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	Atmospheric railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The remains of Brunel's atmospheric railway at Didcot Railway Centre
		An atmospheric railway is a railway in which air pressure or vacuum is used to drive trains.
		It is a striking landmark and a reminder of the atmospheric railway – which is also commemorated in the name of the village pub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_railway (780 words)

	South Devon Railway engine houses - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 'South Devon Railway engine houses were built in Devon, England, to power the atmospheric trains on the South Devon Railway between Exeter and Plymouth.
		The South Devon Railway was built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel who proposed to move the trains by atmospheric power.
		By the time the railway opened to Torquay the decision had already been made to abandon atmospheric working, so this engine house was never used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Devon_Railway_engine_houses (654 words)

	Atmospheric electricity - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It was not until the middle of the 18th century that experiments due to Benjamin Franklin showed that the electric phenomena of the atmosphere are not fundamentally different from those produced in the laboratory.
		What is aimed at in ordinary observations of atmospheric potential is the measurement of the difference of potential between the earth and a point a given distance above it, or of the difference of potential betweeen two points in the same vertical line a given distance apart.
		Exner attributes the double daily maximum, which is largely a consequence of the 12-hour wave, to a thin layer near the ground, which in the early afternoon absorbs the solar radiation of shortest wave length.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Atmospheric_Electricity (11708 words)

	Dublin Rail - Atmospheric Railway
		Their report having been favourable, a loan of £25, 000 was granted for the construction of a line to Dalkey, and land for the purpose was granted by the Harbour Commissioners, adjoining their line, locally known as "The Metals," for the haulage of granite from the Dalkey quarries for the Kingstown harbour piers.
		Atmospheric traction was used on the upward journey to Dalkey, and the trains returned to Kingstown by gravity; the last third of a mile was covered by the trains under their own momentum, having left the tube at about 30mph.
		The principal cause which led to the suppression of the atmospheric by the locomotive system was the difficulty of keeping the leather flaps air-tight, which proved greater than was anticipated, and added considerably to the cost of working, as attendants had to be employed for the duty.
	homepage.eircom.net /~tulips/ei/ges-atmospheric.htm (693 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gravity railway, a railway, in a hilly country, on which the cars run by gravity down gentle slopes for long distances after having been hauled up steep inclines to an elevated point by stationary engines.
		Railway car, a large, heavy vehicle with flanged wheels fitted for running on a railway.
		Railway spine (Med.), an abnormal condition due to severe concussion of the spinal cord, such as occurs in railroad accidents.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=+Railway (562 words)

	"Tally-Ho the Vacuum," Feature Article, February 2006
		The so-called "atmospheric railway," a 19th-century attempt by British engineers to improve rail technology with the use of an evacuated tube, was such a failure.
		A piston driven by atmospheric pressure moved inside the tube and was connected to the train by a strut running through a groove in the top of the tube.
		He became involved with the "atmospheric" concept in 1844, in the middle of a career that had begun in 1825, when he supervised construction of the Thames subway tunnel at the age of 18.
	www.memagazine.org /contents/current/features/tallyho/tallyho.html (1748 words)

	Train
		Where a railway line has sufficient traffic to justify the expense, it may be electrified, to allow the running of electric powered trains, which are cheap to run, and have higher performance than diesel trains.
		Long-distance trains, sometimes crossing several countries, may have a dining or restaurant car; they may also have sleeping car s, but not in the case of high-speed rail, these arrive at their destination before the night falls and are in competition with airplane s in speed.
		One of the most common types on modern railways are container trains, whereby the containers can be lifted on and off the train by crane s and loaded off or onto truck s or ship s.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Train.html (1434 words)

	Definition of Railway from dictionary.net
		Note: Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the commoner word in the United States.
		Perry railway, a submerged track on which an elevated platform runs, fro carrying a train of cars across a water course.
		Railway scale, a platform scale bearing a track which forms part of the line of a railway, for weighing loaded cars.
	www.dictionary.net /railway (372 words)

