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Topic: Athabasca Oil Sands

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	Oil (Tar) Sands
		Today these oil sands are recovered in open-pit mines by truck-and-shovel operations in which the world's largest Caterpillar 797 and 797B trucks have payloads of 380 tons.
		Oil sand is transported to processing plants, where hot or warm water separates the bitumen from the sand, followed by dilution with lighter hydrocarbons and upgrading to synthetic crude oil (SCO).
		About 20 percent of the oil sands reserves in Alberta are recoverable by surface mining; in-situ technologies (such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage, or SAGD, and Cyclic Steam Stimulation, or CSS) need to be used for the remaining 80 percent of the oil sands that are buried at depth (greater than 75 meters).
	emd.aapg.org /technical_areas/oil_sands.cfm (612 words)

	Tar sands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oil sands, also referred to as tar sands or bituminous sands, are a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen.
		Oil sands are mined to extract the oil-like bitumen which is upgraded into synthetic crude oil or refined directly into petroleum products by specialized refineries.
		Oil Sands Discovery Centre Provided that the water chemistry is appropriate to allow bitumen to separate from sand and clay, the combination of hot water and agitation releases bitumen from the oil sand, and allows small air bubbles to attach to the bitumen droplets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oil_sands (3094 words)

	Western Oil Sands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Oil sands are a mixture of sand, bitumen and water.
		Each grain of oil sand has three layers: an "envelope" of water surrounding a grain of sand, with bitumen surrounding the water to form the outer layer.
		Most of Canada's oil sands are found in Alberta, and the highest quality oil sands are the Athabasca deposits found in northern Alberta.
	www.westernoilsands.com /html/business/introduction.html (769 words)

	Tar sands Summary
		Oil sands, formerly referred to as tar sands, are sandy substrates that contain large deposits of bitumin, a kind of fossil fuel.
		Conventional oil is extracted by drilling traditional wells into the ground whereas tar sand deposits are mined using strip mining techniques, or persuaded to flow into producing wells by in situ techniques which reduce the bitumen's viscosity with steam and/or solvents.
		To distinguish the bitumen and synthetic oil extracted from tar sands from the free-flowing hydrocarbon mixtures known as crude oil that oil companies have traditionally produced from oil wells, tar sands are often referred to as non-conventional oil.
	www.bookrags.com /Tar_sands (3779 words)

	Oil Sands and The Environment \| UrbanWorkbench
		As oil sands expand many wetlands will be drained and completely removed, and according to the Pembina Institute, they can never be restored to their original condition.
		These oil sands consist of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-solid form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water.
		The Athabasca deposit is the largest of three oil sands deposits in Alberta, along with the Peace River and Cold Lake deposits.
	urbanworkbench.com /oil-sands-and-the-environment (838 words)

	Tar Sands • The Coming Global Oil Crisis
		Alberta's oil sands comprise one of the world's two largest sources of bitumen; the other is in Venezuela.
		The Athabasca oil sands in northern Alberta contain an estimated 870 billion to 1.3 trillion barrels of oil -- an amount equal to or greater than all of the conventional oil extracted to date.
		As with oil shale, the net-energy figures for oil sands are discouraging.
	www.oilcrisis.com /tarsands (749 words)

	Tar Sands: Unconventional Oil Comes of Age -- An E&E Publishing Special Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Extracting the oil from the sands and upgrading the bitumen for refining requires drawing water from the Athabasca River, mixing it with water recycled from earlier runs through the system, to separate oil from sand.
		The removal of the bitumen from the sands and the use of tailings as the base of the ponds and lakes means the chemistry underground will be very different from the region's normal state, raising questions about water flows and their effects on native plants and species, they say.
		The Athabasca River rises from the Columbia Icefield in the Canadian Rockies and flows 956 miles north and east through mountains, prairies, forests and peat bogs into Lake Athabasca on the far northeast border between Alberta and Saskatchewan in Wood Buffalo National Park.
	www.eenews.net /specialreports/tarsands/sr_tarsands2.htm (3037 words)

	Nexen Inc. - Operations - Athabasca Oil Sands - Syncrude Mining Operations
		This joint venture was established in 1975 to mine shallow oil sands deposits using open-pit mining methods, extract the bitumen from the oil sands and upgrade the bitumen to produce a high-quality, light (32° API), sweet, synthetic crude oil.
		The extraction facilities, which separate bitumen from oil sands, are capable of processing more than 260 million tons of oil sands per year and about 146 mmbbls of bitumen per year.
		To extract bitumen, the oil sands are mixed with water to form a slurry.
	www.nexeninc.com /Operations/Athabasca_Oil_Sands/Syncrude.asp (869 words)

