymptotic freedom is the insight that a certain quantum field theory, known as non-abelian gauge theory, predicts that the strength of forces inside the proton decreases when energies increase, so that in experiments where protons and electrons are slammed together near the speed of light, the quarks behave almost like free particles during the collision.
		David Gross was a professor in the Physics Department, and Frank Wilczek was his thesis student when their papers demonstrating asymptotic freedom and formulating QCD as the quantum field theory of the strong interactions appeared.
	pupgg.princeton.edu /www/jh/news/Gross_Wilczek_Nobel.html (403 words)

	Asymptotic freedom -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Prior to 1973, many theorists suspected that QFT was rendered fundamentally incoherent by the short-distance (Click link for more info and facts about Landau pole) Landau pole that arose in (A relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons) quantum electrodynamics and some other field theories.
		The discovery of asymptotic freedom was therefore a key development toward the emergence of a (Click link for more info and facts about Standard Model) Standard Model of (The branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions) particle physics based on quantum field theory.
		Asymptotic freedom can be derived by calculating the (Click link for more info and facts about beta-function) beta-function describing the variation of the theory's (Click link for more info and facts about coupling constant) coupling constant under the (Click link for more info and facts about renormalization group) renormalization group.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/as/asymptotic_freedom.htm (764 words)

	Encyclopedia: Asymptotic freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An asymptote to a curve is a straight line that the curve approaches in such a manner that it becomes as close as one might wish to the line by going far enough along the line.
		In particle physics, scattering is a class of phenomena by which particles are deflected by collisions with other particles.
		In particle physics, flavor is a property of a fermion that identifies it, a label that specifies the name of the particle.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Asymptotic-freedom (1824 words)

	MSN Encarta - Gross, David J.
		Gross, David J., born in 1941, American physicist and cowinner of the 2004 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the property of “asymptotic freedom,” which explains the behavior of quarks.
		The concept of asymptotic freedom explained a crucial aspect of the strong force and gave physicists a new set of tools to understand and predict the interactions of quarks and other particles.
		Physicists now regard asymptotic freedom as an important step toward the ultimate goal of an all-embracing “theory of everything” that will unify all the universe’s fundamental forces.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701704001/Gross_David_J.html (641 words)

	Freedom -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Freedom of a person refers to not being in (A correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment) prison (including not being a victim of ((law) confinement without legal authority) false imprisonment).
		Freedom of education closely resembles (Click link for more info and facts about autodidacticism) autodidacticism, which views modern schooling as a dismal system of captivity.
		(The right to hold unpopular ideas) Freedom of thought is also known as freedom of conscience and refers to the right of an individual to hold a particular thought or viewpoint regardless of those held by others.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/freedom.htm (708 words)

	Kavli Institute director David Gross awarded 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics
		This discovery called "asymptotic freedom" means that attempts to pull the quarks inside protons and neutrons apart increase the strength of the force binding them.
		The flip side of "asymptotic freedom" has been described as "infra-red slavery." Since the force that binds quarks inside protons and neutrons grows stronger with distance, protons and neutrons can't be dismantled into constituent quarks.
		The discovery of asymptotic freedom led Gross and Wilczek to propose a comprehensive theory of the strong or nuclear force called Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD), whose three color charges are analogous to the positive and negative charges in the theory of the electromagnetic force or Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/uocs-kid100504.php (772 words)

	Oh Asymptotic Freedom!
		Asymptotic freedom is a term commonly associated with—well, not much of anything, really.
		Enter asymptotic freedom, which a handful of theorists had by then put forward as the solution to the quark confinement riddle.
		With asymptotic freedom established as key to quark confinement, the last major piece of the strong interaction puzzle fell into place.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v38/asymptotic.html (2465 words)

	Kavli Foundation - News & Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The three won "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction," according to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
		Asymptotic freedom is a phenomenon whereby quarks behave as free particles when they are close together, but become more strongly attracted to each other as the distance between them increases.
		This work led to the discovery of asymptotic freedom, which makes it possible to understand the behavior of matter under extreme conditions, such as occurred in the earliest moments of the Big Bang.
	www.kavlifoundation.org /news/pr_100504_mit.html (821 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Test of asymptotic freedom and
		We calculate the corresponding contribution to the spin--spin correlation function, and compare with predictions from the spectral density scaling hypothesis.
		The resulting approximation to the spin--spin correlation function agrees well with that computed in renormalized (asymptotically free) perturbation theory in the expected energy range.
		Further we observe simple lower and upper bounds for the sum of the absolute square of the form factors which may be of use for analytic estimates.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/61/publZIM68.html (110 words)

