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Topic: Athenian democracy

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	Paper: Athenian Democracy -vs- Modern Democracy
		Athenian countryside was divided into areas called demes.
		Today's democracy allows both eligible men and eligible women are to vote.
		Wherein today lawyers are everywhere and generally the advice given is "A man who represents himself has a fool for a lawyer." Another difference between the justice systems was that, unlike earlier Athenian justice and current democratic justice, the Golden Age democracy did not allow decisions to be appealed.
	www.ricocheting.com /school/Athenian.Democracy.vs.Modern.Democracy.html (422 words)

	History of Greece: Athenian Democracy
		The key to Athenian democracy was Cleithenes redrawing of the social-political landscape of Athens and Attica.
		When viewed in the context of its time the Athenian democracy was an amazing achievement which introduced the concept of equal rights and the notion of accountability by routinely investigating officials and creating a system where no person or group could become too powerful.
		Democracy may not be the best form of government, but it is the best one that we know of.
	www.ahistoryofgreece.com /athens-democracy.htm (1159 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments
		In a representative democracy sovereignty is exercised by a subset of the people, elected periodically, but otherwise free to advance their own agendas.
		Direct democracy was experimented in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)), which was governed for two centuries by a general assembly of all male citizens, by randomly selected officials, and ten annually elected representatives charged to command the army of the city (strategos).
		A fundamental objection to direct democracy is that the public generally gives only superficial attention to political issues and is thus susceptible to charismatic argument or demagoguery.
	www.countryiworld.com /wiki-Direct_democracy (3625 words)

	Rethinking Athenian Democracy \| A Radical Reconstruction Of Ancient Greek Democracy
		Rethinking Athenian Democracy reappraises the political structure of classical Athens from a viewpoint that does not presuppose a successful Periclean democracy, and contends that there are new reasons to doubt many of the claims for its excellence as a model of democratic politics.
		One is asked to believe that Athenian democracy functioned in certain ways for which there is no historical testimony, and to accept that favourable representations of its workings may be legitimately reconstructed from literary fragments and (more recently) lines from the texts of classical drama, to the disregard of copious ancient criticism.
		The picture of ‘Athenian democracy’ reflected in for example the Cambridge Ancient History was largely formed in substance by the late nineteenth century, and certain crucial elements in its construction seem to have flourished due to ideological empathies, despite historical evidence which ought to have refuted much of the foundations on which the view rests.
	www.freewebs.com /atheniandemocracy/synopsis.htm (1279 words)

	Athenian democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Athenian citizens had to be legitimately descended from citizens—after the reforms of Pericles in 450 BC on both sides of the family, excluding the children of Athenian men and foreign women.
		Democracy was far from being the normal style of governance and the beliefs on which it was based were in effect a minority opinion.
		To its ancient detractors the democracy was reckless and arbitrary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Athenian_democracy (6840 words)

	Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Athenian democracy is the earliest well-documented democratic system, and the word democracy was coined in Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC.
		Athenian democracy was effectively ended by the city's defeat by the Macedonians who abolished it in 323 BC.
		In modern democracies, the territory is the nation-state, and since this corresponds (in theory) with the homeland of the nation, the demos and the reach of the democratic process neatly coincide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy (3817 words)

	BBC - History - The Democratic Experiment
		The origin of the Athenian democracy of the fifth and fourth centuries can be traced back to Solon, who flourished in the years around 600 BC.
		Cleisthenes was the son of an Athenian, but the grandson and namesake of a foreign Greek tyrant, the ruler of Sicyon in the Peloponnese.
		That victory in turn encouraged the poorest Athenians to demand a greater say in the running of their city, and in the late 460s Ephialtes and Pericles presided over a radicalisation of power that shifted the balance decisively to the poorest sections of society.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_02.shtml (468 words)

	CSD Events
		Democracy is now clearly one of our more favorite political terms, right up there with freedom, justice, and rights.
		Yet, democracy is a term that describes a political regime, that is concerned intrinsically with the organization of public authority within the established community.
		I do offer Athenian democracy as a strong alternative to those disheartened by organizations that are governed by oligarchy or tyranny, and also as a resource for anyone interested in the potential strongly democratic self-governance at, for example, one's own place of work....The elements of Athenian culture are especially resourceful.
	www.smcm.edu /democracy/offerings/oberexcerpt.htm (532 words)

	TAKIS FOTOPOULOS - Direct and Economic Democracy in Ancient Athens
		Also, the decline itself of the Athenian democracy was, in my view, directly connected with its failure to become universal, and with the contradiction created by the fact that the political equality which the Athenian democracy had established for its citizens was, in the last instance, founded on economic inequality.
		The differentiating characteristic of the Athenian democracy at its peak period, in relation to any other system in the ancient world until today, was a collective conscious effort for the continuous broadening and deepening of political democracy and, to a point, of economic democracy.
		The final failure, therefore, of Athenian democracy was not due, as is usually asserted, to the innate weaknesses of direct democracy but, firstly, due to the fact that it always remained partial, embracing only part of its population, and, second, that it was never completed by a corresponding economic democracy.
	www.democracynature.org /dn/vol1/fotopoulos_athens.htm (4703 words)

