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Topic: Atlantic cod

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Gadus

Arctic cod

Barents Sea

Gadidae

Capelin

Fishery

Atlantic Ocean

Cape Cod

Cod War

North Sea

Grand Banks

Arctic Ocean

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Fish

	Underwater World - Atlantic Cod
		So important was the cod to the early economy of New England that a carved wooden codfish was hung in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in Boston as a memorial of the importance of the codfish to the welfare of the commonwealth.
		Cod off Labrador and northern Newfoundland spawn from March to May along the outer slopes of the continental shelf in depths from 200 to 600 m and bottom temperatures of about 2.5° to 4°C. On the Grand Banks, spawning begins in April and continues to June.
		A cod's age may be determined by counting the annual rings on the otoliths, two pearly-white earstones that form the balance mechanism in the cod's skull.
	www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /zone/underwater_sous-marin/atlantic/acod_e.htm (2751 words)

	Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries: Cod - Species Profile
		Offshore cod tend to be larger than inshore ones, the former frequently reaching sizes of 25 pounds and 40 to 42 inches in length while the latter usually weigh 6 to 12 pounds and measure 27 to 34 inches in length.
		Atlantic cod live in a variety of habitats but generally are found in depths of 200 to 360 feet with temperatures ranging from 34 to 46 degrees F in the summer, and depths of 295 to 440 feet with temperatures of 36 to 39 degrees F in the winter.
		Cod should be iced after capture to retain their delicate flavor; if they are iced in a large cooler, the melt water should be drained occasionally so the fish do not soak in warming water.
	www.mass.gov /dfwele/dmf/recreationalfishing/cod.htm (1824 words)

	Atlantic cod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, is a well-known food fish belonging to the family Gadidae.
		Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with haddock, flounder and hake, feeding upon smaller prey such as herring, capelin, shrimp and snow crab.
		The northwest Atlantic populations spawn in the winter and spring at Georges Bank in the Cape Cod region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atlantic_cod (988 words)

	Canada Lists Atlantic Cod as Endangered (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two populations of Atlantic cod were designated as endangered and threatened in Canada following assessments by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, a government body that met in Whitehorse this week.
		The Laurentian North population of Atlantic cod, which extends from the northern Gulf of the St-Lawrence to Newfoundland’s south coast, was assessed as threatened by COSEWIC.
		Cod remain abundant in the eastern part of the region (southern coast of Newfoundland), but have declined substantially in the northern Gulf, where the fishery is now also closed.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/innews/atlanticcod2003.htm (906 words)

	Atlantic Cod,general information, reproduction, habitat, food,angling tips, handling and cooking.
		Cod are easily distinguished from most other marine fish by their three rounded dorsal fins and two anal fins that are mirror images of the second and third dorsals.
		Off shore cod tend to be larger than inshore ones, the former frequently reaching sizes of 25 pounds and 40 to 42 inches in length while the latter usually weigh 6 to 12 pounds and measure 27 to 34 inches in length.
		Atlantic cod live in a variety of habitats but generally are found at depths of 200 to 360 feet and in temperatures ranging from 34 to 46 degrees F in the summer and a depths of 295 to 440 feet and in temperatures of 36 to 39 F in the winter.
	www.gis.net /~cptdave/codfish-info.html (948 words)

	Northern Cod -A Matter of Survival
		So important was the cod to the early economy of New England that a carved wooden codfish was hung in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in Boston as a memorial of the importance of the codfish to the welfare of the commonwealth.
		cod's age may be determined by counting the annual rings on the otoliths, two pearly-white earstones that form the balance mechanism in the cod's skull.
		Cod off Labrador and northern Newfoundland spawn from March to May along the outer slopes of the continental shelf in depths from 200 to 600 m and bottom temperatures of about 2.5 degrees to 4 degrees Celsius.
	www.cdli.ca /cod/history4.htm (1665 words)

	FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Gadus morhua
		It is unlikely that cod swim as deep as this; although, they have been trawled in depths up to 460 m.While Atlantic cod is essentially a fish of the open sea, it appears regularly in various river mouths in Maine and Massachusetts during late autumn and winter.
		Greenland cods have been observed to perform migrations over 1000 km, northeastern Atlantic cod, 800-900 km, while cod of the North Sea, the Channel, and the Irish Sea undertake migrations of lesser magnitude.In the Baltic, there is a tendency to migrate toward the Bornholm Basin (spawning and feeding ground).
		Very little is known about the movements of young cod in their early years on the nursery grounds.There is a possibility that they undertake a seasonal migration to shallow water during the summer and return to deeper water in winter, although there is no evidence to support this.
	www.fao.org /figis/servlet/species?fid=2218 (1420 words)

	Gadus morhua, Atlantic Cod at MarineBio.org
		The Atlantic cod is longer-lived and larger than its Pacific counterpart, and may reach 25 years in age, 200 centimeters in length, and 96 kilograms in mass.
		Atlantic cod are omnivorous, feeding at dawn or dusk on a variety of invertebrates and fish.
		Atlantic cod reproduce annually during winter and early spring through external fertilization, with spawning taking place near the seafloor when temperatures are between 0-12°C and the water's oxygen content is suitable.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=206 (1072 words)

