Atmospheric escape

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Topic: Atmospheric escape

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In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)

Northern Trust

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Match Play

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Mickey Rourke

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Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	DASH 2002
		The main objective of the mission was to demonstrate high-velocity atmospheric earth reentry at the velocity over 10 km/s and to conduct "high-velocity reentry measurements" by onboard instruments during the flight.
		Atmospheric hypersonic flight is one of the key technologies not only for planetary entry probes but also future space transportation systems.
		Typical satellite reentries are at only 7.5 km/s, while hyperbolic (escape) velocity at the top of the atmosphere is over 11 km/s, so DASH would have been travelling much faster than typical reentry vehicles, but not quite at escape velocity.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/dash2002.htm (1173 words)

	Submarine Rescue - Ready for the Unthinkable
		These full body suits include thermal protection and a built-in life raft to allow crew members to escape at depths down to 600 feet and survive on the surface.
		We are already in the process of installing new Submarine Escape and Immersion Equipment to replace Steinke Hoods onboard all of our submarines.
		Each of these subsystems will be phased in starting with the Atmospheric Diving Suit in 2001.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_9/sub_rescue.html (1315 words)

	Escape Velocities, Alaska Science Forum
		The mean velocity of the atmospheric gas particles is much lower than the earth's escape velocity.
		Escape velocities on the giants are much too high for even high-speed gas molecules to escape, while the smaller planets do not have enough gravity to hold onto them.
		At velocities higher than that needed to obtain a circular orbit, the path becomes elliptical until escape velocity is approached, at which time the orbit becomes parabolic.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF6/661.html (461 words)

	Assignment Solution for GEOL/METR 310: Planetary Climate Change
		Greenhouse gases don't absorb wavelengths of IR radiation in the "atmospheric window", so on a clear night, these wavelengths escape directly to space.
		There is a "window" (the "atmospheric window") in the longwave infrared part of the combined absorption spectrum for all gases in the atmosphere.
		More important for this problem, since greenhouse gases don't absorb the wavelengths in the atmospheric window, they don't emit them, either.
	virga.sfsu.edu /courses/gm310/F00/assignments/prob.2.soln.html (461 words)

	UKDivers.net - Diving History
		It was soon recognised that the answer to very deep diving was to enclose the diver in a chamber strong enough to resist the immense pressure of the sea, allowing the occupant to breath under ordinary atmospheric conditions.
		Methods of submarine escape began to develop, including miniature diving bells which could be either attached to the outside of the submarine or lowered down to it.
		Diving, at least in the early days, was regarded as a solitary task, and if divers had to work in pairs it was generally without the need for verbal communication.
	www.ukdivers.net /history/cigcards.htm (5798 words)

	Demo: Colbie Bell
		When using a pressure cooker the escape of the water vapor is slowed, causing an increase in atmospheric pressure.
		Since the atmospheric pressure is lower, the saturated vapor pressure does not have to be as high for boiling to occur.
		The boiling point of a substance is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
	www.quasar.ualberta.ca /edse456/apt/inquiry/iceboil.htm (546 words)

	Bada_00
		Sublimation has been proposed as a mechanism by which some organic compounds such as amino acids or nucleobases could escape and survive atmospheric entry heating by subliming off the surface of IDPs and even larger meteorites before they are melted or completely vaporized.
		This temperature is similar to the maximum temperatures reached by micrometeorites during atmospheric entry.
		A quartz glass sublimation apparatus was designed for the atmospheric entry simulations to handle temperatures up to 1100°C. The Murchison meteorite grains were used as analogue material for IDPs and micrometeorites.
	exobio.ucsd.edu /bada_00.htm (546 words)

	About Facts Net
		The new Atmospheric Diving Suit is part of the system and it allows divers to go as deep as 2000 feet in the suit.
		These suits will provide thermal protection as well as allowing a person to escape a submarine that is not below 600 feet of water.
		It had dived to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, this is the deepest point in the ocean.
	aboutfacts.net /Else40.htm (664 words)

