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Topic: Atanasoff Berry Computer

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	Atanasoff-Berry Computer Replica Unveiled in Washington, D.C.
		Iowa State University officials successfully gave the first public demonstration of a full-scale replica of the first electronic digital computer Wednesday at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. The replica is a working model of the Atanasoff-Berry computer (ABC) built in the basement of the Physics Building at ISU from 1939 to 1942.
		The ABC was originally built by John V. Atanasoff, an ISU professor of physics and mathematics, and Clifford Berry, a graduate student.
		Atanasoff received $5,000 for parts in addition to his salary when constructing his original computer, he said.
	www.scl.ameslab.gov /ABC/Articles/DailyOct9-97.html (771 words)

	John Vincent Atanasoff (1905 - 1995)
		Atanasoff was convinced that the two digit binary system - with its benefit of reducing ten symbols to two in his machine's circuitry - would increase speed and efficiency, but he was concerned that users might be confused by the transition from the familiar decimal system.
		The machine designed and built by Atanasoff and a young engineering student, Clifford Berry, by 1942, was capable of solving differential equations using binary math, although it couldn't be programmed and had no central processing unit.
		The Atanasoff-Berry Computer itself was dismantled while Atanasoff was on leave to work for the Naval Ordnance Lab in Washington, D.C. Only a few pieces were saved to help with the reconstruction some years later.
	www.kerryr.net /pioneers/atanasoff.htm (338 words)

	The History of Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		JOHN V. History of Computers: Atanasoff was an early pioneer of automatic computing, he formulated the idea of using the binary number system to simplify the construction of an electronic calculator.
		In the fall of 1939 Atanasoff and Berry began building the prototype of the first computing machine to use electricity and vacuum tubes, binary numbers, capacitors in a rotating drum for memory elements, and logic systems for computing.
		Berry and Atanasoff worked together in their basement laboratory over the next two years, with both professor and student suggesting improvements and innovations.
	www.cyberiapc.com /cmphistory/abc.htm (218 words)

	Atanasoff-Berry Electronic Digital Computer from 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The origin of the electronic digital computer is often traced to this machine built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University in 1941.
		Atanasoff stopped further research on the computer upon joining the World War II effort in 1942.
		This was considered the first electronic digital computer for many years, but in 1974 a U.S. federal judge voided the patent after it was learned that Mauchly had spent several days studying the Atanasoff-Berry computer in 1941.
	www.cedmagic.com /history/atanasoff-berry-computer.html (399 words)

	Atanasoff-Berry Computer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was conceived in a sudden insight on a long evening drive during the winter of 1937–38.
		The ABC innovations included electronic computation, binary arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.
		Sperry Rand that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer (1503 words)

	Atanasoff-Berry Computer Summary
		The ABC's inventor, John Vincent Atanasoff, was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President George H. Bush in a Ceremony at the White House on November 13, 1990.
		The ABC was built by Dr. Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry in the basement of the physics building at Iowa State College during 1939–42.
		Atanasoff, however, never considered himself to be the originator of the idea of a general purpose computer until years after the ENIAC was revealed.
	www.bookrags.com /Atanasoff-Berry_Computer (2417 words)

	Napkin links Q-C to first computer -- From Progress '98 February 9, 1998
		Atanasoff sat in the unidentified tavern, reportedly drinking bourbon, he devised theories and concepts that became key to the creation of the first computer developed by graduate student Clifford Berry and him in the early 1940s.
		Berry and he built a prototype and full-scale model of the first computing machine to use electricity and vacuum tubes, binary numbers, capacitors in a rotating drum for memory regeneration and logic circuits for computing.
		Berry nearly lost their place in computer history, but a multi-million-dollar lawsuit ruling in 1973 clarified and verified they were indeed the originators of the world's first computer, and Mr.
	www.qconline.com /progress98/civic/248.htm (510 words)

	Anatasoff Berry Computer
		Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry built a prototype ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) in 1939, and a full-scale model in 1942.
		Like the Bell Labs Model I, the ABC was not a computer in the modern sense, since it lacked program control and was not general purpose.
		The ABC was the first of several proposals to use electronics for calculation or logic in the decade after Atanasoff began investigations in 1935.
	www.thocp.net /hardware/abc.html (444 words)

