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Topic: Atmospheric refraction


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  Atmospheric refraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of altitude.
Atmospheric refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher in the sky (up to half an arcminute at visible wavelengths for objects close to the horizon) than the actual direction from which the light came.
Atmospheric refraction can also distort the shape of the sun during sunrise and sunset and cause chromatic aberrations in the sun's image.
www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric%20refraction   (252 words)

  
 Condon Report, Sec VI, Chapter 4: Optical Mirage   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
The refractive index of a mixture of gases, such as the earth's atmosphere, is generally assumed to obey the additive rule, that is, the total value of n-1 is equal to the sum of the contributions from the constituent gases weighted by their partial pressures.
Snell's law, formulated for the refraction at a boundary, may be stated as follows: the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.
Random refraction is due to the small-scale (meters or less), rapid (seconds) temperature fluctuations associated with atmospheric turbulence, and is responsible for such phenomena as the scintillation of stars and planets, and the shimmer of distant objects.
www.project1947.com /shg/condon/s6chap04.html   (14997 words)

  
 Atmospheric Optics Glossary
REFRACTION: the bending of rays of light in passing from one medium to another (e.g., air to water), or between parts of the same medium with different densities (e.g., different levels in the atmosphere).
The amount of refraction is given by Snel's law, which is expressed in terms of the medium's refractive index, which is just the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in the medium.
Don't confuse refraction (the process) with refractive index (a ratio of propagation speeds), or the latter with refractivity (which is the refractive index minus unity.) In gases, it is an excellent approximation to set the refractivity proportional to the density of the gas.
mintaka.sdsu.edu /GF/glossary.html   (2685 words)

  
 Atmospheric refraction and its influence on optical free-space communication
Atmospheric refraction bends optical beams resulting in that an object appears in a position different from the real one.
Two different categories of refraction were examined: 1) the observer is situated on ground and the object is at an altitude of at least 25 km and 2) both object and observer are below 25 km and the link path is mainly vertical.
The refraction for horizontal rays in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is examined.
epubl.luth.se /1402-1617/2004/172/index.html   (348 words)

  
 The Effect Of Atmospheric Refraction On The Observed Elevation Angles Of Peaks
Atmospheric refraction slightly increases the observed elevation angle of a peak relative to the observer.
Second, the index of refraction of the atmosphere depends on atmospheric pressure and amount of water present, which change with height in the atmosphere.
In the tables, I have included a coefficient of atmospheric refraction of 0.073 corresponding to an altitude of 6000' with a temperature of 70° F. and a normal temperature gradient of -6.5° C./km.
tchester.org /sgm/analysis/peaks/refraction.html   (883 words)

  
 Flattened Suns
Rays from the setting Sun (lower) are refracted by the atmosphere and make it appear higher in the sky.
Density gradients in the atmosphere cause it to act as a lens.
Higher density is associated with higher pressure and lower temperature so a useful guideline for atmospheric refraction or mirages is that rays bend towards higher pressure and to cooler air.
www.sundog.clara.co.uk /atoptics/sunflat.htm   (283 words)

  
 Chapter Reflux <i>to</i> Refresher of R by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude.
A uniaxial crystal is said to be optically positive or optically negative or to have positive, or negative, double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial crystal is similarly designated when the same relation holds for the acute bisectrix.
A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens.
www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1209/23844/4.html   (479 words)

  
 Atmospheric Refraction   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
If the light hits the atmosphere at an angle, the light bends downward by an angle of up to half a degree, making the object appear that same angle higher, than it would in the absence of refraction.
Atmospheric dispersion is usually very small, and requires telescopic observation; but careful examination of the images of the Sun and Moon, when very near the horizon, may reveal a bluer upper rim, and a redder lower rim.
The arc above the top limb of the Moon is produced by unusual atmospheric conditions not discussed here, while the overall reddish tone is caused by scattering of shorter wavelengths (extinction), which is proportional to the increase in refraction, so that the flatter the Moon appears, the redder it appears, as well.
www.cseligman.com /text/sky/atmosphericrefraction.htm   (556 words)

