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Topic: Atmospheric pressure demonstration

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	[No title]
		Reduced atmospheric pressure and a lower concentration of oxygen at high altitude are the causes of this illness.
		Atmospheric pressure measurements are unique among the meteorological variables that can be measured at a single site on the surface of Mars, providing the widest ranging study of phenomena and of space and time scales.
		Atmospheric pressure on Mars is approximately 1% of that on Earth and varies about plus/minus 15% during the year due to condensation and sublimation of its primarily CO2 atmosphere on to and from its polar caps.
	www.lycos.com /info/atmospheric-pressure.html (451 words)

	Physics at Minnesota:
		It creates a lower pressure (vacuum) in the hose, and the higher atmospheric pressure pushes the dust or dirt into the hose and on into the container in your cleaner that accepts the dirt and dust.
		When the demonstrator lifts the corner of the rubber base, he allows air between the stool and base, equalizing the pressure with the atmosphere, and the cavity is no longer a low pressure area.
		Then the atmospheric pressure will push down on the surface of the water, and since pressure is transmitted equally in all directions, it will push the water up the straw and into her mouth.
	www.physics.umn.edu /outreach/pforce/airpressure.html (3803 words)

	Atmospheric pressure Summary
		He correctly surmised that the atmospheric pressure upon the mercury in the bowl kept the tube from draining completely, and the vacant area at the top of the tube was a vacuum.
		The measured value of the atmospheric pressure fluctuates slightly in response to moving weather systems, and it drops as one ascends to higher elevations, since less air is overhead to exert a downward force.
		Atmospheric pressure is often measured with a mercury barometer, and a height of approximately 760 mm (30 inches) of mercury is often used to teach, make visible, and illustrate (and measure) atmospheric pressure.
	www.bookrags.com /Atmospheric_pressure (2330 words)

	014 Hydraulic Elevator
		In an age-old demonstration, a water-filled bottle with a card over its mouth is inverted, and atmospheric pressure is shown to be greater than the water pressure, for the card is held suspended in place.
		With the hydraulic elevator, however, this obstacle is removed and the atmospheric pressure is shown to be stronger.
		This is due to the strength of the atmospheric pressure, greater than the sum of the water pressure and the gravitational force acting on the test tube.
	chemmovies.unl.edu /chemistry/beckerdemos/BD014c.html (1376 words)

	UM Physics Demonstration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The pressure of the water is at equilibrium with the ambient pressure, and the surface tension is strong enough to remain intact.
		Pressure is a scalar, which means that it is exerted in all directions at any given location, so the 15 psi is not only pushing down, but also pushing up (you can see where this is going).
		This column of water has a pressure gradient of about 0.3 psi; this means that the difference in pressure from the top of the water to the bottom is a difference of 0.3 psi.
	www.physics.lsa.umich.edu /demolab/demo.asp?id=17 (1246 words)

	ARM - Education: Teachers' Lounge
		The height to which the mercury rises in the 'tube due to the weight of the atmosphere is the measure of atmospheric pressure.
		The meteorological measurement unit of atmospheric pressure is one-thousandth of a bar rather than the normal usage of N (Newton) per square meter or Pa (Pascal) in physics.
		A mercury barometer, the pressure of air is able to support the weight of a column of mercury enclosed in a tube which is free of air above the mercury surface.
	education.arm.gov /teacherslounge/background/atmospress.stm (500 words)

	Physics at Minnesota: Bernoulli Effects
		The water that is moving possesses less pressure, and the jar is pushed toward that area by the water that is not moving which has greater pressure.
		This demonstration relies on the Bernoulli Principle, which states that when fluid moves its ability to produce pressure is lowered and the faster the movement the lower the pressure.
		This is another demonstration of Bernoulli’s Principle where an area of higher speed fluid is used to lower the pressure and the visible movement of two plastic pop bottles is used to show the results.
	www.physics.umn.edu /outreach/pforce/Bernoulli.html (2840 words)

	New Page 1
		Since the flow is symmetrical, the pressure is the same on the upper and lower halves of the cylinder, and the curves overlap.
		The solid curve is the pressure on the upper surface of the wing, the broken curve the pressure on the lower side.
		It is usually customary to subtract the pressure on the upper wing surface from the pressure on the lower wing surface and to show the net pressure distribution on the wing as we have done in Figure 8 for a flat plate wing at 15 degrees inclination.
	www.windsofkansas.com /atoz2.html (1866 words)

	Hydrostatics
		The barometer is a familiar example of this, and atmospheric pressures are traditionally given in terms of the length of a mercury column.
		The atmospheric pressure is of great importance in meteorology, since it determines the winds, which generally move at right angles to the direction of most rapid change of pressure, that is, along the isobars, which are contours of constant pressure.
		The barometric pressures quoted in the news are reduced to sea level by standard formulas, that amount to assuming that there is a column of air from your feet to sea level with a certain temperature distribution, and adding the weight of this column to the actual barometric pressure.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tech/fluids/hydstat.htm (8636 words)