	Department of Computer Science: Iowa State University
		Clark Mollenhoff in his book, Atanasoff, Forgotten Father of the Computer, details the design and construction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer with emphasis on the relationships of the individuals.
		In recognition of his achievement, Atanasoff was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President George Bush at the White house on November 13, 1990.
		Inventors of the Modern Computer: Atanasoff and Berry
	www.cs.iastate.edu /jva/jva-archive.shtml (260 words)

	John Atanasoff
		Atanasoff and Berry had benevolently answered all of Mauchly's questions and had conducted many detailed discussions with him related to the computer and the manuscript.
		Judge Larson noted that the advanced stage of the Atanasoff-Berry computer was established beyond reasonable doubt, and that it was not just an opinion on behalf of Atanasoff or the Administration officials of the State of Iowa, but the learned opinion of independent experts.
		He also ruled that John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry were the first to have constructed an electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the years between 1939 and 1942.
	www.johnatanasoff.com /the_process.php (766 words)

	John Vincent Atanasoff
		After being promoted to associate professor of mathematics and physics, Dr. Atanasoff began to envision a computational device that was "digital." He believed that analog devices were too restrictive and could not get the type of accuracy he wanted.
		Computers will be involved in every aspect of technology, and it will continue to be a part of technologies to come.
		Computers will always be on the edge of technology and anyone that learns to harness its power will be an important part of the future.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/do_Atanasoff.html (1398 words)

	The History of the Electronic Computer
		In 1939 John V. Atanasoff (1903-1995) and graduate student Clifford Berry of Iowa State College built an analog mechanical computer for solving linear equations.
		The computer is later known as the ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
		Howard Aiken and Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) (and IBM?) designed the Harvard Mark I, a large electromechanical computing device, unveiled 21 June 1948 The Mark V was a general-purpose electromechanical computer.
	cs.fit.edu /~ryan/intro/computers.html (377 words)

	J.V. Atanasoff
		The first electronic computer with vacuum tubes is constructed by John Atanasoffen Clifford Berry of the Iowa State College.
		The Atanasoff-Berry computer was the first digital computer, built during 1937-1942, and introduced the concepts of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits.
		In recognition of his achivement, Atanasoff was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President George Bush at the White house on November 13, 1990.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/atanasoff_john.html (1631 words)

	Computer History Museum - Timeline of Computer History
		At the top of the line of computers — all of which emerged significantly faster and more dependable than vacuum tube machines — sat the 7030, also known as the "Stretch." Nine of the computers, which featured a 64-bit word and other innovations, were sold to national laboratories and other scientific users.
		The first large-scale array computer, the ILLIAC IV achieved a computation speed of 200 million instructions per second, about 300 million operations per second, and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipe-lining" structure of its 64 processing elements.
		Reduced instruction set computers grew out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computer´s instruction set does 80 percent of the work, including most base operations such as add, load from memory, and store in memory.
	www.computerhistory.org /timeline/?category=cmptr (4182 words)

	The prototype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the late 1930s, John Atanasoff was still trying to develop ways to facilitate the process of calculating solutions to the extended systems of linear algebraic equations that were applicable to his research work.
		The ABC computer would have been fully operative by 1943, had the efforts of John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry not been interrupted by World War II.
		In September of 1942, Atanasoff was conscripted into the military and was forced to set aside his work on the computer.
	tangra.bitex.com /eng/atanasoff/prototip.htm (1349 words)

	NCERD IT Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Atanasoff contrasted the analog devices to what he called "computing machines proper." In 1936 with Glen Murphy, then an atomic physicist at Iowa State College, he built the "Laplaciometer," a small analog calculator.
		Atanasoff regarded this machine as having the same flaws as other analog devices, where accuracy was dependent upon the performance of other parts of the machine.
		After receiving a grant of $650 from Iowa State College in March 1939, Atanasoff was ready to embark in the exciting adventure of building a computer.
	www.sdnp.org.gy /ncerd/resources/it/history/atanas.html (266 words)

	An FPS Forerunner; The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
		Atanasoff considered using relays, magnetic core memory, vacuum tubes, and charged capacitors to store each bit of memory; he finally decided on the latter, on the basis of the cost/performance.
		Of Atanasoff's list, only curve fitting and the method of least squares are specific to small systems of equations; most curve fitting problems become numerically meaningless when the number of degrees of freedom in the curve grows beyond thirty.
		Multiprocessing, which is the use of multiple computing elements to work on a task, is frequently referred to as "a new trend in computing." In fact, it is difficult to find a time in the history of computers when there was not a multiprocessing approach.
	www.scl.ameslab.gov /Publications/Gus/A-BComputer.html (2359 words)

