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Topic: Athapaskan

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	SFU Undergraduate Archaeology Research Papers
		In this, the Southwestern Athapaskans adapted well to the Pueblan practice of disposing of their dead in disused rooms within a pueblan complex, for the action was basically the same and only the dwelling type was different.
		The Northern Athapaskan groups believed that the evil aspect of the soul was particularly dangerous to close relatives, and that the dead come back to life at midnight on the fourth day after their death (Rooth 1971: 140).
		The Athapaskan avoidance of the dead stems from a fear of ghosts, which are beyond the control of the living (Kluckhohn and Leighton 1946: 126).
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/papers/contents/lem1.html (3385 words)

	Athapaskan People - Arctic People & Cultures - All Things Arctic
		Athapaskan society is well known for its potlatch, a ceremony which honors the connection between ancestors and the living.
		The Athapaskan territory covers a huge expanse of coniferous boreal forest stretching across interior Alaska, parts of the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories of Canada, and down across the Arctic Circle into British Columbia.
		In Athapaskan mythology, the raven is central to their beliefs about the origins of the world.
	www.allthingsarctic.com /people/athapaskan.aspx (405 words)

	Alaskool - Many Tongues, Ancient Tales
		Athapaskan is itself a large family of closely related languages.
		Centering inland, Athapaskan has spread far beyond its original area of some 2,000 years ago, perhaps in the upper Yukon River region, throughout much of interior Alaska and northwestern Canada, and thence to southern Oregon and northern California, and separately in the Southwest, where it is spoken by Navajo and Apache.
		The Athapaskan family is a complex of languages and dialects, which consists of some 30 languages, 11 of which are found in Alaska.
	www.alaskool.org /language/manytongues/ManyTongues.html (3421 words)

	Athapaskan - Arctic Studies Center
		This belief tended to blur the distinction between animals and men, and to emphasize the fact that the spirits of animals had to be placated if men were to continue their exploitative relationship to the environment.
		An important feature of social organization among many Athapaskans was the potlatch, a ceremony in honor of the dead that is best known as it occurs among Indians of the Northwest Coast.
		Among Athapaskans, the potlatch was most fully developed among western tribes, a fact that has led to the general belief that the trait diffused from the Northwest Coast into the Athapaskan area.
	www.mnh.si.edu /arctic/features/croads/athapask.html (379 words)

	: December 2004 Archives
		The reason for the early Athapaskan early arrival was due to their choice of migration down the coast, having been split so early on.
		The Athapaskan were not interested in moving inland, and remained on the coast where their sea-faring culture thrived.
		Around 11,000 B.P., the populations of Athapaskan that inhabited the smallest river valleys were linguistically absorbed, simply due to an overwhelming invading population moving into the land.
	chattablogs.com /blink/archives/2004_12.html (2110 words)

	Native North Americans in Canada
		There exists a southern Athapaskan branch located in the south of the USA; the northern Athapaskan branch which concerns us here is located in subarctic Canada and Alaska with certain tribes, such as the Kutchin, the Han, and the Tanana, straddling the border.
		Typical of northern Athapaskan songs are short melodies with a rather simple formal organization (such as AAB or ABB or ABCC, etc).
		The northern Athapaskan regions also feature a musical tradition that was imported to the area by early white explorers, fur traders, gold rushers, and trappers.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1SEC838920 (2449 words)

	Athapaskan Migrations: The Archaeology of Eagle Lake, British Columbia
		Athapaskan Migrations: The Archaeology of Eagle Lake, British Columbia
		In Athapaskan Migrations, authors R. Matson and Martin P. Magne use a variety of methods to identify and describe the arrival of the Athapaskan-speaking Chilcotin Indians in west central British Columbia.
		A synthesis of 25 years of work, Athapaskan Migrations includes detailed accounts of field research in which the authors emphasize ethnic group identification, settlement patterns, lithic analysis, dendrochronology, and radiocarbon dating.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /BOOKS/bid1740.htm (257 words)

	Canada's First Nations: Native Civilisations
		An Athapaskan belief was that a baby born with one to two teeth was reincarnated from a previous life.
		Athapaskan speakers occupied the forest and tundra territories of the sub-arctic.
		Athapaskans decorated their snowshoes with paint, strings of shells, and, frequently among the western tribes, with amulets woven into the snowshoe's babiche to keep the wearer safe from unfriendly spirits.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/firstnations/athapaskan.html (544 words)

