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	Telegraph - LoveToKnow 1911
		Besides these we have in the same period the spark telegraph of Reiser, of Don Silva, and of Cavallo, the pith ball telegraph of Francis Ronalds (a model of which is in the collection of telegraph apparatus in the Victoria and Albert Museum), and several others.
		This telegraph required six wires, and was shortly afterwards displaced by the single-needle system, still to a large extent used on railway and other less important circuits.
		This was the principle of the chemical telegraph proposed by Edward Davy in 1838 and of that proposed by Bain in 1846.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Telegraph (16086 words)

	Technology, invention, and innovation collections
		The formation of the Atlantic Telegraph Company on October 20, 1856, was a result of a meeting of Field, Brett and Bright.
		The new company attempted but failed in 1857 to successfully launch the first Atlantic cable due to financial difficulties, but plans were made immediately for a second attempt in 1858.
		A new company, the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, was formed with the capital Atlantic Telegraph Company raised.
	americanhistory.si.edu /archives/d8073.htm (1359 words)

	Atlantic Telegraph Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Atlantic Telegraph Company was a company formed in 1856 to undertake and exploit a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic ocean, the first such telecommunications link.
		The project stemmed from an agreement between Cyrus Field, John Watkins Brett and Charles Tilston Bright and was incorporated in December 1856 with £350,000 capital, raised principally in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow.
		On the failure of the expedition to lay the second cable, a third company was formed to raise the capital for a further attempt, the Anglo-American Telegraph Company.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company (297 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry
		The electric telegraph was one of the first telecommunications technologies of the industrial age.
		Webster's definition of a telegraph is "an apparatus for communicating at a distance by coded signals." The earliest telegraph systems consisted of smoke signals, drums, and mirrors used to reflect sunlight.
		Two elements had to be perfected before an electric telegraph could work: a means of sending the signal (generating and storing electricity) and receiving the signal (recording the breaks in the current).
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us (3849 words)

	Atlantic News Telegraph
		Atlantic Community Development LLC announced today that a new company will be locating in the new east business park.
		Atlantic Community Development LLC originally contracted to build a 10,000 square foot building in the business park but later signed a change order for another 5,000 square foot addition after several companies expressed and interest in larger building spaces.
		Atlantic Community Development LLC was formed and funded by approximately 20 local investors whose goal is to create jobs and tax base in our area.
	www.atlanticnewstelegraph.com /articles/2006/10/31/news/newsabuilding.txt (400 words)

	Charles Wheatstone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A joint patent was taken out for their inventions, including the five-needle telegraph of Wheatstone, and an alarm worked by a relay, in which the current, by dipping a needle into mercury, completed a local circuit, and released the detent of a clockwork.
		The introduction of the telegraph had so far advanced that, on September 2, 1845, the Electric Telegraph Company was registered, and Wheatstone, by his deed of partnership with Cooke, received a sum of £33,000 for the use of their joint inventions.
		In 1859 Wheatstone was appointed by the Board of Trade to report on the subject of the Atlantic cables, and in 1864 he was one of the experts who advised the Atlantic Telegraph Company on the construction of the successful lines of 1865 and 1866.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_Wheatstone (4475 words)

	William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		After William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had introduced their working telegraph in 1839, the idea of a submarine line across the Atlantic Ocean began to be thought of as a possible triumph of the future.
		The accuracy of Thomson's law was disputed in 1856 by Dr. Edward O. Wildman Whitehouse, the electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, who had misinterpreted the results of his own experiments.
		Messages could be sent from the UK to the USA through one Atlantic cable and back again through another, and there received on the mirror galvanometer, the electric current used being that from a toy battery made out of a lady's silver thimble, a grain of zinc, and a drop of acidulated water.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/william_thomson__1st_baron_kelvin (4520 words)