	Pressure
		Pressure is a way to describe force in a region of a continuous system.
		Since pressure is force divided by area, the force of the atmosphere pressing on the surface of the earth can be found by multiplying standard atmospheric pressure by the surface area of the earth.
		Given that the force of an object's weight is its mass times the acceleration due to gravity, the mass of the earth's atmosphere is the force it exerts divided by the acceleration due to gravity.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/matter/pressure (526 words)

	411A: M2, U9, P2 : Gas Pressure
		Pressure is the result of gas particles colliding with surfaces.
		Due to gravitational attraction to the the Earth, the gases that form the Earth's atmosphere are pulled towards its surface and exert a force on everything near its surface.
		The force of all of these gases creates the atmospheric pressure of about 1 atm or 14.7 pounds per square inch that we are designed to live in.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411a/module02/unit09/page02.html (389 words)

	[No title]
		Matter is anything that has mass and volume Demonstration: Tape an empty balloon to a scale and weigh it, then blow the balloon up with air, tape it back down to the scale and weigh it again.
		Atmospheric pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a mass of air over a given point.
		Atmospheric pressure readings from the barometer should be recorded at each.
	www.teacherlink.org /resources/pressurelessonplan.doc (790 words)

	Air Pressure
		This demonstration outline was originally prepared for use by the Department of Physics at the University of Central Oklahoma as an outreach tool to teach physical intuition about pressure to elementary and middle school science students.
		If there is atmospheric pressure, it should exert a bigger force on the cardboard than the water does and the cardboard should "stick" to the bottom of the glass.
		This indicates that the pressure of the water is the same on both sides of the cup.
	www.physics.ucok.edu /~chughes/~cubscouts/Guides/Pressure.html (1998 words)

	The Gas State: Pressure
		Ask the students why we are not particularly aware of this atmospheric pressure although it is continuously pressing down on our bodies to the extent of about 1 kilogram per square centimeter.
		The pressure of the steel ball was greater.
		This is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level.
	www.scienceteacherprogram.org /chemistry/garcia01.html (1077 words)

	Vapor Pressure of a Mixture: Raoult's Law
		The measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers.
		Therefore the vapor pressure of the solution is 183 mm, in between the vapor pressure of pure decane or pure ether.
		However, the mercury is not depressed as much as the ether, because the vapor pressure of decane still contributes to the total vapor pressure (as stated in Raoult's law).
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA2/MAIN/VAPORES6/CD2R1.HTM (428 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Aerospace :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The air pressure in the atmosphere slowly decreases as one rises in altitude.
		If the pressure on the top of a balloon could be carefully measured, one would find that the air pressure is slightly less there than at the bottom of the balloon.
		The atmosphere on Mars is CO but there is so little of it that it is not enough to heat.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /aero/planetary/atmospheric/balloon.html (1233 words)

	PROPERTIES OF MATTER
		Goggles probably should be worn and this demonstration should be performed at a safe distance from the students.] To many students, water boils at 100 C regardless of the atmospheric pressure.
		This demonstration of the effect of atmospheric pressure on the boiling point of water may serve as an introduction to or as reinforcement of the standard definition of boiling point that "the boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure." Fill the flask about one-third with water.
		From this starting point, depending on when in the course the demonstration is used, the teacher may develop further ideas on the structure of molecules and their shapes or deal with the properties of liquids and solutions.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/ch8604.html (2573 words)

	Pressure and Volume of Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Define pressure and model this with students pushing on opposite sides of doors with equal and unequal pressures.
		Explain that air pressure in the form of many hits on the surface of the mercury tries to push the mercury in the empty space at the top.
		Make data tables of pressure measured in books placed on the platform and corresponding volume measurements of air column in syringe and graph the results to arrive at an inverse relationship.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/ch9101.html (593 words)

	Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide
		A valve is closed and pressure in the cylinder increases.
		A valve on one side of the gauge is open at the beginning, so the pressure inside the tube is the same as the atmospheric pressure outside.
		At this point the pressure stops increasing and the dry ice in the tube begins to melt and form liquid at the very bottom of the tube.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA2/MAIN/LIQUIFA/CD2R1.HTM (617 words)

	Deep Space 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		On 3 December 1999 the probes were nearing Mars on a trajectory to enter the atmosphere and bring them to their intended landing site, but contact was never made with either probe and the mission was presumed lost.
		Data was also to be obtained on the atmospheric density profile and near-surface soil stratification using deceleration measurements during atmospheric entry and landing.
		Atmospheric pressure and subsurface temperature measurements would have been made every hour for the two day nominal mission in conjunction with measurements made by the Mars Polar Lander, and continue as long as the batteries held out.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/deepspace2.htm (1211 words)