	Morpheme Order and Semantic Scope - Cambridge University Press
		Athapaskan languages are well known for their intricate morphology, in particular the complexity of their verbs.
		She shows that verb structure is in fact widely predictable across Athapaskan languages if appropriate syntactic factors and an overarching principle of semantic scope are taken into account.
		This landmark volume is the first major comparative study of its type for the Athapaskan language family, combining descriptive depth with a contemporary theoretical perspective.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521583543&print=y (348 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		These are the Athapaskan, the Oregon Penutian, the Salishan, and the Hokan families.
		Athapaskan languages were spoken mainly in southwest Oregon, with two tiny pockets of speakers in northwest Oregon, near the mouth of the Columbia River.
		The Athapaskans filled in valleys and coastal inlets between Penutian speakers, such as the upper Coquille Valley, the Umpqua Valley, the Applegate Valley, and the Lower Rogue River.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	Athapaskan Indians - Indians of Canada and Quebec
		Athapaskan Indians - Indians of Canada and Quebec
		The languages which compose the Athapascan family are plainly related to each other and, because of certain peculiarities, stand out from the other American languages with considerable distinctness.
		Source: James WHITE, ed., Handbook of Indians of Canada, Published as an Appendix to the Tenth Report of the Geographic Board of Canada, Ottawa, 1913, 632p., pp.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/encyclopedia/athapascans.htm (1797 words)

	Athabaskan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan or Athapaskan) is the name of a large group of closely related Native American peoples, also known as the Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family.
		The Athabaskan family is the largest family in North America in terms of number of languages and the number of speakers (the Uto-Aztecan family which extends into Mexico has many more speakers).
		In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Athapaskan (1165 words)

	The Athapaskan Speakers
		For instance, in a 1999 research paper "Mortuary Beliefs and Practices of the Northern and Southwestern Athapaskans," Simon Fraser University student Lindsay McArthur pointed out that the southern and northern Athapaskans shared the "cultural standard of fear and avoidance of the dead." Both recognized taboos associated with death.
		Within the same living complex, the Athapaskans built their traditional lodges of forked poles and brush, and the Puebloans built their traditional masonry room blocks with stone and mud walls.
		When the pueblito system dissolved in the latter third of the 18th century, possibly because of a decline of resources and disputes within the alliance, the Athapaskans, welded together by adversity and touched by another culture, began their new life, as Navajos, the Dine.
	www.desertusa.com /ind1/ind_new/ind17.html (4111 words)

	Civilization.ca - Treasures Gallery - Athapaskan women's costumes and ornaments
		In ancient times the Athapaskans (Dene), who lived in northwestern Canada and Alaska, observed strict rituals and taboos to ensure their safety and well-being.
		The Athapaskans believed that menstrual blood offended animal spirits and that contamination would adversely affect hunting success.
		At the onset of menses, girls were secluded in huts for long periods, during which they wore fringed hoods like the one here.
	www.civilization.ca /tresors/treasure/249eng.html (487 words)

	Chilcotin Vowel Flattening and Sibilant Harmony:
		Among the Athapaskan languages, Chilcotin is unique in that pharyngealization plays a central and very active role in its phonological system (Krauss 1975; Cook 1983, 1993; Andrews 1988).
		The latter is similar to the harmony systems found in many other Athapaskan languages, such as Navajo or Tahltan, but unusual in that it involves a pharyngealization opposition ("flat" vs. "sharp") rather than place of articulation (alveolar vs. alveopalatal, dental vs. alveolar, etc.).
		In Chilcotin, the dental vs. alveolar contrast was substituted for by a pharyngealized vs. non-pharyngealized contrast, and it is precisely this development that may well be due to areal influence from Salish languages (which lack a dental/alveolar contrast).
	www.uaf.edu /anlc/alc/2000/conference/hansson.htm (823 words)

	Alaska History and Cultural Studies - Interior Alaska - THE YUKON RIVER AND ITS PEOPLE
		At Nulato, on the Yukon River, the Koyukon Athapaskans met with the Eskimos to exchange beaver, marten, and mink furs for sea lion leather, shoe soles, fancy tanned parkas, and copper-pointed spears.
		A route shared by the upper Tanana Athapaskans and Chilkat Tlingits came to be known as the Dalton Trail when prospectors followed it to upper Yukon River gold fields.
		Another upper Tanana Athapaskan trail, through the valley of the Mosquito Fork of the Fortymile River, was eventually used to carry mail from Valdez to Eagle.
	www.akhistorycourse.org /articles/article.php?artID=56 (943 words)

	Desert Diary, 7 March 2002--Athapaskan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Judging from their Athapaskan language, their earlier homelands were in interior Alaska and Canada.
		When or why they left, and their pathway southward, is lost in the mists of time, but lack of indications of earlier occurrence suggests that they arrived in the Southwest only shortly before 1500 and the subsequent arrival of the Spanish.
		Over the years, alliances and hostilities formed and dissolved between the Athapaskan speakers and those inhabitants that had arrived in earlier times, but much of the warrior reputation of the Apache was forged in conflict with the Spanish and Anglo invasions of what the Apache considered, and indeed was, now their homeland.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/culture/DDathapaskan.htm (234 words)

	YNLC • Native Languages in the Yukon
		Seven are from the Athapaskan family which spreads from central Alaska through northwestern Canada to Hudson Bay.
		There are also pockets of Athapaskan in the lower 48 states including Navajo and Apache.
		Athapaskan languages are shown in several shades of red.
	www.yukoncollege.yk.ca /ynlc/languages/index.html (559 words)