	Atlantic Submarine Telegraph Line - article from 1867 - fadedpages.com
		This information about the "Atlantic Submarine Telegraph Line" was taken from an article that appeared in 1867 as part of a collection of articles that related to news events of 1866.
		The "Atlantic Telegraph Company" was formed in 1856; and of this, in 1858, the members were citizens of Great Britain, the United States, and the Canadas, its president at the time being Mr.
		The newly-formed "Telegraph Construction Co.," composed substantially of the rnanufacturers, undertook to produce the additional amount of cable to make the 2,700 miles required for both the purposes just named, and at the mere estimated cost, £500,000; but on condition of receiving the further sum of £100,000 in case of the success of the enterprise.
	selfinger.com /fp/art/atlant_t.htm (2253 words)

	Telephone Telegraph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The company had previously amalgamated with the Atlantic Telegraph Co., which was unsuccessful in earlier attempts to span the Atlantic (see CABLE, ATLANTIC).
		The Company installed a new cable from North Sydney to Colinet, St. Mary's Bay in 1913, and from there the cable was trenched to the Bay Roberts station.
		This company was established by the Canadian government in 1950 to acquire the Canadian assets of Cable and Wireless Limited and certain assets of the Canadian Marconi Company.
	www.k12.nf.ca /discovery/Commmunities/acdrom/clarenville/telegraph.html (4522 words)

	Knights of the Key.
		His newspaper and telegraph experience developed his executive ability and endowed him with a knowledge of the world's sharp turns that have made him the successful head of the quietest but most far-reaching department in the government service.
		He set about compiling the "Phillips Code," in which are over four thousand abbreviations and combinations of words that make the telegrapher's life easier and permit the telegraph companies to almost double the capacity of their wires.
		Phillips was given the distinction, as assistant general manager of the Associated Press in 1878, of introducing the idea of leasing wires from telegraph companies for the handling of news, under the control of the press organization.
	home.mindspring.com /~railroadstories/rrmmv1n1/knights.htm (3463 words)

	Carnegie Timeline
		Carnegie establishes the Keystone Telegraph Company with several associates from the railroad.
		The company receives permission from the Pennsylvania Railroad to string telegraph wire across the railroad's poles, which stretch across the entire state.
		This is such a valuable asset that Keystone is able to merge almost immediately with the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company, allowing Keystone's investors to triple their return.
	home.swbell.net /barbfaye/project/GuildedAge1.1/carnegie.htm (767 words)

	Business and Politics of Underwater Cables - HBS Working Knowledge
		In 1854, the French and British governments paid Newall and Company £7,500 to lay a temporary unarmored cable from Romania to the Crimea in support of their expedition against Russia. 6 Cables laid in deeper seas, like the Mediterranean, were much more prone to failure, however, because of insufficient slack, inadequate armoring, or faulty laying equipment.
		The ships of Newall and Company that laid the cable did not allow sufficient slack for the floor of the Red Sea, which had not been properly surveyed and was covered with jagged rocks.
		The Anglo-American Telegraph Company profited from its failure as a passenger liner, for it was too large for most harbors and too fuel-voracious for long voyages.
	hbswk.hbs.edu /archive/2696.html (2352 words)

	WELCOME TO THE MTS JOURNAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		By the close of 1820, all the essential components for a basic electric telegraph system had been discovered: the battery would provide a continuous electric current; insulated wires would transmit the current to a remote point; and it could be detected easily via its magnetic effect on a needle.
		The Gutta Percha Company was formed to pursue both business opportunities and whilst the company initially prospered from supplying Victorians with domestic rubber implements it eventually found itself the sole supplier of insulation to the burgeoning telegraph industry, a successful business enterprise that continued for 100 years.
		Cyrus Meld and his partners in the Atlantic Cable Company were undeterred by their setback and indeed rightly proud of the fact that they had succeeded in sending messages through a cable laid across the Atlantic.
	www.mtsociety.org /welcome.html (1380 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The most notable driving users of the early telegraph were the press, which had reporters waiting on the docks when packet ships landed, grabbing their packets of news dispatches and running them to telegraph offices for filing into the domestic telegraph network.
		Meantime, the Atlantic Telegraph Company, as the Bright/Brett/ Whitehouse/Field-organized company was named, had ordered up 2,500 miles of insulated cable, containing a single copper conductor made of seven twisted strands, surrounded by gutta percha insulation, protected and strengthened by eighteen surrounding iron wires coated with hemp and tar.
		Telegraph cable engineers had made considerable improvement in "deck engines" to handle cable paying out to the ocean bottom, and the plan was changed to have the two ships meet and splice their sections in mid-ocean, and each pay out their half toward their own shore.
	massis.lcs.mit.edu /telecom-archives/archives/history/underseas.cables (5759 words)