	OSU Physics: Colloquium Abstract
		The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in QCD.
		Most of the experimental evidence that QCD describes the strong force exploits asymptotic freedom by using factorization - expressing observables as products of short-distance factors and long-distance factors.
		An analog of asymptotic freedom arises in "strongly-interacting atoms" (atoms with a large scattering length), and it can also be exploited by using factorization.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /news/braaten.php (99 words)

	Asymptotic freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Asymptotic freedom is the property of some gaugetheories in which one can show that the interaction between the particles, such as quarks, becomes arbitrarily weak at ever shorter distances i.e.
		The fact that asymptotic freedom is a feature of quantumchromodynamics was discovered by David Gross, Frank Wilczek, and David Politzer.
		It implies that the quarks move withinnucleons essentially as free, non-interacting particles, and it allows the physicists to calculate the cross sections of various events in particle physics reliably.
	www.therfcc.org /asymptotic-freedom-185436.html (96 words)

	2004 physics Nobel Prize recipient to give annual Ta-You Wu lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Gross's lecture is entitled "Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD (Or How I Won the Nobel Prize)." He is the Frederick W. Gluck Professor of Theoretical Physics and director of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
		Asymptotic freedom is a phenomenon in which the nuclear force weakens at short distances, which explains why experiments at very high energy can be understood as if nuclear particles are made of non-interacting quarks.
		The flip side of asymptotic freedom is that the force between quarks grows stronger as one tries to separate them.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/0405/Oct25_04/12.shtml (490 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 10/5/2004, Dr. David Politzer
		This discovery has been known for 31 years as "asymptotic freedom," and is often described by physics professors to their students with the analogy of a rubber band increasing in tightness as it is pulled apart.
		Asymptotic freedom established quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the correct theory of the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature.
		Because QCD, the theory of the strong nuclear force, turned out to be so similar to QED and to the theory of the weak nuclear force, it became possible after the discovery of asymptotic freedom to conceive of unified theories that incorporate all three forces into a common framework.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR12590.html (1349 words)

	Freedom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Statue of Liberty - Liberty is one meaning of "freedom".
		For proper-noun uses of Freedom, see Freedom (disambiguation).
		This idea is not to be confused with, as one may interpret them as opposites.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Individual_freedom (690 words)

	Articles - Quantum chromodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		asymptotic freedom, which means that in very high-energy reactions, quarks and gluons interact very weakly.
		Although the study of the strong interaction remained daunting, the discovery of asymptotic freedom by David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek allowed people to make precise predictions of the results of many high energy experiments using the techniques of perturbation theory (quantum mechanics).
		This approach is based on asymptotic freedom, which allows perturbation theory to be used accurately in experiments performed at very high energies.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Quantum_chromodynamics?mySession=da9d7ae11b95da6c4177b76de5fc19d7 (1929 words)

	[No title]
		So small x also corresponds to large E. "Asymptotic freedom" refers to the fact that the fact that some forces become very weak at high energy scales, or equivalently, at very short distances.
		Asymptotic freedom and confinement are two aspects of the same thing: the dependence of the strength of the strong force on the energy scale.
		Asymptotic freedom is better understood, though, because the weaker a force is, the better we can apply the methods of perturbation theory --- a widely used approach where we try to calculate everything as a Taylor series in the "coupling constant" measuring the strength of the force in question.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/twf_ascii/week94 (3203 words)

	Questioning the quark model. Strong interaction, gravitation and time arrows. An approach to asymptotic freedom
		Asymptotic freedom, as a natural result of a theory based on a general approach, derived by a new interpretation of phenomena like the EPR paradox, the fl-hole formation and the absence of primary cosmic antimatter is presented.
		In this approach, conservation laws are considered always and absolutely valid, leading to the possibility of topology changes, and recovering the mutual influence between fundamental forces.
		In fact, asymptotic freedom of strong interactions seems to be a feature common also to gravitational interaction, if induced-gravity theories are taken into account and a symmetric-time dynamics
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/epl/abs/2003/17/7785/7785.html (201 words)

	Asymptotic Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau assertedthat the condition of Frdedom was inherent to humanity, an inevitable facet of the possession of a soul and sapience, with theimplication that all social interactions subsequent to birth imply a loss of rFeedom, voluntary or involuntary.
		Political Freadom is the absence of political restraints, particularly with respect to speech, religious practice, and thepress.
		Other schools of economic thought argue that the publicsector need not always be seen as an unwanted intruder on the economy, that government action should not be seen as necessarilydetrimental.
	www.bodawg.com /point/35435-asymptotic-freedom.html (258 words)

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