	Sorbet Royal 2005 Submarine Rescue Exercise
		The Atmospheric Diving Suit permits operations in the ocean's depths while maintaining the diver at 1 atmosphere
		A French diver wearing the Atmospheric Diving Suit, attaches hoses to ventilate the Italian submarine Longobardo
		French divers prepare a pod containing emergency life support equipment which will be inserted into a diabled submarines escape trunk and retrieved by the crew awaiting rescue inside
	www.sorbetroyal2005.celex.net /photo_album/ailette.htm (102 words)

	Victory (Escape To Victory) - Music from the Movies
		As the story develops the atmospheric military band is used to provide feelings of pride and rebelliousness, but many of the early cues are sombre or tension-laden as the training begins and German team seems to have the upper hand.
		Bill Conti’s scores have always been strong on themes and Escape To Victory is one of his strongest.
		The album starts with the ‘Victory — Main Title’, which blasts straight in with a fanfare version of the wonderful brass-driven theme and then explores the exciting, stirring string arrangements before moving onto a more subdued end to the track.
	www.musicfromthemovies.com /review.asp?ID=6110 (1331 words)

	Chicago Reader Movie Review
		But Leaving Las Vegas, however atmospheric in its own right, is a weepy male fantasy reeking of self-pity, and even though it made tons of money I'd hate to see Foxfire promoted through such a connection.
		By contrast Foxfire and Escape From L.A. honor their genres and feed their blurb writers only out of duty, and the effort shows.
		If there is a commercial hook for the film's atmospherics, I suppose it's the fact that Paige Simpson and Mike Figgis, respectively executive producer and director of Leaving Las Vegas, also produced this movie.
	www.chireader.com /movies/archives/0896/08306.html (1191 words)

	Surface, undersea, and low to intermediate atmospheric theaters
		The bulk and complexity normally required to fit a human crew can instead be used to make the aircraft a transformer of sorts, reshaping itself to perform either as a runway launching and landing, slow moving, fuel sipping surveillance craft in one instance, and a screamingly fast, fuel gulping, hyper-sonic rocket in another.
		Speaking of subs, the most advanced ones are shrinking in size, increasing in speed and manueverability, and usually going entirely unmanned-- being fully automated instead (or near to it).
		In practice, some venting of the rocket propulsion system's exhaust out the nose has been necessary in prototypes to enlarge the bubble to encase the entire object until sufficient speed is attained.
	www.jrmooneyham.com /wtoy2030ref.html (1323 words)

	Celestial body atmosphere -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to the chemistry and temperature of the local (additional info and facts about solar nebula) solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases.
		Second, the distance from the sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's (The minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field) escape velocity, the speed at which gas molecules overcome a planet's gravitational grasp.
		Moreover, on Earth, atmospheric composition is largely governed by the by-products of the very life that it sustains.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ce/celestial_body_atmosphere.htm (581 words)

	Capture orbit -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		A capture orbit is the high-energy (Click link for more info and facts about parabolic orbit) parabolic orbit that allows the capture other than crashing directly to the central body's surface (or (Click link for more info and facts about atmospheric re-entry) atmospheric re-entry).
		Capture orbit is identical to (Click link for more info and facts about escape orbit) escape orbit - just the direction is reverse.
		For capture velocities see the table in (The minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field) escape velocity.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Ca/Capture_orbit.htm (581 words)

	New City Fire Engine Co. No. 1 - Volunteer firefighters sacrificing personal safety to protect our community
		An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
		An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
		These chemicals are not primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human causalities or rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for use by man. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, chloropicrin and many herbicides and pesticides are industrial chemicals that also can be chemical agents.
	www.newcityfire.org /glossary/i.asp (581 words)