  
 Effects of the Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction: on estimating a target's position
A second effect, called refraction, also affects the path the electromagnetic energy will take as it propagates through the atmosphere.
Normally, because the atmosphere's density decreases rapidly with height, the radar beam will be deflected downward, much like light passing through a glass prism.
Both the curvature of the earth and normal atmospheric refraction must be accounted for when determining the position of a target.
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/rs/rad/basics/crv.rxml   (201 words)

  
 Atmospheric Refraction Effects in NIFS   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
Atmospheric refraction shifts the apparent positions of objects by an amount dependent on the zenith distance of the object and the wavelength of observation.
Atmospheric refraction causes an angular displacement, z, of the apparent zenith angle of an object,
Differential refraction also causes the image of an object to appear at different positions in the telescope focal plane depending on the wavelength of observation.
msowww.anu.edu.au /nifs/sdns/sdn0005.12.htm   (514 words)

  
 [33P.01] The Special Significance of Terrestrial Atmospheric Refraction for Planetary Observations   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
Refraction in the earth's atmosphere may displace the visible and infrared images by up to several arcseconds depending on the zenith angle of the observation.
We have measured the differential refraction between visible wavelengths and 12~\mum on four occasions and have found the refraction to differ significantly from the accepted dispersion used in astronomical calculations.
The generally accepted formulation is based on data covering only the visible range and thus there is little reference for atmospheric refraction at infrared wavelengths.
www.aas.org /publications/baas/v30n3/dps98/106.htm   (287 words)

  
 atmospheric refraction --  Encyclopædia Britannica
More results on "atmospheric refraction" when you join.
Refraction is the reason why ocean waves approach a shore parallel to...
The path of a light ray bends (refracts) when it passes from one transparent medium to another—e.g., from air to glass.
www.britannica.com /eb/article-9010122   (758 words)

  
 Refraction
Refraction has been shown to be important for both occultation (Smith and Hunten, 1990) and in the calculation of J-values near sunset (DeMajistre et al., 1995; Balluch and Lary, 1997) and so its effect on limb radiances is likely to be important.
The effects of refraction can be quantified using Snell's law and trigonometry and an expression which describes the change in tangent height due to refraction can be derived.
An expression for refractive index of air (or any ideal gas) can be derived by considering the molecules comprising air to be simple dipoles under the influence of an electric field.
www.ess.uci.edu /~cmclinden/link/xx/node45.html   (850 words)

  
 Atmospheric Extinction and Refraction
Atmospheric extinction is the reduction in brightness of stellar objects as their photons pass through our atmosphere.
Like extinction, the amount of atmospheric refraction depends on the amount of air mass that light has to traverse.
The differential refraction of an extended body like the Sun or Moon, where the angle of refraction is greater at the bottom of the body than at its top results in its flattened shape.
www.asterism.org /tutorials/tut28-1.htm   (816 words)

  
 Atmospheric refraction
The direction of light as it passes through the atmosphere is also changed because of refraction since the index of refraction changes through the atmosphere.
The direction of refraction is that a star apparently moves towards the zenith.
Note the importance of this effect for spectroscopy, and the consequent importance of the relation between a slit orientation and the parallactic angle.
ganymede.nmsu.edu /holtz/a535/ay535notes/node6.html   (275 words)

  
 Dispersion   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
Refraction is slightly different for different colors of light.
This variation of the refractive index with the wavelength or frequency of the light is called dispersion.
The color of green flashes is due to the dispersion of air, which makes atmospheric refraction slightly different for different parts of the spectrum.
mintaka.sdsu.edu /GF/explain/optics/disp.html   (201 words)

