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Topic: Atmospheric icing

In the News (Mon 28 May 12)

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	Probability of icing
		Icing along the NSR is generally not a serious problem for large cargo ships, but along some routes (Murmansk-Igarka, Murmansk-Dudinka) icing may be very dangerous, especially during a long cruise at the end of autumn or in winter when air temperatures are below zero and there is no ice cover on the sea surface.
		Fast icing in which speed of ice accumulation is 1.5 to 4 tons per hour, or 1 to 3 cm/hour occur with air temperatures of -3°C to -8°C and wind speed of 7 to 15 m/sec.
		In September the slow icing occurrence rate is 20-40% in the coastal areas, and 50-70% in the central parts of the arctic seas.
	www.fni.no /insrop/DOC_DATAProbability_of_icing.html (1046 words)

	Atlantic Ocean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest of the world's major oceans; the salinity of the surface waters in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand by mass and varies with latitude and season.
		The Gulf Stream, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and northwestern Europe, and the cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern Canada (the Grand Banks area) and the northwestern coast of Africa.
		The surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atlantic_Ocean (2349 words)

	Aircraft Icing
		Aircraft Icing is a continuing concern in all realms of aviation.
		There were over 15 accidents of transport aircraft on takeoff due to ice accumulation on the ground between 1960 and 1993, with the loss of hundreds of lives.
		The Aircraft Icing Project of the Flight Safety Branch at the FAA William J. Hughes Technical conducts research with the goals of preventing accidents both on takeoff, following ground deicing and anti-icing, and in-flight due to ice accretion during flight.
	aar400.tc.faa.gov /Programs/FlightSafety/icing (312 words)

	Atmospheric icing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Atmospheric icing occurs when water droplets in the air freeze on objects they come in contact with.
		This is very dangerous on aircraft, as the built up ice changes the aerodynamics of the flight surfaces, and can cause loss of lift, with a subsequent crash.
		Usually, icing is not a problem in clouds if the temperature in the cloud is -20°C or colder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_icing (199 words)

	ICING on STRUCTURES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The heaviest icing conditions are in the mountain regions and in Northeast Bulgaria.
		The icing investigations in Bulgaria began in 1949 of the mountain meteorological station Cherni vrach (2286m).
		These investigations were directed to the physical describing of the icing process and estimation of the meteorological conditions in cases of icing.
	weather.bg /icing (724 words)

	1998:37
		The icing study, based on seven years of field measurements of a 323 m high mast, is directed towards ice load determination of high structures.
		In-cloud icing is the only significant atmospheric icing phenomena in the hilly inlands of northern Sweden.
		Ice loads on a lattice tower estimated by weather station data.
	www.luth.se /foundations/coldtech/PhD9837.html (616 words)

	The Wednesday Report: Appendix C to CFR Part 29—Icing Certification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The maximum continuous intensity of atmospheric icing conditions (continuous maximum icing) is defined by the variables of the cloud liquid water content, the mean effective diameter of the cloud droplets, the ambient air temperature, and the interrelationship of these three variables as shown in Figure 1 of this appendix.
		The limiting icing envelope in terms of altitude and temperature is given in Figure 2 of this appendix.
		The intermittent maximum intensity of atmospheric icing conditions (intermittent maximum icing) is defined by the variables of the cloud liquid water content, the mean effective diameter of the cloud droplets, the ambient air temperature, and the interrelationship of these three variables as shown in Figure 4 of this appendix.
	www.thewednesdayreport.com /twr/images/icing/index.html (267 words)

	DoD TechMatch: View Facility
		The water droplets impact the forward facing surfaces of the aircraft and the engine and, when the heat of fusion of the liquid water is removed from the surface, the small water droplets freeze.
		Ice adhering to airfoil surfaces will distort the airflow and lead to altered performance of the airfoil.
		The ASTF icing system was designed to provide the complete range of atmospheric icing conditions occurring in nature, with the system capable of providing simulated-altitude icing testing of large turbine engines, inlets, windshields, wings and other test articles.
	www.navytechmatch.com /DOD/Lab/ViewFacility.aspx?id=71093 (349 words)

	FlightGear Flight Simulator
		The purpose of this group is to identify and undertake the basic and applied research necessary to improve the safety of flight in atmospheric icing conditions.
		Smart Icing Systems Project: The objective of this research is to improve the safety of aircraft operating in atmospheric (including ground) icing conditions.
		The approach is to improve the ice tolerance of aircraft by developing autonomous systems which will sense changes in aircraft performance and handling qualities and respond in a human centered fashion to enable the aircraft to maintain control and flight safety.
	www.flightgear.org /Projects/uiuc.html (298 words)