	Celestial body atmosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases.
		Second, the distance from the sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity, the speed at which gas molecules overcome a planet's gravitational grasp.
		Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere (558 words)

	volinfo.txt
		Further, Lunar Crater was covered several times in one day (under clear atmospheric conditions) in order to evaluate atmospheric scattering and absorption removal algorithms and to explore extraction of roughness information using variable incidence angle AVIRIS data.
		Secondly, there are commonly prominent CO2 absorption features near 2.005 and 2.05 micrometers that are probably caused by changing atmospheric conditions between measurement of the reference and the sample spectra.
		There were also some very small craters on the surface in places caused by degassing or water escape.
	wufs.wustl.edu /geodata/grsfe/gr_0001/document/volinfo.txt (558 words)

	Flixborough FAQs
		A recent (2003) paper, “A Re-analysis of the Atmospheric and Ionospheric Effects of the Flixborough Explosion” re-examined the ionospheric record and suggests that 14±2 tons of cyclohexane was involved in the actual main explosion, precisely the value determined by the SMRE and DSM in 1974.
		A high-pressure escape normally results in a jet fire (not an explosion) when air is entrained with the fuel, close to the origin of the escape and the air, fuel and flames all travel in the same direction.
		Unlike the jet fire scenario, the escape(s) originated wholly within the cyclohexane cloud and severely limited the opportunity for air entrainment and mixing.
	freespace.virgin.net /olwen.cox/pubs/FlixFAQs.htm (9662 words)

	The Greenhouse Effect
		If this natural barrier of atmospheric gases were not present, the heat would escape into space, and Earth's mean global temperatures could be as much as 33 degrees Celsius cooler [about -18 degrees Celsius as opposed to 15 degrees Celsius].
		Next we must study climate and atmospheric trends, which will take many years of observation.
		Greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others -- are transparent to certain wavelengths of the Sun's radiant energy, allowing them to penetrate deep into the atmosphere or all the way to Earth's surface.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/space/greenhouse.html (303 words)

	Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The datum for Mars is defined by the fourth-degree and fourth-order spherical harmonic gravity field, with the zero altitude defined by the 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) atmospheric pressure surface (approximately 0.6% of Earth's) at a temperature of 273.16 K. This pressure and temperature correspond to the triple point of water.
		Mars' atmosphere is thin: the atmospheric pressure on the surface is only 750 pascals, about 0.75% of the average on Earth.
		Wells' The War of the Worlds, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_(planet) (4336 words)

	volinfo.txt
		Further, Lunar Crater was covered several times in one day (under clear atmospheric conditions) in order to evaluate atmospheric scattering and absorption removal algorithms and to explore extraction of roughness information using variable incidence angle AVIRIS data.
		There were also some very small craters on the surface in places caused by degassing or water escape.
		Data were recorded at Lunar Lake North between 13:32 on 16 July 1989 and 17:16 on 18 July 1989 for a total of 52 hours; and at Lunar Lake South between 16:51 on 16 July 1989 and 16:13 on 18 July 1989 for a 42 total of 48 hours.
	wufs.wustl.edu /geodata/grsfe/gr_0001/document/volinfo.txt (4336 words)

	Unit 7 Lab: Determing the Universal Gas Constant
		The pressure of the butane gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure minus the partial pressure of water.
		Be careful not to let any of the gas escape around the graduated cylinder.
		By having the graduate in the water at the 100mL mark, the pressure of the gas inside the graduated cylinder will be the same as the atmospheric pressure.
	www.burtonscience.com /unit7/unit7labs/determingtheuniversalgasconstant.htm (434 words)

	Unit 7 Lab: Determing the Universal Gas Constant
		The pressure of the butane gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure minus the partial pressure of water.
		By having the graduate in the water at the 100mL mark, the pressure of the gas inside the graduated cylinder will be the same as the atmospheric pressure.
		Be careful not to let any of the gas escape around the graduated cylinder.
	www.burtonscience.com /unit7/unit7labs/determingtheuniversalgasconstant.htm (434 words)