	Hydrocarbons Technology - Syncrude 21 Expansion Project, Alberta
		Athabasca oil sands in Alberta cover an area as large as Ireland and contain an estimated 1.7 to 2.5 trillion barrels of heavy oil, which is enough to meet world needs for 15 years.
		Stage one included the formation of the north mine at Athabasca, the debottlenecking of the upgrading process and also the development of the first hydrotransport system (which transports oil sand as slurry from the mine to the extraction process).
		This is the plant which allows the synthetic crude oil to be purged of sulphur; sulphur is removed by processing the crude oil with hydrogen in a hydro-processor system with the sulphur being converted to hydrogen sulphide.
	www.hydrocarbons-technology.com /projects/syncrude (1183 words)

	Lithology of the Athabasca Oil Sands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coarse grained quartzose oil sand with a conspicuous clay matrix cemented in places by quartz and goethite lie at the base of the McMurray Formation and are probably pre-McMurray in age.
		Thus, coarse-grained sands contain an assemblage dominated by garnet, kyanite, tourmaline and staurolite; medium grained sands have mostly tourmaline and zircon; in very fine grained sands and silk, chloritoid tourmaline and zircon are most abundant.
		Most of the oil in the Athabasca Oil Sands is contained in the fluviatile sands and in the fine-grained micaceous sands of the foreset beds of the ancient delta of the McMurray Formation.
	www.ags.gov.ab.ca /publications/ABSTRACTS/BUL_018.html (382 words)

	The Athabasca oil sands story @ workopolis.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first attempt to exploit the oil sands came nearly a century ago, when oilmen tried drilling conventional wells in the area, convinced that the bitumen on the surface must be welling up from gigantic pools of crude deep in the Earth.
		Some of the oil sands near Fort McMurray are close to the surface and can be mined, but less than 20 per cent of the total area can be developed this way.
		Oil sands are mined using shovels with buckets that hold 100 tonnes of soil, loading huge 240- to 360-tonne trucks.
	www.workopolis.com /servlet/Content/qprinter/20050404/RATHA04 (781 words)

	Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada and Venezuela \| OilSands.InfoMine.com
		Most of the Canadian oil sand deposits are located in three major areas of northern Alberta: Athabasca-Wabasca, Peace River, and Cold Lake.
		According to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, total oil sands production grows at an average annual rate of ten percent, and it is estimated to reach 3.9 million barrels per day by 2015.
		Located in eastern Venezuela, north of the Orinoco River, the Orinoco Oil Belt is of a similar geographic extent as that of the Canadian oil sands.
	oilsands.infomine.com /countries (515 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Athabasca Oil Sands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These oil sands consists of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-sold form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water.
		The Athabasca oil sands are named after the Athabasca River which cuts through the heart of the deposit, and are readily observed on the river banks.
		The overburden consisting water-logged muskeg on top of clay and barren sand, while the underlying oil sands are typically 40 to 60 metres thick and sit on top of relatively flat limestone.
	random.dragonslife.org /athabasca-oil-sands/4407 (1835 words)

	Chevron Press Release - Chevron to Participate in Athabasca Oil Sands Project Expansion
		This is a 100,000-barrels-per-day (Chevron share, 20,000 bpd) expansion of oil sands mining and upgrading facilities in the Canadian province of Alberta, and it is subject to final regulatory approvals.
		Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are changes in the demand for and supply of crude oil and natural gas; actions of competitors; the potential disruption or interruption of project activities, due to war, accidents, political events, civil unrest or severe weather; and general economic and political conditions.
		U.S. investors should refer to disclosures about Canadian oil sands net proved reserves in Chevron's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2006.
	www.chevron.com /news/press/2006/2006-10-26.asp (715 words)

	What are the Alberta oil sands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Oil sands (also called ‘tar sands’) are found in about 70 countries in the world, from Venezuela and Trinidad/Tobago in the Caribbean to as far north as Russia.
		Oil sands consist of bitumen (soluble organic matter, solid at room temperature) and host sediment, with associated minerals, and excluding any related natural gas.
		The crude bitumen within the sands is a naturally occurring viscous mixture of hydrocarbons (generally heavier than pentane), often with sulphur compounds, that will not flow to a wellbore in its natural state.
	www.ags.gov.ab.ca /activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands.html (325 words)

	Synenco Energy Inc. : Oil Sands Overview
		Oil sands are composed primarily of sand, bitumen, mineral-rich clays and water.
		The Athabasca oil sands are the largest of the three oil sands deposits in Alberta.
		While the challenge with oil sands is to separate the bitumen from the sand, water and mineral-rich clays, steady advancements in technology and innovative processes have significantly lowered production costs.
	www.synenco.com /about/oilsands.shtml (377 words)

	Hydrocarbons Technology - News and Information About the New Athabasca Oil Sands Project
		The Athabasca development is a joint venture between Shell Canada Limited (60%), Chevron Canada Limited (20%) and Western Oil Sands L.P. As the majority owner, Shell is the overall project administrator as well as operator of the Scotford Upgrader.
		The Muskeg River Mine, 75km north of Fort McMurray, extracts oil from the oil sands of Northern Alberta.
		Canada's oil sands industry as a whole currently produces more than 18% of the nation's petroleum and has the potential to supply up to 50% of Canadian crude by 2007.
	www.hydrocarbons-technology.com /projects/athabasca (1190 words)