	UBC Physics - Air Pressure Demonstration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The kinetic gas theory states that gas molecules act as free particles in a container, and the speed of the particles is determined by their temperature; higher temperatures equate to faster particles.
		Note that the pressure of the gas on the walls of the container are directly proportional to the number of particles and the temperature (speed) of those particles, but inversely proportional to the volume of the container.
		In the case of our balloon, the air pressure inside the balloon is roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure outside the balloon.
	www.physics.ubc.ca /~outreach/phys420/p420_03/john/theory.html (308 words)

	UT Admin Code R307-342. Davis, Salt Lake, Utah and Weber Counties and Ozone Nonattainment Areas: Qualification of ...
		An adapter to connect the pressure vacuum hose to the tank with a shutoff valve to isolate the tank from the required pressure vacuum equipment is required.
		(d) Disconnect the pressure source from the adapter and slowly open the shutoff valve to bring the tank to atmospheric pressure.
		(8) When the calculated average pressure change in five minutes for both the pressure test and the vacuum test are three inches of water or less, the requirements of the test are satisfied and the tested tank may be certified leak tight.
	www.rules.utah.gov /publicat/code/r307/r307-342.htm (1836 words)

	Fun With Science Demonstrations
		This is a set of pressure demonstrations designed to show what will happen when the air around an object is removed, or an astronaut is sent into space (a place with no air) without a space suit.
		This is a basic demonstration of electrical conductivity with an emphasis on conductors and insulators.
		This is a demonstration of superconductivity where a small super conducting ceramic disk is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, allowing a magnet to levitate on its own magnetic field.
	education.llnl.gov /fws/demo.html (615 words)

	Lesson 2A: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
		Atmospheric pressure is a key variable in weather analysis and forecasting.
		Pressure centers, lows and highs, are one of the main features on a weather map, and their intensity and path relative to where we live determine many components of our weather.
		Their report sheet/journal entry is to contain a data table of measured temperatures and pressures (or force), and a graph of the relationship.
	education.gsfc.nasa.gov /beta/pages/Units/Unit2/U2L2A.html (1599 words)

	MU-Physics: Experiment of the Month #83
		2) The air pressure inside the jar is low enough to make the pressure at the bottom of the water column in the jar equal to atmospheric pressure (plus a slight additional pressure due the water level in the dish).
		Eventually the air pressure inside the bottle falls to a low enough value that the pressure on both sides of the ball is equal, and the hand can be removed.
		Caveat: When the ball is held in place by atmospheric pressure, the atmospheric pressure on the ball can be greater than the water pressure.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~physics/exp.of.the.month/83 (623 words)

	Measuring Depth Pressure
		The air pressure is identical to the water pressure at the bottom of the cylinder and is easily calculated using the equation pV = constant.
		Here p is the pressure (atmospheric pressure is roughly 15 pounds per square inch) and V is the volume.
		As the cylinder is lowered into the water, the water level rises and the volume decreases indicating an increase in pressure.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/eng99/eng99461.htm (269 words)

	Radon Mitigation by Indoor Air Pressure
		To improve control of indoor air pressure, most of the air leaks should be sealed so that only a small flow of fresh air needs to come in to create the slight indoor air pressure needed to minimize entry of radon from the soil.
		Soil gas pressure is obviously useful as a reference pressure for anybody who seeks to precisely control indoor air pressure relative to soil gas pressure.
		Soil gas pressure is a very steady and reliable reference pressure that is useful for preventing the backdrafting (reverse flow) of “natural draft” chimneys.
	www.healthandenergy.com /radon_mitigation_by_indoor_air_pressure.htm (3261 words)

	Atmospheric railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An atmospheric railway is a railway in which air pressure or vacuum is used to provide power for traction.
		There had to be gaps in the atmospheric tubes at points, and special arrangements at level crossings.
		Instead of using locomotives, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patent system of atmospheric (vacuum) traction, whereby stationary pumping engines sucked air from a pipe laid between the rails, the trains being moved by a piston in this pipe which was connected to the underside of a carriage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_railway (793 words)

	CCHS -- Pressure: Balloon on a Bed of Nails
		Pressure is defined as the amount of force per area.
		As was stated earlier, since pressure is force per area, and the force (weight of balloon) is the same whether it rests on a single pin or on a dozen nails, the area on which it rests differs.
		This allows the walls of the balloon to be thicker and able to withstand pressure better than if it was completely full.
	www.iserv.net /~chargers/chem/secfballnails.htm (446 words)

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