	Coastlines 2004-2005: The Life History and Habitat Requirements of Atlantic Cod: The Story Behind a Plate of Fish & ...
		Cod are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of fishes, crabs, and clams, and the incidental plant.
		Cod have annual migration patterns that depend on geographic location, life history stage (e.g., spawning movements), and season, but cod typically move in relation to water temperature, swimming inshore in autumn and retreating to deeper, offshore waters as spring approaches.
		The relationship between adult cod distribution and habitat is largely based on trawl data (both from research and commercial trawls), and the largest catches are made near the seafloor on rocky slopes, ledges, and hard bottom (cobble, gravel, and sand with broken shells).
	www.mass.gov /czm/coastlines/2004-2005/habitat/cod.htm (1983 words)

	What is the Problem with Cod?
		The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock of primary interest to Newfoundlanders is northern cod in Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) zones 2J, 3K and 3L (usually shortened to 2J3KL).
		By the time cod fishing was shut down, the age structures of the remaining populations in eastern Canada were severely skewed.
		The northern cod stock is recovering slowly because that is how this kind of animal recovers from the extremely low levels and skewed age distribution to which it was reduced.
	www.imma.org /codvideo/whatproblemcod.html (967 words)

	CANADIAN ATLANTIC FISHERIES COLLAPSE
		The draggers targetted huge aggregations of cod while they were spawning, a time when the fish population is highly vulnerable to capture and to the physical impacts of the bottom-trawling gear on the environment.
		Newfoundland's small-scale, inshore cod fishermen, however, were voicing concerns long before anyone else that the abundance of the northern cod population was not as healthy as scientists were reporting.
		Independent Review of the state of the Northern Cod stock concluded that the population, the biomass, the spawning population, and the spawning biomass of the Northern Cod were all in decline and that fishing-related mortality was at dangerously high levels.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/cbio/cancod.html (1898 words)

	Cod biology
		The cod is a cold-water species that is distributed on the continental shelves and in the coastal waters of the northern North Atlantic.
		In the Baltic Sea, cod are often forced to stay in the pelagic zone due to anoxic deeper waters.
		Thus eggs and larvae drift to nursery grounds, juvenile cod migrate to feeding grounds and mature cod migrate to spawning grounds.
	www.ucd.ie /codtrace/codbio.htm (817 words)

	Harp seals and Atlantic cod: Notes for a presentation to the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans, House of ...
		We know that harp seals do eat Atlantic cod, although 40 years of studies indicate that Atlantic cod is a minor constituent of their diet (Wallace and Lawson 1997).
		Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador.
		Hypotheses for the decline of cod in the North Atlantic.
	www.imma.org /fishcomm (3234 words)

	Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua at MarineBio.org
		The Atlantic cod is longer-lived and larger than its Pacific counterpart, and may reach 25 years in age, 200 centimeters in length, and 96 kilograms in mass.
		The Atlantic cod is found in temperate climes ranging from the shallows near the shore to deeper waters near the continental shelf.
		Atlantic cod reproduce annually during winter and early spring through external fertilization, with spawning taking place near the seafloor when temperatures are between 0-12°C and the water's oxygen content is suitable.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=206 (1092 words)

	The Downturn of the Atlantic Cod (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Atlantic cod caught recently in Nova Scotia, besides appearing very lean, are showing a strange body shape, with the back arched and the head turned down, in contrast to the classic appearance of the species.
		An informal look at two lots of Atlantic cod caught by a commercial fisherman on the Scotian Shelf during late summer of 2002, may reveal an important clue, since the profile of cod seems to be literally changing.
		Starving cod in the ocean, on the other hand, changes the profile of cod, as pelagic-feeding adults lower their heads in a struggle to survive by feeding at a lower trophic level (bottom invertebrates).
	www.fisherycrisis.com /nscod.htm (2525 words)

	Jeffreys Ledge: Atlantic Cod (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cod on the Ledge: Cod are present on Jeffreys Ledge year-round.
		Most cod are between six and twelve pounds as adults, and weigh between four and ten pounds.
		Diet: Adult cod feed on a wide range of animals, but are most often found to feed on on capelin, herring, sand launce, flounders, young Greenland turbot, crabs, shrimp, brittle stars, combjellies, and a host of other species of fish and shellfish.
	www.jeffreysledge.org /codtext.htm (450 words)

	Atlantic cod - Gadus morhua: More Information - ARKive
		Atlantic cod range from the north and eastern coast of North America, around the southern tip of Greenland across the north Atlantic to the waters around Iceland, the Faroes, the North Sea and the Barents Sea.
		Atlantic cod can be found in coastal waters with depths of 500 to 600 metres, and in the open ocean.
		Atlantic cod will eat a wide variety of prey, ranging from other fish (up to the size of herring) to worms; they also take swimming crabs, shrimps and prawns.
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/fish/Gadus_morhua/more_info.html (1033 words)