  
 Differential Atmospheric Refraction
The following tables for mean atmospheric conditions at La Silla and Paranal were computed by E. Marchetti (emarchet@eso.org) following indications given in the sharp adc page (replacing 83939.7 by 683939.7 in formula 13).
Differential atmospheric refraction at La Silla (T=11.5 C, RH=44.2%, P=772.2mbar) as a function of wavelength (horizontal, in Angstrom) and airmass (vertical).
Differential atmospheric refraction at Paranal (T=11.5 C, RH=14.5%, P=743.0 mbar) as a function of wavelength (horizontal, in Angstrom) and airmass (vertical).
www.eso.org /gen-fac/pubs/astclim/lasilla/diffrefr.html   (2699 words)

  
 Derivation Of The Effect Of Atmospheric Refraction On The Observed Elevation Angles Of Peaks
See The Effect Of Atmospheric Refraction On The Observed Elevation Angles Of Peaks for an introduction to the effect.
The speed of light is c / n, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and n is the index of refraction.
However, this formula certainly gives a rough expected value for the atmospheric refraction, and hence I have used the nominal value corresponding to an altitude of 6000' with a temperature of 70° F. and a normal temperature gradient of 6.5° C./km.
tchester.org /sgm/analysis/peaks/refraction_calculation.html   (1058 words)

  
 Mirages and Green Flashes
Mirages are distinguished from other refraction phenomena such as looming (visibility of distant objects usually hidden below the apparent horizon), towering (exaggerated vertical size of images), sinking (disappearance below the horizon of objects usually seen), and stooping (images squashed together vertically), in which an object may appear distorted, but not inverted.
Because atmospheric refraction is ordinarily quite small — usually only a fraction of a degree — these effects are not ordinarily visible to the naked eye.
Because of refraction, the apparent horizon is a little farther away, and has less dip, than one would expect from a straight line drawn from the eye tangent to the Earth, ignoring refraction.
mintaka.sdsu.edu /GF/mirages/mirintro.html   (4855 words)

  
 World Mysteries: Illusions and Brain Teasers.
The temperature (and pressure) gradient in the atmosphere causes bending of light rays.
Its explanation lies in refraction of light (as in a prism) in the atmosphere and is enhanced by atmospheric layering.
However the flash or ray effects require a stronger layering of the atmosphere and a mirage which serves to magnify the green for a fraction of a second to a couple of seconds.
www.world-mysteries.com /illusions/sci_illusions1.htm   (1175 words)

  
 Queer The effect of atmospheric refraction upon the deflection of starlight by the sun's gravitational field (Annals of ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
Queer The effect of atmospheric refraction upon the deflection of starlight by the sun's gravitational field (Annals of the Dearborn Observatory of Northwestern University) Comments
Book / The effect of atmospheric refraction upon the deflection of starlight by the sun's gravitational field (Annals of the Dearborn Observatory of Northwestern University)
The effect of atmospheric refraction upon the deflection of starlight by the sun's gravitational field (Annals of the Dearborn Observatory of Northwestern University)
queerpopculture.com /entertainment/asinsearch_B0008BP4I4   (119 words)

  
 Atmospheric Optical Mirages
Heat radiating from a hot earth surface, such as a desert, causes a reduction in air density just above the surface forcing a denser layer of air to remain above the hot, rarefied air instead of below it - as is usually the case.
The boundary between the two layers acts as a lens refracting or bending light rays from a distant object and looks like a layer of water.
Refraction can cause the distances which can be seen to be extended beyond normal ranges.
www.geocities.com /TheTropics/Beach/7002/mirage.htm   (2160 words)