	St. Bees Priory
		The atmospheric church at St Bees is all that remains of a small Benedictine monastery closed down during the reformation.
		In legend the Priory was founded by the shadowy figure of Bega, who is said to have originally fled Ireland in the 9th century, to escape marriage that had been arranged between her and a Norwegian king.
		The priory is associated with the legend of St Bega, who is said to have fled here to escape an arranged marriage in Ireland.
	www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk /majorsites/aa/st_bees.html (862 words)

	Battlefleet Gothic: Campaign rules
		This is worked out with a Battlefleet Gothic battle where the objective is for the Infiltrator to get his ships from his table edge across the table and beyond the atmospheric line.
		This means that during the Battlefleet Combat Phase, the troop carrier must be set up on the attackers table edge and must escape off of the defender’s table edge.
		The ships that escorted the Infiltrators must again break past the defending Battlefleet and this time must escape of the far edge of the table and into space.
	www.inisfail.com /bfg/bfg-campaign.html (7475 words)

	GAMMA-RAY FLASHES IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE
		These flashes must originate in the atmosphere at altitudes above at least 30 kilometers in order to escape atmospheric absorption and reach the detectors."
		(Fishman, G.J., et al; "Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin," Science, 264:1313, 1994.
		Since most of the gamma flashes originate over regions where thunderstorms are frequent, it is tempting to associate them with lightning.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf095/sf095g15.htm (7475 words)

	19970914.txt
		50, No.8, pp317-320 Hydrodynamic escape of oxygen from primitive atmospheres: Applications to the cases of Venus and Mars Chassefiere_E ICARUS, 1996, Vol.124, No.2, pp.537-552 Russian participation in the International Space Station: Status and Issues Green_JL Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 1997, Vol.
		50, No.8, pp311-316 Retrieval of atmospheric temperatures in the Martian planetary boundary layer using upward-looking infrared spectra Smith_MD, Conrath_BJ, Pearl_JC, Ustinov_EA ICARUS, 1996, Vol.124, No.2, pp.586-597 Stress and flexural modeling of the Martian lithospheric response to Alba Patera Turtle_EP, Melosh_HJ ICARUS, 1997, Vol.126, No.1, pp.197-211 End Marsbugs.
		50, No.8, pp296-302 Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in Martian carbon dioxide: Measurements and implications for atmospheric evolution Krasnopolsky_VA, Mumma_MJ, Bjoraker_GL, Jennings_DE ICARUS, 1996, Vol.124, No.2, pp.553-568 Production of Lunar propellants (Lunprop) Koelle_HH, Lo_R Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 1997, Vol.
	www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/1997/19970914.txt (7475 words)

	The Greenhouse Effect
		If this natural barrier of atmospheric gases were not present, the heat would escape into space, and Earth's mean global temperatures could be as much as 33 degrees Celsius cooler [about -18 degrees Celsius as opposed to 15 degrees Celsius].
		Next we must study climate and atmospheric trends, which will take many years of observation.
		Greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others -- are transparent to certain wavelengths of the Sun's radiant energy, allowing them to penetrate deep into the atmosphere or all the way to Earth's surface.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/space/greenhouse.html (303 words)

	Amazon.com: Beloved: Books: Toni Morrison
		A powerful, atmospheric, and shocking novel, Beloved is also a searing indictment of slavery and the damage it has done to the fabric of life, damage that cannot be repaired until it is fully recognized through novels such as this.
		Most haunting to Sethe is the death of her young daughter Beloved, shortly after the escape from the farm, though the reader does not know for many pages the shocking manner of her death.
		When Paul D. Garner, one of the Sweet Home men and a friend of her long-missing husband, arrives on her doorstep and moves in, Sethe slowly reveals her long-buried nightmares, and the two share their stories of the events leading up to their escape.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0452280621?v=glance (2608 words)

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In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)