	Cod
		Cod is a general term that includes a large family of fish.
		Atlantic cod, the mainstay of the New England fishery, is a lean, sweet fish, available fresh, or dried as salt cod, sometimes called bacalao.
		Pacific cod, also known as true cod, is caught in Pacific waters from California to Alaska and is often sold as frozen fillets.
	www.maxlabs.com /hn/Food_Guide/Cod.htm (1254 words)

	Atlantic Cod
		Some local populations of cod are extinct near Maine and possibly near Nova Scotia.
		The Atlantic Cod population in question are typically found on or near the bottom of the continental shelf off the east coast of North America between New York and Labrador.
		It is also possible that the cod were congregating in large groups on their spawning grounds - a good survival tactic against natural predators but an unsuccessful strategy against "super-trawlers".
	www.geocities.com /billlalonde.geo/cod.htm (428 words)

	Cod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety of other fishes.
		Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of Vitamin A, Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).
		In the United Kingdom, cod is the one of the most common kind of fish to be found in fish and chips, along with Haddock and Plaice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cod (1036 words)

	ATLANTIC COD
		Atlantic cod is a member of the gadoid family as is Pacific cod, cusk, and red and white hake.
		The Atlantic cod also has a barbel or whisker that protrudes from its lower jaw.
		A delicate fillet of cod, lightly seasoned and simmered in white wine, fresh tomatoes, and herbs, then finished with low-fat yogurt, makes an excellent meal and does justice to this fish and any of its family members.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /mas/seafood/atlancod.html (274 words)

	Atlantic Cod - Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US
		Representation of age 2 cod was relatively high in the early 1980s but, in response to a series of minimum mesh size increases during the 1990s, age 2 fish have gradually all but disappeared from the landings.
		Cod from the strong 1987 year class predominated from 1990 through 1992 but, by 1993, fish from the 1990 year class accounted for the greatest proportion of the total number landed.
		USA cod landings are generally highest in the second calendar quarter (April-June) and are taken predominantly from the western part (SA 521-522, 525-526, 537-539, and Subarea 6) of Georges Bank throughout the year (Figure 1.1).
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /sos/spsyn/pg/cod (3368 words)

	The Collapse of the Resource Base
		Catches of cod stocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence have dropped significantly, as have catches of cod and haddock on the Scotian Shelf.
		The prospect for northern cod actually has worsened since the moratorium on commercial fishing was established in July 1992, suggesting that a closure will have to be maintained for years to come.
		The other prime groundfish stocks - cod stocks adjacent to the rest of Newfoundland, and cod and flatfish on the southern Grand Banks, in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf - are also deteriorating rapidly.
	www.cdli.ca /cod/collapse.htm (2315 words)

	Atlantic Cod
		After that point, however, landings declined precipitously and a cod moratorium was declared in 1992; this moratorium is still in place in various parts of the Atlantic.
		One theory has it that colder water in the northern cod areas pushed the fish further south where they were harvested as part of what was viewed at the time as a growing cod resource.
		Cod livers, cod cheeks and tongues, and cod-liver oil are some of the more exotic products produced from this fish.
	atn-riae.agr.ca /seafood/mini_atlantic_cod-e.htm (363 words)

	Marine World - Will Atlantic cod ever recover
		On the other side of the Atlantic the situation continues to be critical: Canadian cod stocks collapsed in the early 1990s and despite a complete closure of the fishery, many individual stocks have yet to recover.
		To prevent cod stocks in the North Sea, Irish Sea and west of Scotland from going the same way, ICES has been calling for a complete ban on cod fishing in these areas and for the development of recovery plans to rebuild the stocks.
		As a result the reintroduction of bans on cod fishing in 2003 was resisted just as strongly by stakeholders as it was 11 years ago; the big difference is that this time there are no expectations that things will get better in the near future.
	www.ices.dk /marineworld/recoveryplans.asp (1483 words)

	Serum and egg vitellogenin measurement in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
		Stresses from exploitation on the northwest Atlantic ground fish populations have had dramatic effects on the age at maturity of several fish species, including that of the Georges Bank Atlantic cod stock (Trippel, 1995).
		During the 1986 to 1993 period an 18% decline in the median age at maturity of Atlantic cod was observed.
		A calibrated ELISA assay for Atlantic cod Vg and Lv.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/kunkel/fish/cod/gadus_proposal.html (7130 words)

	TED Case Study: Iceland Cod War
		Stocks of cod had decreased by a third during the 1970's.(4) Iceland stated that fish catches would have to be reduced.
		While it agreed that the number of cod had been decreasing, Britain was not convinced over- fishing was the cause, nor over what the limit on the catch should be.
		Since cod are mostly used for fish and chips in Britain, the switch to another fish would require the consumer to change his or her taste.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/icefish.htm (2090 words)

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