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Topic: Atmospheric stratification

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	Stratification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stratification in archaeology are the layers in which objects are found.
		Stratification is a separate meaning as applied to manifolds, and singularity theory, of a decomposition into pieces with specified relationships on fitting together.
		In meteorology, atmospheric stratification is the division of the atmosphere into distinct layers, each with specific properties such as temperature or humidity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stratification (278 words)

	Equivalent Neutral Winds
		Atmospheric stability refers to the stratification of the air near the surface.
		The green lines are similar in both figures because they represent conditions near neutral atmospheric stratification: the wind profile is equal to the equivalent neutral wind profile only for the case of neutral stratification.
		For stable atmospheric stratification (blues) equivalent neutral winds are smaller than winds, and for unstable atmosheric stratification (orange and red) equivalent neutral wind is larger than wind.
	www.coaps.fsu.edu /~bourassa/BVW_html/eqv_neut_winds.shtml (783 words)

	Lecture 32
		Atmospheric pressure is the force gravity exerted on a unit of air, by the mass of air directly above it.
		Atmospheric chemistry at ground level is very different from that which occurs in the thermosphere, and there are a number of reasons why this is so.
		The temperature of the atmosphere at earth's surface is determined by radiation of energy from the land back into the air, and by the density of the gases in the air.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~doetqp-p/courses/env440/env440_2/lectures/lec32/lec32.htm (1521 words)

	Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
		Determination of the partitioning of exhaust into the two atmospheric regions is complicated by the highly variable and latitudinally dependent character of the tropopause (i.e., the transition between the stratosphere and troposphere).
		Approximately 80% of atmospheric ozone resides in the stratosphere, where it is produced via in situ photochemistry occurring predominantly in the tropical middle stratosphere, albeit with significant contributions from mid-latitudes.
		In summary, stratospheric ozone distributions are determined mainly by atmospheric motions in the nightime polar regions, by a mixture of transport and photochemistry in the lower and middle stratosphere, and by photochemistry in the upper stratosphere.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/specialreports/aviation/022.htm (2598 words)

	Structure of Jupiter's Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Upper atmospheric densities were measured down to about 20 km altitude by using accelerometers to monitor the deceleration of the Probe during the high speed entry phase of the mission.
		Using the atmospheric composition determined by other instruments during the parachute-descent phase, temperatures were derived from the densities and pressures.
		Atmospheric stratification, which is determined by the vertical variation of temperature, provides an important measure of how easily the atmosphere can be mixed in a vertical direction.
	spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov /Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/ASI_results.html (309 words)

	SCAR » Report 20
		Proceeding from stratification peculiarities of the atmospheric lower layers in the polar regions the investigations for the establishment of representation of these layers with the object of reliable determination of atmospheric corrections were realized by carrying out the angular and electronic distance measurements at the low lines of large lengths.
		Atmospheric models constructed on the basis of the long-term monthly mean aerological sounding data on a number of Arctic and Antarctic stations were used as initial materials [13].
		Thus, an atmospheric influence on the quantity r increases in ~1.5km layer in comparison with the summer period and the refraction component amounts to 70% in the near horizontal zone.
	www.scar.org /publications/reports/20/Rep20d.html (10242 words)

	ab_id_84 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In the course of the day, the most favorable hours for them to occur are in the afternoon, when the most-heated soil surface combines with the best-developed atmospheric convection, i.e.
		It is determined that atmospheric convection is the most active when the warm upper ridge is replaced by a cold trough, most often moving from the west and pushing the heath eastward.
		Under the conditions of extremely unstable atmospheric stratification, the release of accumulated energy occurs on a mesoscale (over limited areas) where near-surface atmospheric streams come together.
	www.chmi.cz /ECSS2002/abstracts/84.htm (299 words)

