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Topic: Atmosphere

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	Earth's atmosphere - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Earth's atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earth's gravity.
		The atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases.
		The original atmosphere was primarily helium and hydrogen; heat (from the still molten crust, and the sun) dissipated this atmosphere.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /earth%27s_atmosphere.htm (1165 words)

	Earth's atmosphere Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The original atmosphere was primarily helium and hydrogen; heat (from the still molten crust, and the sun) dissipated this atmopshere.
		It is possible that this temperature change is related to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, although half the warming was before 80% of burning of fossil fuels took place.
		Significant warming of the atmosphere is a concern because it could contribute to extreme weather and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/e/ea/earth_s_atmosphere.html (951 words)

	The Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The atmosphere is the gasesous envelope that surrounds the Earth and constitutes the transition between its surface and the vacuum of space.
		The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
		Geosphere: Volcanic eruptions emit gases to the atmosphere and atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater to produce a weak acid which is important for the breakdown (weathering) or rock exposed at the Earth surface.
	ess.geology.ufl.edu /ess/Introduction/Atmosphere.html (274 words)

	The Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Early attempts at studying the nature of the atmosphere used clues from the weather, the beautiful multi-colored sunsets and sunrises, and the twinkling of stars.
		The atmosphere absorbs the energy from the Sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate.
		The tropopause and the troposphere are known as the lower atmosphere.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/space/atmosphere.html (568 words)

	Earth's atmosphere - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		75% of the atmosphere exists within 11 km of the planetary surface.
		The altitude of 100 kilometres or 62 miles is also frequently used as the boundary between atmosphere and space.
		The average atmospheric pressure, at sea level, is about 101.3 kilopascals (about 14.7 pounds per square inch).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Earth%27s_atmosphere (969 words)

	The Earth's Atmosphere
		The present atmosphere of the Earth is probably not its original atmosphere.
		The original atmosphere may have been similar to the composition of the solar nebula and close to the present composition of the Gas Giant planets, though this depends on the details of how the planets condensed from the solar nebula.
		That atmosphere was lost to space, and replaced by compounds outgassed from the crust or (in some more recent theories) much of the atmosphere may have come instead from the impacts of comets and other planetesimals rich in volatile materials.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/earth/atmosphere.html (655 words)

	NOVA Online \| Balloon Race Around The World \| The Atmosphere
		The atmosphere describes all the air surrounding the earth, from the ground all the way up to the edge of deep space.
		The atmosphere is composed of several layers, each defined because of the various phenomena which occur within the layer.
		Compared to the rest of the atmosphere, the troposphere is a tiny layer, extending at most ten miles (16km) up from the earth's surface.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/balloon/science/atmosphere.html (660 words)

	Atmosphere [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass.
		The atmosphere protects life on the planet by absorbing ultraviolet radiation of the sun, and reducing the temperature difference between day and night.
		During the next one or two billion years the water vapour condensed to form photosynthesizing plants evolved over the surface of the earth converting carbon dioxide in to oxygen and locking the carbon in to fossil fuels.
	kosmoi.com /Science/Earth/Atmosphere (634 words)

	Mars Atmosphere Model - English Units
		The Martian atmosphere is an extremely thin sheet of gas, principally carbon dioxide, that extends from the surface of Mars to the edge of space.
		The density of the atmosphere depends on both the temperature and the pressure through the equation of state and also decreases with increasing altitude.
		In the upper atmosphere the temperature decreases linearly and the pressure decreases exponentially.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/atmosmre.html (499 words)

	Introduction to the Atmosphere: Background Material
		Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
		Intercepted first by the atmosphere, a small part is directly absorbed, particularly by certain gases such as ozone and water vapor.
		The physical and chemical structure of the atmosphere, the way that the gases interact with solar energy, and the physical and chemical interactions between the atmosphere, land, and oceans all combine to make the atmosphere an integral part of the global biosphere.
	www.ucar.edu /learn/1_1_1.htm (1271 words)

	The Earth's Atmosphere
		The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space.
		Due to increases in gases, like carbon dioxide, that trap heat being radiated from the Earth, scientists believe that the atmosphere is having trouble staying in balance creating the greenhouse effect.
		The atmosphere is divided into five layers depending on how temperature changes with height.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/overview.html (274 words)