	ASTFIcing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The key element of the ASTF icing system is the spray apparatus, which has 17 spraybars with 199 possible nozzle positions.
		During operation of the ASTF icing system, water droplets of the proper diameter are sprayed into the test cell airflow.
		Icing testing in ASTF offers seasonal independence, repeatable results collected under closely controlled simulated icing conditions, and extensive data acquisition and analysis.
	www.arnold.af.mil /aedc/factsheets/icing/ASTFIcing.html (813 words)

	Aviation Weather Research Program Product Development Teams
		Icing is a cause or factor in many fatal aircraft accidents, and it creates significant disruption to flight operations.
		Avoiding disruptive and dangerous icing events would be easier with improved high-resolution, accurate maps and forecasts of atmospheric icing conditions.
		The failure of deicing and anti-icing fluids that cause snow and ice to form on aircraft depends primarily on the anti-icing fluid concentration, liquid equivalent precipitation rate, air temperature, and wind speed.
	www.faa.gov /aua/awr/prodprog.htm (3452 words)

	Mt. Washington's Wild Weather Sheds Light On Aircraft Icing
		BOULDER--Scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) are spending April at the Northeast's highest, coldest, and windiest peak, studying dangerous aircraft icing.
		The goal of MWISP is to improve in-flight icing detection, mainly from remote sensors, and to improve forecasts issued by computer models.
		Better icing- prediction software is expected to become part of the Weather Research and Forecast model being created by NCAR, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the University of Oklahoma.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-04/UNKN-MWWW-190499.php (628 words)

	Aviation International News \| FAA searches for solution to Caravan icing accidents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Caravans continue to be plagued by icing accidents–more than 34 to date–and the number of lawsuits against the manufacturer is mounting.
		In 15 cases, ice accumulated while the airplane was in flight, during approach and landing.
		During flight in icing conditions, the AD continued, pilots should immediately request priority handling from ATC if unusually extensive ice accumulates on areas of the airframe that normally do not collect ice or if there is an accumulation of ice on the lower surface of the wing aft of the protected area.
	www.ainonline.com /Issues/03_06/0306_caravanicing_1.htm (1815 words)

	Publications
		It is a serious and costly phenomenon of nature which affects a wide variety of human activities such as electric power transmission and distribution, telecommunications etc. In order to understand the processes better, to model, test and eventually provide improved protection, scientists and engineers from all over the world have met regularly since 1982.
		The workshop included field and laboratory research, meteorological studies, mathematical analyses, modelling, physics of ice and monitoring related to atmospheric icing of structures such as overhead lines, telecommunication masts, wind turbines, trains, aeroplanes, vessels and buildings.
		Leading authorities in each specialised field also discussed in the development and application of instrumentation and equipment for ice measurements, ice prevention and de-icing and covered the dynamic and electrical behaviour of ice-covered structures.
	www.eatechnology.com /AboutUs_Publications2.asp?PubID=38 (285 words)

	ScienceDaily: New Radar System May Help Airplanes Avoid In-flight Icing
		Arlington, Va. - The buildup of ice on airplanes in flight is a major winter hazard for small and commuter planes.
		But scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo., are testing a new system this month that may pinpoint water droplets in clouds that cause icing, potentially enabling pilots to avoid dangerous areas.
		Common Type Of Aircraft Wing Susceptible To Hazardous Icing (November 19, 1998) -- Researchers at the University of Illinois have identified an aircraft wing that may be hazardous to your health.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040311071621.htm (1980 words)

	Supercooled Large Droplet Icing Flight Research Program
		SLD was implicated in the 1994 crash of the ATR–72 commuter aircraft.
		The primary objectives were to (1) characterize the SLD icing condition in terms of important icing-related parameters (such as cloud droplet size, cloud water content, and temperature), (2) develop and refine SLD icing weather forecast products, and (3) document and measure the effects of SLD ice accretions on aircraft performance.
		SLD cloud characterization data were delivered to the FAA to develop a large droplet icing data base for regulatory examination that will provide the scientific basis for any changes and play a key role in the development of new atmospheric engineering standards of compliance.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1999/5000/5840miller.html (522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These ensure safe operation of the civil fleet in icing conditions and in the electromagnetic environment, and address safety issues pertaining to digital flight controls and avionics systems.
		In the area of aircraft icing, the program focuses principally on establishing operating rules and procedures for deicing and anti-icing to ensure a clean aircraft at takeoff.
		It also develops technology (ice protection and detection), certification requirements, and advisory material to ensure that aircraft meet performance, stability, and control safety standards during or after inflight operation in icing conditions.
	nasdocs.faa.gov /nasiHTML/RED/red98/A06d.html (1207 words)