	Politics
		Otanes' analysis of democracy is obviously drawn from the model of the Athenian democracy, which Herodotus had visited in his travels.
		It was silver from these mines that allowed the Athenians to build their dominant fleet in the early fifth century and also to issue their famous coins called “owls.” Return to text.
		The Athenians did not use a number to designate a given year as we do, but referred to a year by the name of the man who was the eponymous archon in that twelve month period.
	depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu /classics/dunkle/athnlife/politics.htm (3685 words)

	Democracy.com: Democracy and the Principles of Democratic Governments
		Democracy.com: Democracy and the Principles of Democratic Governments
		The Spanish humor magazine, El Juevo, published a cartoon on July 18th that was too much for a Spanish court to stomach.
		Visit the gallery and view images of the U.S Capital.
	www.democracy.com (624 words)

	Ancient Greece - Athenian Democracy - free Suite101 course
		Before the introduction of democracy in 508 BC, Athens was ruled by a tyrant.
		His rule was unpopular and many Athenian aristocrats soon became opposed to it.
		In 508 BC, the reformer Cleisthenes pushed through a series of reforms which shifted power from the Areopagus to the general Assembly (known in Classical Greek as the Ekklesia) at which all Athenian citizens, whether rich or poor, had the right to vote.
	www.suite101.com /lesson.cfm/18443/1742 (463 words)

	Eder,_Aristocrats_and_the _Coming_of_the_Athenian_Democracy
		The Athenians were well aware of the advantages and disadvantages of various constitutions; they discussed in theory their respective merits for the well-being of the city (Raaflaub 1989), and in practice they were ready in desperate times (e.g., in 411 B.C.) to sacrifice democracy in order to be rescued by an oligarchy.
		Democracy has been and still is seen as the telos of the polis.~7 Consequently, we should expect that the eminent role the aristocrats played in forming the polis as a "citizen state" (M.H. Hansen 1993a) would influence scholars in assuming a similarly outstanding role for them in developing democracy.
		An Athenian who became involved in conflict was expected to lay claim to a non-militant attitude: he was supposed to give short shrift to the demands of honour, play down his desire for revenge, and relinquish the right to punish an aggressor to the civic authorities," that is, the courts (1995: 43).
	www.tu-berlin.de /fb1/AGiW/Hospitium/Eder.htm (17049 words)

	Democracy
		Democracy arises out of the notion that those who are equal in any respect are equal in all respects; because men are equally free, they claim to be absolutely equal.
		Democracy should be a state which at last can afford to be just to all men and to treat the individual with respect as a neighbor.
		This is the democracy that is inevitably narrow, that stealthily pushes aside the poor, and is therefore hypocritical, and false.
	www.latter-rain.com /ltrain/demcy.htm (974 words)

	HIST 212, Section 3: Athenian Democracy in Action
		Athenian democracy fell to the leadership of Cleon the Tanner -- a man of the lower classes who came to power because of the democratic reforms of Pericles.
		Cleon had convened the Athenian ekklesia and argued that all male Mitylenians must be destroyed, and the women and children sold into slavery.
		The two opinions thus expressed were the ones that most directly contradicted each other; and the Athenians, notwithstanding their change of feeling, now proceeded to a division, in which the show of hands was almost equal, although the motion of Diodotus carried the day.
	people.westminstercollege.edu /faculty/mmarkowski/212/3/myt.htm (1410 words)

	TAKIS FOTOPOULOS - Direct and Economic Democracy in Ancient Athens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Also, the decline itself of the Athenian democracy was, in my view, directly connected with its failure to become universal, and with the contradiction created by the fact that the political equality which the Athenian democracy had established for its citizens was, in the last instance, founded on economic inequality.
		Economic democracy, therefore, relates to every social system that tends to minimize the socio-economic differences and in particular those differences which are due to the unequal distribution of private property and the consequent unequal distribution of income and wealth.
		The differentiating characteristic of the Athenian democracy at its peak period, in relation to any other system in the ancient world until today, was a collective conscious effort for the continuous broadening and deepening of political democracy and, to a point, of economic democracy.
	www.inclusivedemocracy.org /fotopoulos/brdn/vol1_1.htm (4708 words)