	Ufermann et al., 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		On the impact of lower atmospheric stratification on SAR images of the ocean surfaceThe imaging of tidal flats by the SIR-C/X-SAR multifrequency/multipolarisation synthetic aperture radar
		At the Gulf Stream Supersite, the stratification of the lower atmosphere changed from stable to unstable due to the strong temperature difference between ocean areas inside and outside the Gulf Stream.
		This data set is used for studying the dependence of radar signatures on wind speed under conditions of stable and unstable stratification of the lower atmospheric layer.
	www.ifm.uni-hamburg.de /~wwwrs/publications/gade/uf_ear98.html (494 words)

	ERS-1 SAR imaging of marine boundary layer processes
		Atmospheric soundings from Jan Mayen Island, on the other hand, indicate a boundary layer height which is less than 1.0 km.
		In the vicinity of the ice edge where the sea-surface temperature is expected to be 1.5 to 1.75 C, the unstable stratification is therefore about 15 C, leading to a bulk heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere (Liu, 1990)of 160 W/mý.
		3d) Changes in relative cross-section interpreted in terms of atmospheric stability by assuming a constant wind speed across the swath of 6.2 m/s (10 m height neutral stability) and a constant air temperature of 14 C. The sea-surface temperature profile from the AVHRR is shown relative to 14 C (or neutral stratification).
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /eoq/eoq46/johann46.htm (2784 words)

	1russ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Investigation of the atmospheric structural characteristics and conditions of atmospheric heat exchange with the ocean in the area of the Newfoundland energetically-active zone.
		An atmospheric constant-flux layer parameterization model is formulated to be used in numerical models of hydrodynamics of the atmosphere.
		The role of radiative heat exchange in the evolution of atmospheric boundary layer characteristics is analyzed by using an integral model of the nighttime boundary layer.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /epubs/cdiac/cdiac57/1russ.htm (8063 words)

	ECMWF
		The main conclusion was that the growth rate of the waves generated by wind depends on the ratio of friction velocity and phase speed and on a number of additional factors, such as the atmospheric density stratification, wind gustiness and wave age.
		Assuming that the wind speed variations with scales much larger than both the spatial resolution and the time step are already resolved by the atmospheric model, we need to include the impact of the wind variability at scales comparable to or lower than the model resolution (which is called wind gustiness).
		The impact of the background level of gustiness is already included implicitly in the parameterisations of the atmospheric model as well as in the wave model.
	www.ecmwf.int /research/ifsdocs/CY25r1/Waves/Waves-4-3.html (1640 words)

	summit_greenland_observatory
		Location of atmospheric chemistry monitoring systems at the highest elevation of the Greenland ice sheet is an excellent compliment to periodic aircraft campaigns that examine troposphere chemistry of high latitudes.
		Atmospheric electricity measurements made at several km altitude on polar ice caps are uniquely valuable because they have noise levels that are only 1-10% of corresponding measurements at lower altitudes and lower latitudes.
		Recent research developments in atmospheric science have shown that there is reason to believe that the global circuit is an excellent global thermometer, possibly providing a single point method of monitoring global warming that does not suffer from the host of problems that ground level thermometry does.
	zero.eng.ucmerced.edu /rcbales/Summit/whitepaper.html (11135 words)

	1993 Fire Publications - Computational Model for the Rise and Dispersion of Wind-Blown, Buoyancy-Driven Plumes. Part 2. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A multi-dimensional computational model of wind-blown, buoyancy-driven flows is applied to study the effect of atmospheric stratification on the rise and dispersion of plumes.
		Computational results show that, similar to the case of a neutrally stratified atmosphere, the plume acquires a kidney-shaped cross section which persists for a long distance downstream the source and may bifurcate into separate and distinct lumps.
		Baroclinic voricity generated both along the plume boundary and in the surroundings are used to explain the origin of the distortion experienced by the plume and inhibiting effect of a stratified atmosphere, respectively.
	fire.nist.gov /bfrlpubs/fire93/art082.html (344 words)

	Atmospheric Aerosol Properties: Formation Processes And Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Variability of the optical characteristics of atmospheric hazes in the surface layer of the atmosphere
		The impact of tropospheric aerosols on surface atmosphere albedo and radiative flux divergence in the atmosphere
		Concentrations of greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosol in the atmosphere
	www.booksmatter.com /b3540262636.htm (581 words)