	[No title]
		BACKGROUND Ice and rime accretion upon meteorological sensors due to atmospheric icing is a major problem for accuracy of measurements done in cold climate conditions at high latitudes and high altitudes.
		One reason to have the test sites at such places is to have enough events with atmospheric icing for representative analyses of icing effects upon sensors and measurements The Mont Aigoual station, which is part of the basic network of Météo-France, is located on the top of Mont Aigoual (altitude 1567 m a.s.l., 44º07´N, 03º35´E).
		Class 1 on the left where there is some ice upon the body and sensor, but the sensor head is free of ice, Class 2 in the middle where ice is detected also upon the sensor head, and on the right Class 3 where the sensor is totally blocked.
	www.dwd.de /EUMETNET/Berichte/1.1(05)Tammelin.doc (2673 words)

	Air Safety Link--EMB-120 Icing AD Doesn't Go Far Enough
		The AD further requires installing, on the main instrument panel, placards to warn pilots that they must turn the autopilot off and the deicing boots on whenever ice is detected on the airplane by visual cues or the ice detector illuminates.
		ALPA said the wing icing boot coverage on the EMB-120 may not be able to remove enough ice from the wing to maintain adequate performance (lift and drag) and handling.
		ALPA also called for improved flight training on icing issues, saying that the EMB-120 electronic attitude display indicator can be unusable at extreme bank and pitch angles and that pilots should be advised about this and given specific action to take, such as using the standby attitude indicator.
	cf.alpa.org /internet/alp/2001/sept01p6.htm (834 words)

	Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS II)
		It was taken with the GRIDS radar during a winter storm at Mirabel Airport, near Montreal Canada.
		There were persistent clouds consisting of ice crystals (yellows) which lasted until about 20:10 UTC.
		At this time a warm front passed through the region generating a layer of super- cooled large droplets (reds) which quickly formed over a period of about 5 minutes.
	www.etl.noaa.gov /programs/2003/airs/fig1.html (88 words)

	EO Newsroom: Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		WISP is a multi-investigator program, including atmospheric scientists from NASA Langley Research Center, dedicated to the investigation of meteorological conditions that produce hazardous icing to aircraft.
		To a large extent, this entails forecasting and detecting regions of supercooled liquid water in the storms.
		Aircraft are particularly vulnerable to supercooled water droplets because they convert to ice very quickly when they come in contact with other ice crystals in the cloud, or a cool surface such as that of an airplane wing.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/Campaigns/WISP_Mission.html (676 words)

	Department of Systems Engineering at the University of Virginia - Ellen J. Bass
		The operational concept of the Aircraft Icing Weather Data Reporting and Dissemination System is to create a real-time system aboard aircraft that assesses and reports atmospheric icing conditions automatically and in a timely manner in order to improve aviation safety, the efficiency of aircraft operations, and both aviation and general weather forecasting.
		The idea is to use current measurement capabilities on aircraft equipped with icing sensors and in-flight data communication technologies as a reporting source while anticipating new sensor, processing and communications technologies as they become available.
		As the effect of icing on different aircraft types can vary, the information must be displayed in meaningful ways such that all pilots can use the information.
	www.sys.virginia.edu /ejb/research-icing.asp (216 words)

	RAL \| Staff
		Bernstein, B.C., 2000: Regional and local influences on freezing drizzle, freezing rain, and ice pellet events.
		Bernstein, B.C., T.A. Omeron, F. McDonough and M.K. Politovich, 1997: The relationship between aircraft icing and synoptic scale weather conditions.
		Wesley, D.A., R.M. Rasmussen and B.C. Bernstein, 1995: Snowfall associated with a terrain-generated convergence zone during the Winter Icing and Storms Project.
	www.rap.ucar.edu /staff/bernstei-staff.html (208 words)

	Sable Island Bibliography
		Organic contaminants in the Northwest Atlantic atmosphere at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 1988-89.
		Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the AES air sampling network.
		Trends of atmospheric CO2 over Canadian WMO background stations at ocean weather station P, Sable Island, and Alert.
	www.greenhorsesociety.com /Bibliography/Bibliography.htm (4949 words)

	Ham Radio Online - Tower Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Atmospheric Icing and Tower Collapse in the United States
		A paper entitled "Atmospheric Icing and Tower Collapse in the United States" has just been presented at the 7th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures in Chicoutimi, Quebec.
		The study was done by the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in New Hampshire and was presented by Nathan Mulherin, Research Physical Scientist with CRREL.
	www.hamradio-online.com /1996/aug/towerice.html (288 words)

	POWERMAN Hot > Exhibitions
		Although IWAIS is an international workshop that is intended to the topic of atmospheric icing in general, the majority of conferees is focused on the issue of icing on the overhead power lines.
		The picture can be downloaded here (2Mb) as high-resolution digital photo for printing or you are welcome to write us and we will send it to you by return.
		The kits are successfully used there for de-icing during several icing storm up to these days.
	www.lopour.cz /doc/basic.php3?langSel=en&main=pw_exhibit.php3 (308 words)

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