	Technology: Ancillary fields: Computers.
		Sadly most seem more determined to show that the digital computer was developed in their own country by their own company than they are to correctly attribute the pioneering work of individuals.
		John Vincent Atanasoff designed a prototype for the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) with the help of graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State College.
		Computing as we know it really started with this small integrated chip which has since been hailed as one of the most important inventions of the 20th century.
	www.petergh.f2s.com /computerhistory.htm (4238 words)

	Computer Prototype
		These early computer prototypes helped in the development of many of the digital technologies with which we are familiar today, such as binary data representation, programming, and hardware components.
		Computer History Resources Although mechanical computers and other calculating devices have been in existence for a long time, modern digital computers are a new technology.
		ABC The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), designed and built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, is widely regarded as the first electronic computer.
	www.infoweblinks.com /content/computerprototype.htm (529 words)

	The inventor of the modern digital computer - of Bulgarian origin
		Dr. Atanasoff had hoped to file a patent for his computer, but he was called away to Washington at the start of World War II to do physics research for the Navy.
		John Vincent Atanasoff was born in Hamilton, N.Y. He was an electrical engineering graduate of the University of Florida and received a master's degree in mathematics from Iowa State University, where he taught for 15 years.
		Atanasoff, whose father was born in Bulgaria, also was awarded Bulgaria's highest science award and was a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Science.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/bulgaria-faq/part7/section-1.html (1717 words)

	IEEE - IEEE History Center: Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939
		John Vincent Atanasoff conceived basic design principles for the first electronic-digital computer in the winter of 1937 and, assisted by his graduate student, Clifford E. Berry, constructed a prototype here in October 1939.
		Atanasoff wrote most of the concepts of the first modern computer on the back of a cocktail napkin.
		Berry, with his background in electronics and mechanical construction skills, was the ideal partner for Atanasoff.
	www.ieee.org /web/aboutus/history_center/atanasoff.html (361 words)

	Inventor John Atanasoff Biography
		Atanasoff's interest in this topic was reportedly developed in responce to the inadequate computation aids available to him while he was writing his doctoral thesis, a computationally-intensive paper.
		Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry built a prototype ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) in 1939, and a full-scale model in 1942.
		Like the Bell Labs Model I, the ABC was not a computer in the modern sense, since it lacked program control and was not general purpose.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/atanasoff.htm (1199 words)

	CEA - Digital America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 1946, what was considered the first true computer, the Pentagon-funded, vacuum tube-powered, room-sized ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was demonstrated publicly by its inventors, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert, in Philadelphia.
		The growth of what would become the handheld computing market was driven by the transformation of the corporate environment into an extended, virtual enterprise, supported by a mobile, geographically dispersed workforce requiring fast, easy remote access to networked resources and electronic communications.
		But these portable computers — which proved to be less than handy — and their successors, laptops and then notebook computers, merely served as replacements for their full-sized counterparts.
	www.ce.org /Press/CEA_Pubs/939.asp (1789 words)

	Amazon.com: The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story: Books: Alice R. Burks,Arthur W. Burks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		John V. Atanasoff, assisted by graduate student Clifford Berry, conceived and built a partially electronic computer, stopping work in 1942 before it was fully operational.
		Atanasoff developed his computer while a professor at Iowa State, and Mollenhoff has been championing his case since the decision on the Eniac patent in 1973.
		The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story is an excellent historical and technical document of the ABC Computer.
	www.amazon.com /First-Electronic-Computer-Atanasoff-Story/dp/0472081047 (2047 words)

	John Atanasoff - Construction
		For the next two years, Atanasoff and Berry worked at developing and improving their computer - which he later named the ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
		The computer introduced the ideas of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits.
		Atanasoff left Iowa State on leave for a defense-related position, Chief of the Acoustics Division at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington, D.C. In 1945, he was awarded the U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award, the Navy's highest honor awarded to civilians.
	www.wiu.edu /users/mfbdw/jva/html/story3.htm (256 words)

	Rebuilding the ABC
		The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the first electronic digital computer.
		Built in 1937-1942 at Iowa State University by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, it introduced the ideas of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits.
		These ideas were communicated from Atanasoff to Mauchly, who used them in the design of the better-known ENIAC built several years later.
	www.scl.ameslab.gov /ABC (109 words)

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