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Topic: Atmospheric focusing

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	NASA - Dryden Technical Report Server
		The reference side of the transducer is plumbed to the atmosphere through a tank and line to form an overdamped low-pass filter with a time constant of several seconds.
		Various distortions caused by focusing effects and atmospheric turbulence are known to occur to propagating shock fronts (Lee and Downing, 1991).
		Focusing conditions were reached at the ground stations for several flight conditions, resulting in U-shaped booms.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/DTRS/1995/HTML/TM-104310/index.html (3255 words)

	Atmospheric focusing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Atmospheric focusing is a phenomenon occurring when a large shockwave is produced in the atmosphere, as in a nuclear explosion or large extraterrestrial object impact.
		The shockwave is refracted horizontally by density variations in the atmosphere so that its impact can be felt in localized areas of destruction hundreds of kilometers from the blast site.
		This effect operates similarly to the patterns made by sunlight on the bottom of a pool, the difference is that the light is bent at the contact point with the water while the shockwave is distorted by density variations (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_focusing (164 words)

	Atmospheric Science Department, UAH
		This self-contained introductory course in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution is designed to provide seniors and graduate students the basics of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution concepts.
		General aspects of thermodynamic and cloud physical processes occurring within the atmosphere; atmospheric statics and stability, saturation point analysis, aerosols, nucleation, and the College of Science 270 behavior/growth of cloud particles and hydrometers.
		General aspects of thermodynamic and cloud physical processes occurring within the atmosphere; atmospheric statics and stability, saturation point analysis, aerosols, nucleation, and the behavior/growth of cloud particles and hydrometers.
	www.atmos.uah.edu /atmos/course_description_undergrad.html (1326 words)

	a41d in sm00
		Despite this, nitrogen in the atmosphere near coastal regions is not well-characterized, particularly the organic component.
		Atmospheric nitrogen deposits as wet and dry deposition and dry deposition rates are different depending on whether the nitrogen is in gaseous or particulate form.
		Based on rural atmospheric concentrations and the gas/particle distribution, the gross dry flux of total atmospheric ammonia to the bay was calculated to be 1.3 million kg/yr in 1997.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm00&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm00/sm00&maxhits=200&="A41D" (3747 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Role of Aerosols in Climate Change
		Aerosol particles can also affect atmospheric chemistry by providing sites on which chemical reactions can take place It is this role of aerosols, in this case mainly aerosols created by sulfur dioxide injections from volcanic eruptions, that is contributing to depletion of stratospheric ozone and affecting the radiative effects of ozone in the atmosphere.
		The long lifetime of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (typically decades to centuries) and the short lifetime of sulfate aerosols (typically days to weeks) means that the greenhouse-gas-induced warming will more and more strongly dominate the aerosol cooling influence in the future.
		She is responsible for developing, conducting and supervising research programs that are aimed at evaluating the role of fossil fuel emissions in altering chemical cycles and climate.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/960425SM.html (1212 words)

	Atmospheric layer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is consistent with atmospheric layer the journal of task difficulty of interpreting experimental atmospheric layer effects of crowding.
		This entails whether atmospheric layer their atmospheric layer perceptions atmospheric layer could be perceived by the national.
		Edu atmospherics the san mateo county atmospheric layer coastline wildflowers and donovan atmospheric layer and the ionosphere.
	atmospherics.bagopps.net /atmospheric-layer.html (1118 words)

	Faraday Discussion 130: Atmospheric Chemistry
		The Faraday Division are pleased to announce details of the 130th Faraday Discussion focusing on Atmospheric Chemistry.
		Faraday Discussion 130 will be held exactly 10 years after the first Discussion on atmospheric chemistry, and at a time when public awareness of the consequences of climate change and the health implications of air pollution has never been higher.
		This Faraday Discussion seeks to bring together chemists, physicists, meteorologists and atmospheric scientists, from diverse backgrounds in laboratory studies, field measurements, and the development of numerical models and chemical mechanisms.
	www.rsc.org /ConferencesAndEvents/RSCConferences/Fara130/index.asp (469 words)