	Weather -- Atmosphere
		The Sun's atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, while Earth's is made up primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.
		The atmosphere is made up of several layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere.
		Most of the clouds you see in the sky are found in the troposphere, and this is the layer of the atmosphere we associate with weather.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/weather/atmosphere.html (607 words)

	Atmosphere and Interior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The atmosphere and (probably) the interior of Mars differ substantially from that of the Earth.
		The atmosphere is much less dense and of different composition, and it is unlikely that the core is molten.
		The primary component of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (95%), with the remainder mostly nitrogen.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/mars/atmosphere.html (383 words)

	Atmosphere
		Earth's atmosphere is constantly in motion, an event we experience as constantly changing winds, weather, and cloud patterns.
		Large-scale circulations develop in Earth's atmosphere due to uneven heating of its surface by the Sun's rays.
		This change in the atmospheric circulation and water temperatures generally results in increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific (coastal Chile and Peru, for example), and decreased rainfall in the western Pacific (Australia and Indonesia, for example).
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/elnino/cratmosphere.html (1113 words)

	Epitaph Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Seven’s Travels is the 4th Atmosphere studio album and takes you on a metaphorical journey with Slug (aka Seven) through politics, emotions and the physical.
		In the year that followed God Loves Ugly, Atmosphere's travels nearly took them to a major label; unlikely as it might have seemed at one time, the hip-hop trio's cerebral yet down-to-earth sound had become one of the hottest things in...
		Atmosphere are one of the very few groups on Epitaph worth listening to.
	www.epitaph.com /bands/index.php?id=328 (429 words)

	EO Study: Introduction to LBA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But the atmosphere is also engaged in a continuous process of spreading the heat around the globe, and tropical rainfall drives the process.
		The dense vegetation of the rainforest canopy is a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
		With the Amazon as their laboratory, the scientists are studying climate, atmospheric chemistry, the carbon cycle, nutrient cycling, land surface hydrology and water chemistry, land use and land cover, and the interaction of humans with the landscape.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/LBA (1015 words)

	Saturn Atmospheric Overview
		This is because the composition of Saturn's atmosphere includes more sulfur.
		The atmosphere of Saturn, like Jupiter, is only a narrow surface layer, compared to the vast interior of Saturn.
		Saturn is not much changed from its early evolution out of the primordial solar nebula, and in fact, may still be evolving.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/saturn/lower_atmosphere.html&edu=high (200 words)

	Viewpoint objects inside Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because the Viewpoint renderer is used inside Atmosphere for these objects, all the rendering attributes and high rendering quality and speed are preserved (hence the nice Poser avatars) But: the viewpoint object integration only goes so far...there is a serious limitation.
		Viewpoint objects also allow application of a lightmap (these are quite unrelated to Atmospheres lightmap concept, but instead cousins of the reflection mapping common in higher end renderers) This allows viewpoint objects to appear shiny like chrome or metal.
		To use them as large objects where you will be standing inside them in Atmosphere, you may want to turn the objects "inside out" so you see their inside rather than their outside.
	www.canoma.com /fred/vptobj.html (2428 words)

	Atmosphere - Layers - Advanced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The atmosphere around the earth is made up of layers that are distinguished by temperature.
		The exosphere is the highest layer of the atmosphere.
		Radio waves transmitted from the earth bounce off tiny energy particles called ions, located in the upper atmosphere, and return to a different location on the earth.
	wings.avkids.com /Book/Atmosphere/advanced/layers-01.html (269 words)

	EXPLORES! Atmospheric Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, one theory seems fairly certain; that when the earth was formed some five billion years ago, it was probably too hot to retain any of the atmosphere it had to begin with.
		The nitrogen, which is not very chemically active continued to accumulate in the atmosphere.
		The atmosphere is comprised of gases which are considered to be permanent (gases which remain essentially constant by percent) and gases considered to be variable (gases which have changing concentrations over a finite period of time).
	www.met.fsu.edu /explores/atmcomp.html (320 words)