	Geotimes - March 2003 - Canadian Oil Sands
		Estimates of Canada’s oil reserves jumped from 4.9 billion barrels to 180 billion this year, making the country the second-largest oil reserve in the world, according to an annual survey conducted by the Oil and Gas Journal.
		In order for an oil resource to be termed a reserve, it must be possible to extract it profitably with existing technologies and under present economic conditions.
		The riches of the oil sands lie in bitumen, a thick and tar-like hydrocarbon mixed in with sand, water and clay.
	www.geotimes.org /mar03/NN_canada.html (558 words)

	Investing In Alberta's Oil Sands - Program
		Current output from oil sands mining is about 640,000 barrels per day from the three existing operations (Syncrude, Suncor and the Athabasca Oil Sands Project), and each operation has ambitious expansion plans over the next several years.
		There are several oil sands mining projects at various stages of development that should begin mining operations between 2008 and about 2013 (Canadian Natural Resources — Horizon Project, Petro-Canada operated Ft. Hills Project, Synenco operated Northern Lights Project, Total SA operated Joslyn Project and Imperial Oil operated Kearl project).
		A panel of representatives from Canadian Oil Sands Trust (Syncrude) and Canadian Natural Resources will discuss their past experiences, and will address the key areas they believe need to be mitigated to avoid past mistakes.
	www.oilsandsconference.com /program.htm (584 words)

	Seismic Operations Now Underway On Athabasca Oil Sands Property : ArriveNet Press Releases : Business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Couple this with the anticipated drilling on this Oil Sands Prospect; it is clear that the next few weeks are potentially going to be the most significant event in the company's growth since it became focused on oil and gas extraction six years ago.
		The Oil Sands of Canada hold recoverable reserves of 175 billion barrels with a proven reserve life of 480 years and another 130 billion barrels of potential reserves, which is second only to Saudi Arabia's 262 billion barrels.
		Micron is an emerging oil and gas company that has exposure to four separate leases in the Athabasca Oil Sands of Alberta, Canada, which is the largest Oil Sands region in the world, and has minor production from multiple conventional oil and gas wells.
	press.arrivenet.com /business/article.php/893464.html (1090 words)

	Athabasca Tar Sands \| Sprol
		That's because the so-called oil sands are about ten percent bitumen, a tarry substance, and 85% clay, sand, and rocks.
		To remove the bitumen from the sand, they wash it, using the Clark water-based extraction process, which involves hot water, aeration, and allowing the bitumen particles to settle out.
		With the price of oil at record highs, there is a renewed interest in oil sand projects, with several underway - each classified as billion+ megaprojects.
	www.sprol.com /?p=80 (637 words)

	Syncrude Canada Ltd. - Oil Sands History
		The first European to see the Athabasca oil sands was fur trader Peter Pond, who was lured to the area in 1778 by tales of the rich fur harvests there.
		The first attempts to develop the Athabasca Oil Sands commercially were made under the assumption that the bitumen in the area must be coming from pools of oil deep beneath the surface.
		Ells was an early advocate of the hot water flotation method of separating bitumen from sand and he conducted a number of experiments to test this technique.
	www.syncrude.ca /users/folder.asp?FolderID=5657 (959 words)

	Canadian Oil Sands Trust and Athabasca Oil Sands trust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		COST is a vehicle providing indirect ownership of a working interest in the Syncrude project and any after-acquired interests therein, as well as other oil sands investments.
		AOST is a vehicle providing indirect ownership of a working interest in the Syncrude project and any after-acquired interests therein, as well as other oil sands investments.
		The Merger is to be effected pursuant to and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the combination agreement entered into between AOST, AOSII, COST and COSII on May 11, 2001 (the "Combination Agreement’’).
	www.msc.gov.mb.ca /orders/canoil.html (616 words)

	[No title]
		Our oil sands strategy is to grow the business profitably through phased and integrated development of this world-class resource.
		Petro-Canada is strategically positioned to capture full value from Alberta’s oil sands — the largest such deposits in the world.
		Oil sands are sand grains surrounded by bitumen, a heavy thick form of crude oil with a molasses-like consistency.
	www.petro-canada.ca /en/about/551.aspx (327 words)

	SUNCOR ENERGY INC.: Athabasca Oil Sands Shareowner - Find Articles
		"oil sands" is a mixture of bitumen (a thick sticky form of crude oil), sand, water and clay.
		The bitumen is then separated from the oil sands and upgraded into sour crude oil which is either sold directly to customers or further upgraded (sulphur and nitrogen removed) into sweet crude oil.
		Most of the company's gas production is used: (1) in processing its oil sands into crude oil; and, (2) in its Ontario and Colorado refining operations.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4037/is_200501/ai_n9467310 (789 words)

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