	OLD DALKEY (Part 2) H
		The atmospheric line had a 4ft 8½in gauge track, and lay about nine feet below ground level in a narrow cutting following the alignment of the old tram-road, known locally as the Metals.
		Atmospheric traction was used on the upward journey to Barnhill, and the trains returned to Kingstown by gravity; the last third of a mile was covered by the trains under their own momentum, having left the tube at about 30mph.
		Though not cheap to maintain, the line was probably more economically worked in that way than by steam, and its ending came as part of a process of gauge conversion and rebuilding, and not of any failure of the system.
	www.dalkeyhomepage.ie /atmosphericrailway.html (1014 words)

	Atmospheric and Pneumatic Railways
		There were many other proposals in those days for atmospheric lines, but in view of these early failures, none of them were ever built as atmospheric railways, and the atmospheric system appeared dead.
		It was also possible, as had been done on the pneumatic railways, to use both positive pressure (on the order of 1 atmosphere) and vacuum, to drive the capsules both ways from a single pumping station.
		As well as the atmospheric and pneumatic railways and their cousin the pneumatic dispatch tube, there was a fourth way that air pressure was used to move people or freight.
	www.davros.org /rail/atmospheric.html (3397 words)

	Torbay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Torre railway station is inland on the road from Torquay to Newton Abbot
		Torquay railway station is close to Torre Abbey Sands.
		Famous former residents of Torbay include authors Agatha Christie (who set many of her novels in a thinly disguised version of the town), Charles Kingsley and Rudyard Kipling, the great industrialist and architect of the nearby Atmospheric Railway, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and (allegedly) Barry Manilow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Torbay (457 words)

	The Atmospheric Railway 1843 -1854
		Notwithstanding the mechanical disadvantages of the atmospheric system, the line seems to have worked well, continuing in use for nearly eleven years, and all experts seem agreed that the workmanship and execution of everything connected with it were of the highest class.
		In appearance the carriages were similar to those on the Kingstown railway at the time, and the front one, which carried the connection, was called the piston carriage.
		The Atmospheric Railway was a great attraction in the district, and brought numerous visitors there, besides which engineering experts were sent by many foreign governments to inspect and report on the workings of the system.
	www.dalkeyhomepage.ie /atmosphericrailway1843.html (873 words)

	Vacuum Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the 19th century, vacuum was used for traction on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's experimental atmospheric railway.
		Vacuum is often also measured using micrometers of mercury, the barometric scale, or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres.
		An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Vacuum (4491 words)

	History of the Railways
		The railways of Ireland were born in the "Railway Mania" of the 1830s and 1840s, with the first railway opening between Dublin and Kingstown (now Dun Laoghaire) in 1834.
		The railway project is, to date, the only Irish Standard Gauge railway restoration project ever undertaken in Ireland (Irish standard gauge is five foot three inches as opposed to narrow gauge which is three foot and English standard gauge which is four foot eight and a half inches).
		Developments such as these have enabled visitors to the railway to view for themselves the operation of a railway station as it would have been for the first part of the century, and to see in use many railway artefacts that are now foreign to the modern railway service.
	www.downrail.co.uk /hist.htm (3954 words)

	Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Wikipedia
		Built in 1838, the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire remains the flattest, widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the south west.
		Another of Brunel's interesting though ultimately unsuccessful technical innovations was the atmospheric railway, the extension of the GWR southward from Exeter towards Plymouth (technically the South Devon Railway (SDR), though supported by the GWR).
		The pumping station at Starcross, on the estuary of the River Exe, remains as a striking landmark, and a reminder of the atmospheric railway – which is also commemorated in the name of the village pub.
	nn.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel (3017 words)

	[No title]
		All four lines were converted to ordinary steam railways in the end, and for the next 130 years the atmospheric system appeared dead.
		There were many other proposals in those days for atmospheric lines, but in view of these early failures, none of them were ever built as atmospheric railways.
		While the atmospheric railways were vanishing, the first pneumatic dispatch tubes were beginning to appear; I'll get into that later.
	www.textfiles.com /conspiracy/air-rail.txt (2550 words)

	ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY - Online Information article about ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY
		interest was excited by a method of propelling railway trains through the agency of atmospheric pressure.
		frame carrying four wheels which lifted and sustained the continuous valve for a distance of about 15 ft. Thus the piston having atmospheric pressure on one side of it and a vacuum equal to 15 or 16 in.
		The only book I know about this interesting old engineering/railway subject is "Atmospheric Railways" by Charles Hadfield.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ARN_AUD/ATMOSPHERIC_RAILWAY.html (624 words)

	Teignmouth&Shaldon Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In addition to its dramatic route along the coast, the South Devon Railway also achieved fame and a niche in engineering history in being the longest line to use atmospheric traction, whereby the atmospheric pressure of the air was used to propel the trains in place of locomotives.
		In the atmospheric system a line of iron pipes, 15 inches in diameter, was laid between the running rails and a partial vacuum created within the pipe by means of stationary steam pumping engines, housed in handsome stone buildings, at intervals approximately every four miles along the line.
		It would seem that, by all accounts, the atmospheric railway staff were keen to make a success of the system, but the odds were hopelessly against them particularly as the pipe valves deteriorated and became more and more difficult to maintain and keep airtight.
	www.teignmuseum.org.uk /pages/museum/railway/index.html (987 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| British Heritage \| Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Atmospheric Railway
		The new "Atmospheric Railway" achieved a speed of 28 miles per hour and seemed to be capable of steeper gradients than a conventional locomotive could handle.
		Most appealing to Brunel, though, was the Atmospheric Railway's anticipated ability to climb steep grades -- exactly the sort of terrain he was facing along the route of his planned South Devon Railway.
		So when others cautioned that the Atmospheric Railway was not really the wave of the future, Brunel remained unconcerned and determined to use the atmospheric system for his South Devon line.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/british_heritage/3025576.html (1110 words)

	Brunel's Atmospheric Railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Despite these problems, the Atmospheric Railway ran quite well towards the end of its life, and was a firm favourite with the passengers - except maybe those in third class.
		The top of the chimney was removed as it presented a danger to the main railway line that runs along the top of the sea wall in the foreground.
		Call in for a pint at the Atmospheric Railway pub opposite the railway station at Starcross to further your research.
	www.whoosh.care4free.net /brunel's.htm (508 words)

	The Atmospheric Railway
		The equipment was not ready when the railway was opened in May, 1846, and locomotives had to be used; but the work was pushed forward, for the public was impatient to see the atmospheric trains.
		The atmospheric system was abandoned between London and Croydon in July,1846, when the Croydon line became the property of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.
		What killed the Atmospheric, as Brunel and others sought to use it, was the difficulty of connecting the piston in the tube with the train outside and at the same time preventing leakage.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r027.html (2367 words)

	Atmospheric - definition from Biology-Online.org
		Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as, atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth.
		(Pope) atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder.
		atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Atmospheric (210 words)

	Railway - definition from Biology-Online.org
		Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the commoner word in the united states.
		In the following and similar phrases railroad and railway are used interchangeably: atmospheric railway, Elevated railway, etc. See Atmospheric, Elevated, etc. Cable railway.
		A railroad or railway running through a tunnel, as beneath the streets of a city.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Railway (418 words)

	Brunel 200: Great Western Railway
		Brunel was involved in all aspects of the design of the station at Bristol Temple Meads, one of the oldest surviving railway terminuses in the world, although it has not been used as such since 1965.
		Through his work on the railway, Brunel contributed to a process that would come to physically unify the country, conquer distances, widen access to public transport, and lead to the general adoption of Greenwich Meantime.
		Although other railway engineers may have produced more miles of track and more economically, no other rail system was so influenced by a single creative genius.
	www.brunel200.com /great_western_railway.htm (1110 words)

	BBC Online - Beyond the Broadcast - Making History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Crystal Palace atmospheric or pneumatic railway was built in 1864 at the lower end of the Crystal Palace Park, and was working for a matter of months.
		The railway had a collar of bristles which made it airtight and enabled the coach to be sucked along - at a speed of probably 25 mph.
		The English lines used atmospheric propulsion in both directions, while the French and Irish lines were built on hills and their trains simply returned downhill by gravity.
	bbc.co.uk /education/beyond/factsheets/makhist/makhist4_prog9b.shtml (989 words)

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