	Aeronomy Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Aeronomy Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, conducts scientific research on the chemical and dynamical processes of the Earth's atmosphere, concentrating on the lower two atmospheric layers known as the troposphere and stratosphere.
		Through laboratory, field, and modeling approaches, the Aeronomy Lab scientists are advancing the scientific understanding of the stratospheric ozone layer, regional air quality, and climate change.
		Atmospheric research at the Aeronomy Laboratory is focused on studies of regional tropospheric chemistry, particularly in reference to air quality issues.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /atmosphere/atmos_al.html (346 words)

	Layers of the Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Heat is released as the UV is absorbed, which then heats the atmosphere.
		This means 99.9% of the atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere and troposphere.
		Yet the atmosphere continues upward: 99% of the remaining mass is found in the mesosphere and 1% in the thermosphere (Wallace and Hobbs 24).
	vortex.plymouth.edu /atmosphere/layers.html (809 words)

	Global Climate Change: Research Explorer - Atmosphere
		However, measuring humanity’s effect on the concentration of greenhouse gases is a key issue in understanding global climate change.
		Understanding how the atmosphere works is fundamental to understanding climate change.
		The atmosphere is composed of layers of air, each with its own temperature patterns.
	www.exploratorium.edu /climate/atmosphere/index.html (265 words)

	WETTER UPPER ATMOSPHERE MAY DELAY GLOBAL OZONE RECOVERY
		Shindell found that he was able to best simulate the behavior of temperature and ozone in the upper atmosphere when he added water vapor data into the climate model.
		The stratosphere is the typically dry layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, where temperatures increase with height.
		The second cause of change in the upper atmosphere is a greater transport of water from the lower atmosphere, which happens for several reasons.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/earth/atmos/ozone.htm (696 words)

	ACS Earth Day: Atmosphere: Electronic Resources
		Some of the available evidence for different scenarios that may have caused our atmosphere as we know it today is presented and critically discussed.
		The lessons at this website were prepared to introduce students to the fundamental principles of the earth's atmosphere: history, composition, and structure.
		It uses mathematical models of the standard atmosphere of the Earth and Mars.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/swain/hosted/earthday/2005/atmosphere.html (617 words)

	atmosphere on Encyclopedia.com
		Although some details about the atmospheres of other planets and satellites are known, only the earth's atmosphere has been well studied, the science of which is called meteorology.
		Depressed atmosphere; the Socialists have received only 17.59% of the votes and no seats in Parliament during the first round of legislative elections.
		French movie director Marcel CARNE supervising the fashion pictures recreating the atmosphere of some of his most famous films.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a1/atmosphe.asp (363 words)

	Atmosphere: About Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The total global environment consists of four major realms: a gaseous atmosphere, liquid hydrosphere, solid lithosphere, and living biosphere.
		In recent years, scientific research has shown that the chemical composition of the atmosphere is changing because of both natural and human induced causes.
		Mankind may be increasing levels of heat absorbing gases, thereby contributing to global warming and destroying ozone, the fragile atmospheric ingredient that shields the planet from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
	www.mardiros.net /atmosphere (121 words)

	Roce - Using fog in Adobe Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In real life, your visibility is about the same in all directions, so you appear to be in the center of a kind of sphere.
		If the far plane is closer to you than the near plane, Atmosphere acts as if the near plane is at the same place as the far plane.
		Atmosphere currently has three different fog drop-off styles.
	www.roce.org /articles/usingfog.html (4693 words)

	GOALS (Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System) for Predicting Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate: A Program of Observation, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
		The central hypothesis of the program is that variations in the upper ocean (including SST), soil moisture, sea ice, and snow, exert a significant influence on seasonal-to-interannual variations of atmospheric circulation and thus, the predictability of the circulation.
		This expansion would be based on the hypothesis that the key to understanding and predicting seasonal-to-interannual variations is understanding and modeling the processes that determine variations in the locations, interactions, and effects of the major thermal sources and sinks for the atmosphere.
	www.nap.edu /execsumm/0309051800.html (2477 words)

	AtmoSphere - pages/pressureandwindsalevel.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The pressure in the atmosphere and the way this causes the global winds.
		The Earth's atmosphere is almost completely contained within 80 kilometers, or 50 miles.
		Air movement in the atmosphere may be either vertical or horizontal.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /kingworc/departments/geography/nottingham/atmosphere/pages/pressureandwindsalevel.html (1460 words)

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