	MS Degree Program - Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University
		Table 1 summarizes the core curriculum in atmospheric science from which master's candidates select a majority of the credits for the master's degree.
		Although differences between this track and the traditional M.S. Plan A track are modest in scope, the Atmospheric Chemistry track permits students to spend increased time formally studying areas of chemistry and measurement science.
		There is a prerequisite or corequisite of calculus for course work in atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics, physics, and differential equations.
	www.atmos.colostate.edu /gradprog/ms.php (964 words)

	Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Particles carried by helium are progressively focused into a collimated beam by the three lenses and delivered into the vacuum chamber with low divergence through the nozzle.
		The dielectric strength of the surrounding atmosphere limits the potential applied due to possible discharge, and the proximity of the two electrodes is limited to a gap large enough for desolvation to occur.
		Atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization forms adduct ions of organic molecules from solution, that are then sampled through an interface and into a mass spectrometer.
	www.asms.org /Desktopmodules/inmergeabstractsearch/programprintview.aspx?sess=WP14 (8542 words)

	ESA - Living Planet Programme - MetOp - Measuring humidity with MHS
		In the last in a series of articles focusing on the European instruments flown on MetOp, we look at the MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder), which is a five-channel, total power microwave radiometer designed to scan through the atmosphere to derive a detailed picture of atmospheric humidity for use in atmospheric modelling and meteorology.
		As the radiation passes through the atmosphere, the signal is partially absorbed by the moisture in cloud cover and precipitation etc, and hence altered.
		These alterations are detected at a number of different layers in the atmosphere, from which accurate profiles on atmospheric humidity as well as temperatures at the surface of the Earth can be derived.
	www.esa.int /esaLP/SEMT9OV74TE_LPmetop_0.html (389 words)

	SPIE Proceedings Vol. 3219
		Abstract: The wandering of laser beam energy center was experimentally investigated on near-land atmosphere range of 980 m length under the weak turbulence.
		It is shown, that the substraction of linear trend from the temporal dependence of angular deviations improves the agreement of experimental data with normal law of distribution.
		It is due primarily to fluctuations in the atmosphere over the propagation path, and from platform motion relative to the intended aimpoint.
	www.spie.org /web/abstracts/3200/3219.html (3057 words)

	Weather and Atmospheric Dynamics
		Improve our understanding of atmospheric circulations ranging in scale from hurricanes to extratropical storms and the general circulation, with an emphasis on extreme weather events and the interplay between weather phenomena and climate variability and change, using high resolution atmospheric modeling as the central tool.
		Study the effects of increasing resolution in global atmospheric models, focusing on climate simulation in such regions as the Sahel, the Arctic, the U.S., and on simulation of the distribution of tropical storms.
		Experiment with a variety of idealized general circulation models to develop our understanding of the atmospheric climate and help optimize the laboratory's atmospheric model development efforts, with an emphasis on the interplay between the atmospheric hydrologic cycle and the general circulation.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /research/weather/index.html (369 words)

	Division of Atmospheric Sciences
		Etyemezian currently holds the position of Assistant Research Professor in the Division of Atmospheric Sciences of the Desert Research Institute, where he conducts research and air quality studies.
		Focusing on phenomena occurring immediately downwind of a source, he has demonstrated that for certain atmospheric conditions, PM10 emissions as measured at the source require discounting to allow for the removal of particles by surface roughness elements such as vegetation and buildings.
		This work drew heavily on modeling of particle transport and deposition in boundary layer flows, modeling and measurement of particle deposition and rain impingement on outdoor structures, and measurement of air pollutant concentrations, pollutant deposition rates, and meteorological parameters in the field.
	www.dri.edu /People/vic (887 words)