	Lord Cable
		In 1867 he was knighted for his work on the first Atlantic cables, and by the 1870s he was earning a large income as a consultant to cable companies and through his patents on telegraphic instruments — enough to buy a yacht and build a large country house.
		When a telegraph key is pressed and the wire is connected to the battery, he said, a steady current cannot flow until the wire first acquires its full electrostatic charge.
		The first Atlantic cable was a spectacular failure whose collapse tainted the reputation of ocean telegraphy as a whole.While Whitehouse was saddled with much of the blame, Thomson drew almost universal praise, with the implication that if his scientific advice had been followed more closely, the cable might have succeeded.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/30/article2/article2.html (1850 words)

	Nova Scotia Telephone Companies
		Many (most?) of the privately-owned telephone and telegraph companies were incorporated by a special Act of the Legislature, and in such cases the Act itself is the definitive source.
		The Halifax & Bermudas Telegraph Company was established to carry out the work which was put out to tender with the promise of a twenty-year subsidy.
		The New Cumberland Telephone Company is known to have been carrying on a telephone business in 1905 and 1906 — it appears as "Cumberland Telephone Company" in Winfield's list dated May 1905, and it was involved in a lawsuit in 1906.
	alts.net /ns1625/telephone.html (9891 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		The telegraph company is the lessee of the Atlantic & Ohio Telegraph Company (the lease is terminable at the option of either party by giving six months' notice), and claims eminent domain as successor of that company.
		The telegraph company, therefore, is the simple lessee of the Atlantic & Ohio Company, and has only the powers of a lessee, and as such cannot exercise the right of eminent domain conferred on the Atlantic & Ohio Company.
		He had leased them to the company for twenty- one years, and his contention was that the condemnation proceedings would impair the obligation of the lease and should be enjoined.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=195&invol=594 (1802 words)

	Cape Cod National Seashore: Heritage: Atwood Higgins House
		One such organization, the Compagnie Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris a New York, began in 1879 with the objective of laying a transatlantic cable.
		Because of the workers' plight, the cable company decided to center its Cape Cod operation in Orleans, Massachusetts, and opened a new station house in March 1891.
		An 1869 cable laid by the French Atlantic Telegraph Company connected Brest, France to Canada via St. Pierre Island and the Compagnie Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris a New York's 1879 cable connected Brest, France, to Cape Cod via St. Pierre Island.
	www.nps.gov /archive/caco/heritage/french_transatlantic_cable.html (956 words)

	Edison: His Life and Inventions, Frank Lewis Dyer - Section 18 of 99 - Book Club/Biography - ArcaMax Publishing
		Returning to the automatic telegraph it is interesting to note that so long as Edison was associated with it as a supervising providence it did splendid work, which renders the later neglect of automatic or "rapid telegraphy" the more remarkable.
		Attempts at settlement were made in their behalf, and dragged wearily, due apparently to the fact that the plans were blocked by General Eckert, who had in some manner taken offence at a transaction effected without his active participation in all the details.
		Edison's automatic telegraph shortly stated in conclusion are: (1) the perforator; (2) the contact- maker; (3) the electromagnetic shunt; and (4) the ferric cyanide of iron solution.
	www.arcamax.com /biography/b-1081-18 (1884 words)