	Athenian Democracy
		All Athenians were considered equal before the law, and everyone respected and obeyed both the laws and the authorities.
		Pericles was criticizing the Athenians for being only concerned with their private welfare and not caring for common safety or for the good of the state as a whole.
		In conclusion, Thucydides was a fan of Pericles and praised his ability to lead the democracy along the wisest paths that led to the most long-term benefits for the state.
	home.triad.rr.com /warfford/ancient/athdem.html (1154 words)

	Democracy begins at Athens
		The biggest difference between Athenian democracy and almost all subsequent democracies is that the Athenian version was remarkably direct rather than being representative.
		But it was democracy that he would prove to be the means to the unification of the people of Athens.
		Under this procedure the Athenians would vote once a year in a sort of negative election: the unlucky winner, assuming a minimum of 6000 votes had been cast, was sent into exile for 10 years.
	www.siu.edu /~dfll/classics/Johnson/HTML/L10.html (1912 words)

	Athenian Democracy
		Later Athenians portrayed the Areopagus as a benevolent guardian of laws and supervisor of morals that was destroyed by revolutionary radicals.
		There were three methods: barathron (being hurled from a high place into a pit filled with stakes and spikes), apotympanosis (being chained upright to a plank and being left to die [or perhaps being strangled by tightening the neck band gradually]), and hemlock (a rather pleasant death, relatively speaking).
		Athenian government had various sources of revenues, including the mines as laurium, public lands, and taxes.
	www.uvm.edu /~jbailly/courses/clas21/notes/atheniandemocracy.html (2583 words)

	[No title]
		Athenian democracy was truly government by the people and it resulted in one of the greatest early civilizations.
		Democracy was practiced briefly in Rome and Florence, but it did not surface again until the American and French revolutions.
		Representative democracy was supposed to be based on wisdom of the best of us to represent the rest of us, but it's evolved into a dominant two-party system of elections and government that smacks of the wrong kind of republic.
	www.realdemocracy.com /aboutdem.htm (914 words)

	TermPapers-TermPapers.com - Athenian Democracy
		In classical Greece, democracy was seen by the enlightened and the educated as one of the worst types of government and society imaginable.
		Plato, in his critique of democracy in The Republic, claims that it allows people to follow all their passions and drives without order or control; Aristotle claimed that the competing interests in a democracy makes for chaos rather than purposive and deliberated action.
		Athenian democracy meant the absence of a division between the state and society.
	www.termpapers-termpapers.com /dbs/e1/pwr42.shtml (2300 words)

	Democracy â€“ Athenian and American \| CorrenteWire
		Democracy was an experiment undertaken by a number of Greek cities in the 6th through 4th centuries prior to the â€œChristian Era.â€ Much of what is known about that experiment comes down to us through works composed by residents of the city of Athens.
		The poor tended to favor democracy, and the plays of the time were the medium via which they talked among themselves about it.
		Athenian plays of the period generally portray the comic or tragic goings on in neighboring, non-democratic cities.
	www.correntewire.com /democracy_athenian_and_american (1105 words)

	A Critical Analysis of Athenian Democracy
		In one form, it has become the representative democracy (republican) government of the United States, where, theoretically, the needs of the people are met by elected officials who act as a voting proxy for their constituents.
		In fact, the Athenians moved the treasury of the League from the temple of Apollo on Delos to the temple of Athena in Athens in 454 B.C. (Sinclair 7).
		In the realm of Athenian democracy, the “everyman” conceivably has the ability to comment on an issue, vote on it, and then possibly be elected to an executive position, regardless of his economic or educational background.
	www2.scc-fl.edu /crobbins/MikesPaper.htm (2413 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.03.13
		In reviewing a book which collects articles on Athenian democracy originally published as long ago as 1924 and as recently as 2001, it is important to first establish the criteria on which the book is to be judged.
		Those teaching a graduate seminar on Athenian Democracy will likely have their own idiosyncratic list of "gems" they want their students to read, and at any rate in that context single articles will hardly do to familiarize students with the contribution to the field of a Mogens Hansen or a Josiah Ober.
		Her narrative implies that democracy's "moderation" was, at least to some degree, achieved through the efforts of elite propaganda.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-03-13.html (2141 words)

	Political Theory & Practice (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There was an additional condition for the Athenian direct democracy to work well: in order for each citizen to participate effectively into the collective decision-making process, he (only male was allowed to vote) must have enough free time to attend the frequently held Assembly meetings, engage in time-consuming debates, and take part in public administration.
		The irony was that direct democracy for a subset of privileged men in Athens was possible precisely because of the undemocratic elements of the larger system: the existence of slavery and the exclusion of women created one necessary condition for active and direct self-government among qualified "citizens."
		Democracy marginalizes the wise." (Held) Finally, Plato was also worried that the notions of liberty and political equality are "inconsistent with the maintenance of authority, order and stability...
	www.oycf.org /Perspectives/1_083199/politics.htm (1823 words)

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