	IGAC \| Newsletter \| Issue 16
		Little was known a decade ago about the role of the biosphere in global atmospheric chemistry, about the impact of human activities on the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, about the importance of aerosols and chemically active gases in the climate system, or about the role of multiphase chemistry in the troposphere.
		In previous issues of the IGAC newsletter, we have attempted to present a somewhat integrated view on several issues related to the chemistry of the atmosphere and the influence of biospheric processes.
		The present issue focuses on stable isotopes and their importance for constraining global budgets of chemical elements in the Earth system.
	www.igac.noaa.gov /newsletter/16/index.php (563 words)

	Atmospheric Sciences: Discoveries From Space III Posters - Atmospheric Sciences [A]
		The normalized flux is the downward shortwave flux at the surface divided by the cosine of the solar zenith angle and is thus a measure of the broadband shortwave transmittance of the cloud-free atmosphere.
		Current limitations in observations of atmospheric water in its gas, liquid and solid phases are central to many unresolved questions in hydrology and climate science.
		The GPS signal delay introduced by the atmosphere along the entire signal path can be inverted to yield high vertical resolution radio-refractivity profiles as a function of height from the lower-troposphere to the stratosphere.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_A23A.html (7595 words)

	Bibliography
		We find that, given the uncertainty in the climate system, focusing on atmospheric concentrations is likely to convey a false sense of precision.
		Focusing on temperature rather than on concentrations provides much more information on what constitutes an ample margin of safety.
		A particular ceiling on atmospheric CO2 concentrations can be maintained through a variety of emission pathways.
	www.stanford.edu /group/MERGE/biblio.htm (3310 words)

	Atmospheric Sciences > Web Resources - UA Library
		A bibliography of peer-reviewed and gray literature (including journal articles, newspaper articles, reports and materials on the Internet) focusing on climate change (defined as global warming or ozone depletion) and its impact on flora and fauna species and critical supporting ecosystems.
		These observations can be weather land surface observations, ocean (marine) atmospheric observations, weather upper atmospheric observations, weather radar observations, weather satellite observations (images or data).
		NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Established in 1960, NCAR serves as a focus for research on atmospheric and related science problems.
	www.library.arizona.edu /search/subjects/atmospheric/web.html (337 words)

	San Francisco Estuary Institute
		The Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) was established by the United States and Canada for conducting air and precipitation monitoring in the Great Lakes Basin.
		The initial phase of the Pilot Study focuses on the collection and analysis of trace elements (i.e., cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and nickel).
		Increased urbanization in the mid-1900s brought several studies focused on the effects of water quality on benthos, and several long term monitoring programs have continued to collect benthic samples since the 1980s.
	www.sfei.org /rmp/rmp_news/vol_5_issue_2_html/Volume_5_issue_2.html (4992 words)

	ESA - Living Planet Programme - MetOp - IASI – MetOp's key instrument
		Making a significant technological step forward, this instrument is also destined to provide a wealth of data on various components of the atmosphere to further our understanding of atmospheric processes and the interactions between atmospheric chemistry, climate and pollution.
		This enables the instrument to establish temperature and water vapour profiles in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, as well as measure concentrations of ozone, carbon monoxide, methane and other compounds.
		IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) to measure atmospheric temperature and moisture, and trace gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, ozone.
	www.esa.int /esaLP/SEMM36BUQPE_LPmetop_0.html (457 words)

	Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Science - University of Michigan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		AOSS faculty and students describe and explain phenomena in the atmospheres of the sun, Earth, planets and the space in-between.
		Focusing on the transport and fate of pollutants in the environment
		Focusing on improving models and instruments for near-term climate and weather prediction
	aoss.engin.umich.edu /go/index2.php?id1=11&id2=1&id3=0 (315 words)