	History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Tal Shaffner
		One of them was the Western Union Telegraph Company which proposed to connect San Francisco with Moscow by constructing a line overland from Vancouver, British Columbia, through Russian America (Alaska), beneath the Bering Strait, then overland again through Russia and on into Moscow.
		The Library of Congress describes Shaffner as "Inventor, associate in the introduction of the telegraph and north Atlantic cable; telegraph company official; author and historian" and has a daguerreotype of him created between 1844 and 1860.
		The document makes interesting reading, outlining the shortcomings of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, its owners, investors, and engineering staff while promoting Shaffner's altruistic wish to create a telegraph line for the benefit of the "United States and the citizens thereof for all time".
	www.atlantic-cable.com /Shaffner/shaffner.htm (577 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE CABLE UNDER THE SEA
		Field’s Atlantic Telegraph Company gave its British cable manufacturers—cable wasn’t being made in America yet—a paltry four months to manufacture the line, because American backers were anxious to do all the laying during the relatively calm summer months of 1857.
		The two companies working on the outer coverings forgot to check with each other about how to spiral the metal strands and discovered when it was too late that they had laid them in opposite directions.
		Besides giving a big boost to telephone and telegraph cable designs with his proposal of inductive loading, he recognized that an outer atmospheric layer was ionized and could reflect radio waves.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/1987/2/1987_2_34.shtml (4770 words)

	Pacific Postal Telegraph Cable Company
		James Gordon Bennett, of the N. Herald, associated themselves together for the purpose of building the “Commercial” cable across the Atlantic, they readily recognized the fact that the “Field” cable was operated in conjunction with the Western Union lines, and that a rival cable must be fed by friendly inland lines.
		Of course, where a direct message was sent—say from London to San Francisco—the Western Union Company, as a common carrier, was obliged to accept it from the “Commercial” Cable Company, but at the same time such business was subjected to delays and inconveniences, which would soon be ruinous.
		It is found in the wonderful way in which the Company has succeeded in the face of the opposition of the Western Union monopoly.
	www.sfmuseum.org /hist11/pacificpostal.html (548 words)

	HarpWeek: Cartoon of the Day
		The laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable was one of the most eagerly anticipated events of the nineteenth century.
		In 1854, the discovery of a shallow underwater plateau in the Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland and Ireland inspired Cyrus Field to attempt the connection of North America and Europe by a submarine telegraph cable.
		In February 1857, Congress approved an annual subsidy of $70,000 to Field's company for laying and operating a telegraph line between Newfoundland and New York, and authorized the U.S. president to negotiate a treaty with Britain for laying the transatlantic cable.
	www.harpweek.com /09Cartoon/RelatedCartoon.asp?Month=May&Date=16 (764 words)

	The History of Telegraphy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The electric telegraph was one of the first important and large-scale practical applications of the new electrical force.
		The first electric telegraph line was constructed between Washington and Baltimore in 1844, and the highways of Europe and America were soon lined by poles and crossarms carrying wires through which the silent electric messages streamed in ever-increasing numbers.
		Anticipating the possibility of a submarine telegraph line, Lieutenant Berryman found that the ocean floor in the 1,600 miles between Newfoundland and Ireland was primarily a plateau deep enough to clear icebergs and ship anchors, yet shallow enough to make a submarine line feasible.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /cable/htelegr.htm (3024 words)

	The Globalist \| Global Technology -- The 19th Century Internet
		The Atlantic Telegraph Company was duly set up, and Field persuaded the British and United States governments to back his project; in return for an annual subsidy and the provision of ships to help lay the cable, official messages would be carried free of charge.
		To make matters worse, Field had promised that the Atlantic telegraph would start operating by the end of 1857, and he was in such a desperate hurry that the manufacture of the cable was rushed.
		They would sail to the middle of the Atlantic, join the two halves of the cable, and set out in opposite directions.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=2163 (959 words)

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