	[No title]
		The ultimate goal of our study is to obtain climatological estimates of the exchanges of momentum, sensible heat and water vapor between atmosphere and oceans, and the liquid water content of boundary layer clouds in the various stratus regions of the globe by using mostly satellite data.
		In this manuscript, comparisons of the near surface atmospheric water vapor content and the wind speed obtained from field measurements during SEMAPHORE and estimated from satellite data are presented.
		Near surface air temperature which is used for calculations of sensible heat flux and atmospheric stratification needed for bulk estimate of the turbulent fluxes, is not available from satellite data and must be obtained from numerical models.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~serhad/PORSEC.html (1858 words)

	Neue Seite 2
		Climate is defined as the mean conditions of the atmosphere and their extremes and determines if specific kinds of tourism are generally feasible or not at specific locations.
		Weather: is the effective combination of atmospheric elements (physical condition of the atmosphere) at a specific time at a location and the resulting processes in the atmosphere (time scale: days).
		Climate: is the typical representation of atmospheric and weather processes closed to the surface and the surface over for a location or an area over a long period of time with a characteristic distribution of frequency, mean and extreme meteorological values (time scale: years).
	www.mif.uni-freiburg.de /tourclimgr/explanation.htm (778 words)

	Planet Earth
		The atmosphere has at some point been devastatingly reduced in volume and depth, resulting in a corresponding reduction in gas pressure at the crust and a mass extinction of large-bodied creatures who would asphyxiate in today's Atmosphere, possibly the dinosaurs.
		We think Meganeuropsis shows that Atmospheric Erosion is highly significant in at least Geological time, and that recent changes in the stability of our Atmosphere suggest that another mass extinction may be on the horizon..
		The origin of our Atmosphere seems to be analogous to the gassy Planets, along with the primordial gasses expelled from beneath the earth's crust as the crust and heavier elements sank towards the earth's core.
	www.equalparenting-bc.ca /members/planet_earth.htm (2479 words)

	Tower-based Measurements of Normalized Radar Cross Section from Lake Ontario (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		We attribute this to the larger atmospheric drag coefficients which exist on the lake compared with the ocean, and they show that the results are more consistent with a dependence of the NRCS on wind stress than on wind speed near the surface.
		We find a stratification dependence of the NRCS similar to that previously reported at C band and show that at 40 degrees and 60 degrees incidence angles this dependence can be removed by parameterizing the NRCS in terms of either the friction velocity or neutral wind speed.
		At a 20 degrees incidence angle the stratification dependence is not removed by this procedure.
	faculty.washington.edu /plant/j_pubs/cpkg95.html (235 words)

	Sable Island Bibliography
		Organic contaminants in the Northwest Atlantic atmosphere at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 1988-89.
		Stratification and sedimentation in complex vegetated coastal dunes, Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
		Stratification models for vegetated coastal dunes in Atlantic Canada.
	www.greenhorsesociety.com /Bibliography/Bibliography.htm (4918 words)

	CERFACS - Aviation and Environment Team
		The main objective of the project is to better quantify the chemical and radiative atmospheric impacts of aviation at the various scales from the aircraft near field to the global atmosphere.
		In addition the atmospheric impact of aviation must be compared to the other sources of pollution, in particular those from surface transportation.
		To investigate the far-field aircraft wake with emphasis on the effects of atmospheric stratification on the vortex dynamics and the wake turbulence.
	www.cerfacs.fr /pae/actions.html (596 words)

	SHEBA Article by Dick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Therefore, in looking to the future environment, it is of the utmost importance to understand both the potential climatic implications of policies and practices that may affect climate, and the reliability of the projections of future climate scenarios (Houghton, et al., 1990).
		The surface energy balance at the atmosphere-ice and atmosphere-ocean interfaces is the key to coupling between the surface state (e.g., temperature, albedo, open water area and ice thickness) and the atmospheric processes that determine the overall energy balance of the ocean-atmosphere-ice column.
		The S integration maintains the normal (present-day) concentration of atmospheric CO In the 4XC integration, atmospheric CO is increased by 1 % per year (compounded) until it reaches four times the normal value at the 140th year, and remains unchanged thereafter.
	sheba.apl.washington.edu /sheba3/publications/shebaArticle/sheba.article.html (4414 words)