	A Study of Climate in West Antarctica Using Ice Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This project will be focusing on atmospheric chemistry in the form of the major ions (Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) that are incorporated in the precipitation that ultimately became the ice in these cores.
		Understanding the climatic impact of the Industrial Revolution is a research area prompted, in part, by awareness of the global effects of increased fossil fuel use, such as the marked increase in CO2 during this century.
		Polar precipitation in Antarctica is expected to be composed of various soluble and insoluble impurities which are introduced to the atmosphere either as primary aerosols (seasalt and dust), or produced within the atmosphere along various oxidation pathways (e.g.
	www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu /~dbr/proposal/proposal.html (6341 words)

	AREP HOME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Within the United Nations, it is the responsibility of WMO to provide the authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the atmosphere and climate of the Earth.
		To this end, the Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme co-ordinates and stimulates research on the composition of the atmosphere, the physics and chemistry of clouds, weather modification techniques, tropical meteorology processes and weather forecasting, focusing on extreme weather events and socio-economic impacts.
		The Commission for Atmospheric Sciences is responsible for the overall development of the Programme.
	www.wmo.ch /web/arep/arep-home.html (141 words)

	Division of Atmospheric Sciences
		Grubišić's research is in the field of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics focusing on airflow and precipitation processes in complex terrain.
		Combining numerical modeling with either theoretical analysis or observational data analysis from field campaigns she has studied dynamics of phenomena such as atmospheric wakes, gravity-wave critical levels, atmospheric cellular convection, orographic precipitation, and mountain lee waves and rotors.
		Grubišić is currently project director and principal investigator for the Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), a multi-year effort with major funding from the National Science Foundation to study mountain-wave induced rotors in Owens Valley in the lee of Sierra Nevada in eastern California.
	www.dri.edu /People/grubisic (317 words)

	::: The-Eggs ::: NewsLetter & Information Service of the E.G.U.
		As atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) evolved, it became clear that more is to be gained now by coupling with land surface and ocean circulation models than there is to maintaining fixed boundary conditions.
		Thus terrestrial, marine, atmospheric, and petrologic cycling and storage of carbon must be reconciled in a unified attack on the global biogeochemical system.
		At the other conceptual extreme are three-dimensional comprehensive models with coupled atmospheric and oceanic circulation in two-way interaction with marine and terrestrial ecosystems, human activity and policy, as well as the response of anthropogenic perturbations (emissions, land use) to perceived negative impacts of predicted global change.
	the-eggs.org /articles.php?id=16 (5211 words)

	The STORM Project - Meteorological Decision Support Research
		In 2003 -2004, STORM sponsored research focused on quantifying the odor disperson around and near hog confinements in Iowa.
		Currently, research focusing on atmospheric aerosols, particularly particulate matter (PM2.5), is being conducted by the staff and two graduate students.
		One project's goal is to correlate measurements taken by satellite with surface-based monitors of particulate matter, and to compare and quantify features of the atmospheric boundary layer to the concentration of particulate matter.
	www.uni.edu /storm/decsupp/research.shtml (168 words)

	JAIC 1998, Volume 37, Number 2, Article 3 (pp. 187 to 210)
		Dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants: The relative importance of aerodynamic, boundary layer, and surface resistances.
		His research has focused on the effects of atmospheric pollutants on sensitive building materials, with an emphasis on dry deposition and surface rain washing.
		His main research interests involve atmospheric pollutants, focusing on the way particles and gases are transported through the atmosphere, the mechanisms by which particles and gases deposit from the atmosphere onto different types of surfaces, and historical trends in air pollution levels.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic37-02-003_appx.html (1487 words)

	COSMIC : AWARE
		These facilities and projects hold great promise for significant advancement in atmospheric sciences, and present important opportunities for education, research, and international training for American scientists, engineers and educators.
		The purpose of this project is to establish an international linkage between the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), the U.S. university community and educational, research and operational institutions in East Asia.
		The collaboration with the atmospheric sciences communities in East Asia is timely and highly beneficial to the U.S. scientific community.
	www.cosmic.ucar.edu /aware.html (401 words)

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