  
  Differential Atmospheric Refraction</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Differential <b>atmospheric</b> <b>refraction</b> in arcseconds, at an altitude of 2 km, as function of wavelength (horizontal, in Angstrom) and airmass (vertical). </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This table can be used to calculate expected slit losses as function of wavelength and slit width, in case the slit can not be oriented along the paralactic angle. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Table: <b>Atmospheric</b> differential <b>refraction</b> at an altitude of 2 km in arcseconds with respect to a wavelength of 5000 Angstrom</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.eso.org /lasilla/sciops/ntt/emmi/emmiDAR.html</font>   (70 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td>  </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><u>Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Browse by subject</u>   <i>(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)</i></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Rays of <a href="/topics/Light" title="Light" class=fl>light</a> entering the Earth's <b>atmosphere</b> (i.e. passing from the vacuum of space to the medium of air) are bent, … </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The Dobson unit is a measure of <b>atmospheric</b> ozone content. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Composition and physical conditions of the neutral <b>atmosphere</b>...</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>eaa.iop.org /index.cfm?action=browse.home&type=cl&dir=Earth&node=clEarth</font>   (435 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td>  </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.astronomycafe.net/weird/lights/chapt4.htm">chapt4</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Hence, the effects of systematic <b>atmospheric</b> <b>refraction</b> on visual observations of a distant <a href="/topics/Light" title="Light" class=fl>light</a> source (point source) which is less than about 76anddeg; from the zenith can be considered negligible because the average human eye cannot clearly separate the source from its <b>refracted</b> image. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> When the angle of incidence equals the critical angle, the incident waves are <b>refracted</b> upon entering the <b>refracting</b> layer and are totally reflected at the upper boundary The crests and troughs of the waves are indicated by solid lines and dashed lines, respectively. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Hence, for a given temperature inversion, the <b>refractive</b> index (n) decreases somewhat faster with height (z) for Lambda = 0.4andmicro; (blue) than for Lambda = 0.7andmicro; (red), so that the blue rays are <b>refracted</b> more than the red rays.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.astronomycafe.net /weird/lights/chapt4.htm</font>   (15052 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td>  </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Laplace.html">Laplace</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This volume contains a study of pressure and density, astronomical <b>refraction</b>, barometric pressure and the transmission of gravity based on this new philosophy of physics. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It is worth remarking that it was a new approach, not because theories of molecules were new, but rather because it was applied to a much wider range of problems than any previous theory and, typically of Laplace, it was much more mathematical than any previous theories. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> After the publication of the fourth volume of the Mécanique Céleste, Laplace continued to apply his ideas of physics to other problems such as capillary action (1806-07), double <b>refraction</b> (1809), the velocity of sound (1816), the theory of heat, in particular the shape and rotation of the cooling Earth (1817-1820), and elastic fluids (1821).</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Laplace.html</font>   (3691 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td>  </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><u>Atmospheric Refraction</u>   <i>(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)</i></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The strength of the <b>refraction</b> depends on the wavelength (differential) and the zenith distance of the targets. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> To minimize <a href="/topics/Light" title="Light" class=fl>light</a> losses the position of the slit must be perpendicular to the horizon (paralactic angle). </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>refraction</b> and slit size are calculated for the optical wavelength region (3000 Angstrom - 9000 A, 100A spaced).</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.uni-sw.gwdg.de /~bischoff/agoerdt/research/atmo.html</font>   (217 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td>  </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001GL014394.shtml">Improved mapping functions for atmospheric refraction correction in SLR</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> We present two new mapping functions (MFs) to model the elevation angle dependence of the <b>atmospheric</b> delay for satellite laser ranging (SLR) data analysis. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The new MFs were derived from ray tracing through a set of data from 180 radiosonde stations globally distributed, for the year 1999, and are valid for elevation angles above 3°. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> When compared against ray tracing of two independent years of radiosonde data (1997–1998) for the same set of stations, our MFs reveal submillimetre accuracy for elevation angles above 10°, representing a significant improvement over other MFs, and is confirmed in improved solutions of LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 data analysis.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001GL014394.shtml</font>   (261 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><script language="JavaScript"> <!-- // This function displays the ad results. // It must be defined above the script that calls show_ads.js // to guarantee that it is defined when show_ads.js makes the call-back. function google_ad_request_done(google_ads) { // Proceed only if we have ads to display! 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