	Dr. Leslie Saxon, Department Chair
		1996 Reflections of syntax in the Athapaskan verb.
		Athapaskan Morphosyntax Workshop, Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, July 1995.
		Athapaskan Language Conference, Prince George, British Columbia, June 1994.
	web.uvic.ca /ling/faculty/saxon.htm (938 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - Bibliography and Discography on the Chetco, Tututni and other ...
		The Chetco, Tututni and their neighbors were Athapaskan Native Americans, who originally migrated into this area over two millennia ago from northern Canada and Siberia.
		Athapaskans in the interior of southern Oregon were:
		Thirteen of the songs by Hoxie Simmons have been dubbed to tape no. AFS 22,169, and 27 of the remaining songs are archived on tape no. AFS 18,471 (see the Archive of Folk Culture web site.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/chetco.htm (1169 words)

	Canadian Women Making Music
		Outsiders may simply look at Athapaskan fiddlers as Indians playing the white man's music, but they couldn't be further from the mark.
		Playing strictly by ear and within a strong conservative tradition that is over 140 years old, Athapaskan men have developed a powerful, beautiful sound and a repertoire that is different from any other style of fiddle music (p.
		Included in appendices are the transcript of an interview with Athapaskan fiddler Bergman Esmailka Sr., fiddle-tune lists with annotations, and 20 fiddle-tune transcriptions with annotations by Pamela Swing and Shonti Elder.
	cjtm.icaap.org /content/25/v25art6.html (672 words)

	Athapaskan - Arctic Studies Center
		The Den'a see a unity in the human, natural and spiritual worlds; in both the seen and unseen worlds, all things have a spirit, and everything is connected.
		Repeated visits, stories, and inclusion in celebrations and healing ceremonies are needed to open the soul to a real view of the Athapaskan world.
		It is through participation that the significance of a "give-away" ceremony is appreciated.
	www.mnh.si.edu /arctic/features/croads/modatha.html (194 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.1127: Rice, Morpheme Order & Semantic Scope
		The traditional approach to morpheme order within Athapaskan verbs is templatic: verbs are associated with a template, and each morpheme fills a slot of this template.
		Through a detailed discussion of morpheme ordering in numerous Athapaskan languages, Rice argues that scope principles explain Global Uniformity, and that Local Variability arises only when scope principles do not make clear predictions, or when they are overridden by other principles of the language.
		First, it explains the structure of Athapaskan verbs in a way that is clear and easy to grasp, which is quite a feet considering its complexity.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/12/12-1127.html (1784 words)

	Eel River Athapaskan traditional narratives - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eel River Athapaskan traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, and Sinkyone peoples of the Eel River basin of northwestern California.
		Eel River Athapaskan oral literature belongs primarily to the pattern of narratives that prevailed among the Pomo to the south and among the groups of central California in general.
		However, important influences are evident from northwestern California (the Hupa, Yurok, and Karuk) and from the wider Northwest Coast region of North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_traditional_narratives (328 words)

	Post-Contact Social Organization of Three Apache Tribes.
		Apachean is the only Athapaskan language found in the Southwest.
		The Southern Athapaskans migrated from Northern Canada and were well established in the Southwest during the 1500's.
		The Chiricahuas, Mescaleros and Western Apaches were, in all probability, derived from a single Athapaskan migration.
	www.jqjacobs.net /southwest/apache.html (1752 words)

	Civilization.ca - Archaeological Survey of Canada - Mercury Series
		Northern Athapaskan prehistory, primarily in central Alaska, is the subject of this report.
		The assignment of remains from these sites to two groups of Northern Athapaskans is supported by a review of the history of contact in each area and ethnographic data.
		This comparative perspective suggests that Northern Athapaskan prehistoric and very early historic culture represented a continuum characterized by gradual variation through space in terms of a basic technology adapted to life in the interior North.
	www.civilization.ca /cmc/archeo/emercury/91.htm (388 words)

	Ethnologue: USA
		Na-Dene, Nuclear Na-Dene, Athapaskan-Eyak, Athapaskan, Apachean, Navajo-Apache, Eastern Apache.
		Na-Dene, Nuclear Na-Dene, Athapaskan-Eyak, Athapaskan, Apachean, Kiowa Apache.
		Na-Dene, Nuclear Na-Dene, Athapaskan-Eyak, Athapaskan, Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim, Upper Kuskokwim.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/USA.html (8257 words)

	NMS Athapaskan Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This web catalogue is part of a collaborative project between the National Museums of Scotland (NMS), the Tlicho Government, the Visual Research Centre at the University of Dundee, Scotland, and the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre.
		Part of a larger project to bring a portion of the National Museums of Scotland Athapaskan Collection in 2006, this web catalogue presents images of objects in the collection.
		The NMS collection is one of the largest and best-documented Northern Athapaskan collections of the middle 19th century in existence.
	pwnhc.learnnet.nt.ca /nmsathcoll/index.html (195 words)

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