	FREEZING NUCLEUS SPECTRA IN THE RAIN SAMPLES
		Concentration of highly active supplementary nuclei increases with increasing instability of stratification of the atmosphere.
		The dependence of super IN concentration on stability of atmospheric stratification manifests itself also in a generally lower content of super IN in the winter precipitation samples, while the samples belonging to the stormy summer days with high-intensity showers often contain great concentrations of IN active at temperatures -9 C and warmer.
		It follows from above that the IN population in the atmosphere consists of background population which may be the rather large-scale property of the air mass, and the supplementary population having origin from local sources.
	www.ufa.cas.cz /dub/ice/salt.htm (1777 words)

	Marine Sciences Program at Avery Point - Faculty & Staff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		GASEX 98 and 01: These experiments were designed to investigate the processes that control the exchange of CO between the ocean and atmosphere.
		The deployment lasted from early August to late October 2004 to capture the transition from predominantly stable to unstable atmospheric stratification.
		Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets.
	www.marinesciences.uconn.edu /faculty/edson.html (837 words)

	Ufermann et al., 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		We show how oceanic and atmospheric conditions at the Gulf Stream front can be determined from the radar data by combined analysis of images acquired at different frequencies and polarizations.
		However, it is well known that spatial variations in the wind field will mainly modulate short ocean waves (wavelengths of centimeters to decimeters), which act as resonant Bragg waves for microwave radars, while hydrodynamic modulation will have a stronger ef-fect on longer waves (wavelengths of decimeters to meters).
		A most likely scenario of conditions at the Gulf Stream front during the Space Shuttle overflight is obtained from this analysis, which is validated against existing in-situ data of currents, winds, and temperatures.
	www.ifm.uni-hamburg.de /~wwwrs/publications/gade/uf_iga98.html (340 words)

	Model sensitivity in the effect of Antarctic sea ice and stratification on atmospheric pCO₂
		Model sensitivity in the effect of Antarctic sea ice and stratification on atmospheric pCO
		resulting from barriers to communication between the deep sea and the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean.
		of the atmosphere is controlled by the region of the surface ocean that fills the deep sea [
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002PA000760.shtml (327 words)

	Everything about Peasant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In the most succinct words, weather is the combination of events in the atmosphere and climate is the overall accumulated weather in a certian location.
		Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming (or cooling).
		- In meteorology, atmospheric stratification is the division of the atmosphere into distinct layers, each with specific properties such as temperature or humidity.
	wikimiki.org /en/peasant (11589 words)

	Measurements of the marine boundary layer from an airship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		By operating all these instruments together from the slow-moving airship, we were able to measure atmospheric fluxes, microwave cross sections and Doppler characteristics, air and sea surface temperatures, and wave heights simultaneously and coincidentally at much higher spatial resolutions than has been possible before.
		Here we document our methods and present observations of the neutral drag coefficient between wind speeds of 2 and 10 m/s, the relationship between the wind vector and the microwave cross section, and the effect of a sharp sea surface temperature front on both the wind vector and the microwave cross section.
		Somewhat surprisingly, we find a residual dependence on atmospheric stratification in our neutral drag coefficients and in the microwave cross sections when plotted against a neutral wind speed obtained using the Businger/Dyer stability corrections.
	staff.washington.edu /plant/j_pubs/pkhh98.html (530 words)

	Bio354 - Instruments
		Furthermore, the sound velocity in a motionless atmosphere is derived which corresponds to a measurement of the virtual temperature.
		The selection of the optimum thermocouple type (metals used in their construction) is based on application temperature, atmosphere, required length of service, accuracy and cost.
		The windshields are open to the atmosphere through a desiccated breather tube to prevent the domes from collapsing at night.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /GCRG/bio354/Instruments/instruments.html (1487 words)

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