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Topic: Atmospheric window

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	atmospheric window
		All spectral regions are affected to some extent by absorption in the atmosphere but there are two nearly transparent ranges, the optical window and the radio window, and several narrow, partial infrared windows.
		Several narrow infrared windows exist at micrometer wavelengths, the photometric designations of which are J (1.25 microns), H (1.6 microns), K (2.2 microns), L (3.6 microns), M (5.0 microns), N (10.2 microns), and Q (21 microns).
		Because water vapor is one of the main absorbers of infrared, observatories for studying infrared must be sited in particularly dry or mountainous regions where the effect of water vapor is reduced and/or the atmosphere is thinner.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/atmospheric_window.html (281 words)

	Atmospheric window - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The atmospheric window refers to those parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are, with the earth's atmosphere in its natural state, not absorbed at all.
		The atmospheric window lies approximately at wavelengths of infrared radiation between 8 and 15 micrometres.
		Thus, the existence of a window in the electromagnetic spectrum is critical to Earth remaining a habitable planet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_window (423 words)

	Optical window - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In astronomy, the optical window is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that passes through the atmosphere all the way to the ground.
		The window runs from around 300 nanometers (ultraviolet-C) at the short end up into the range the eye can use, roughly 400-700 nm and continues up through the visual infrared to around 1100 nm, which is thermal infrared.
		In medical physics, the optical window is the portion of the visible and infrared spectrum where living tissue absorbs relatively little light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optical_window (252 words)

	Greenhouse effect - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Reflected solar radiation accounts for 30% of the earth's total radiation: on average, 6% of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by the atmosphere, 20% is reflected by clouds, and 4% is reflected by the surface.
		The remaining 70% of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed: 16% by the atmosphere (including the almost complete absorption of shortwave ultraviolet over most areas by the stratospheric ozone layer); 3% by clouds; and 51% by the land and oceans.
		The degree of the greenhouse effect is dependent primarily on the concentration of greenhouse gases in the planetary atmosphere.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/r/e/Greenhouse_effect.html (1844 words)

	Infrared Spectrum
		Atmospheric constituents, primarily carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone (CO 0, and O
		Measurements between water vapor lines within the atmospheric window (referred to as `microwindows' and tabulated in Appendix A) yield observations with the least atmospheric contamination.
		Note the contrast between the atmospheric window and regions of strong absorption, where the atmosphere becomes opaque over a short distance.
	lidar.ssec.wisc.edu /papers/dhd_thes/node3.htm (445 words)

	Atmospheric Structure
		Atmospheric layers are characterized by variations in temperature resulting primarily from the absorption of solar radiation; visible light at the surface, near ultraviolet radiation in the middle atmosphere, and far ultraviolet radiation in the upper atmosphere.
		Approximately 90 % of the ozone in the atmosphere resides in the stratosphere.
		The ionosphere is defined by atmospheric effects on radiowave propagation as a result of the presence and variation in concentration of free electrons in the atmosphere.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/rgk/atm101/structur.htm (1243 words)

	Background knowledge
		Those areas of the spectrum which are not severely influenced by atmospheric absorption and thus, are useful to remote sensors, are called atmospheric windows.
		The visible portion of the spectrum, to which our eyes are most sensitive, corresponds to both an atmospheric window and the peak energy level of the sun.
		Atmospheric Window: It refers to the relatively transparent wavelength regions of the atmosphere.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /~rpu/courses/lect2_files/slide0043.htm (966 words)

	Atmospheric Window (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The radiation emitted upward by the surface of the earth travels through the atmosphere where some of it is entirely absorbed by the gases making up the atmosphere and some of it travels through the atmosphere almost unaffected.
		The wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum most useful to measuring surface emission are those regions away from the absorption bands of the atmospheric gases.
		These transparent "atmospheric window" regions are found in the infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum.
	www.crseo.ucsb.edu /esrg/geos/11121.html (79 words)

	Cool Cosmos
		This atmospheric infrared emission peaks at a wavelength of about 10 microns (micron is short for a micrometer or one millionth of a meter).
		So the best view of the infrared universe, from ground based telescopes, are at infrared wavelengths which can pass through the Earth's atmosphere and at which the atmosphere is dim in the infrared.
		Since most infrared light is blocked by our atmosphere, infrared astronomers have placed instruments onboard, rockets, balloons, aircraft and space telescopes to view regions of the infrared which are not detectable from the ground.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/irwindows.html (612 words)

	Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers
		I suppose one could argue that biological systems seem to optimize themselves to take maximum advantage of the niche they have.
		Also, I think it is true that photons in the optical range of wavelengths are at energies that are compatible with the widest range of biochemical reactions involving carbon compounds, and the flux of these photons from the Sun is maximal in the visual spectrum at the surface of the earth.
		I do not believe that the atmospheric window has exactly the same detailed transmission as the responsivity of our retinal photoreceptors, but I think the bandwidth from blue to red is very similar.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q2435.html (168 words)

	Brunel's Atmospheric Railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Known to locals as the 'Atmospheric caper' it was plagued by problems from the start.
		Despite these problems, the Atmospheric Railway ran quite well towards the end of its life, and was a firm favourite with the passengers - except maybe those in third class.
		Call in for a pint at the Atmospheric Railway pub opposite the railway station at Starcross to further your research.
	www.whoosh.care4free.net /brunel's.htm (508 words)

	A 'dragon' on the surface of Titan
		Peering at the same time through a narrow, unobscured near-infrared spectral window in the dense methane atmosphere and an adjacent non-transparent waveband, images were obtained that are virtually uncontaminated by atmospheric components.
		For this, the simultaneous "atmospheric" images (at waveband 1.625 micron) were "subtracted" from the "surface" images (1.575 and 1.600 micron) in order to remove any residual atmospheric features present in the latter.
		It demonstrates the importance of employing a filter that precisely fits the atmospheric window and hence the gain of clarity with the present observations.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-04/eso-ao041404.php (1620 words)

	Working Group on Infrared Astronomy: On Improving IR photometric passbands
		Correction for atmospheric extinction is difficult in infrared photometry, notwithstanding the apparently linear form of the extinction curve at airmasses greater than 1 in some bandpasses, chiefly because of the strong and variable effects of water-vapor absorption.
		The JHKLMNQ passband windows in Figures 8--24 are shown for this relatively wet model; note the reduction in transmission, compared to Figs.
		We note that thermal emission from the lower atmosphere is about twice as intense at the long-wavelength edge of L than at its short-wavelength edge, as this band lies in the Wien tail of the Planck function for typical atmospheric temperatures.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~milone/IRWG/yms/yms.html (9900 words)

	Infrared Windows
		This atmospheric infrared emission peaks at a wavelength of about 10 microns (micron is short for a micrometer or one millionth of a meter).
		So the best view of the infrared universe, from ground based telescopes, are at infrared wavelengths which can pass through the Earth's atmosphere and at which the atmosphere is dim in the infrared.
		Since most infrared light is blocked by our atmosphere, infrared astronomers have placed instruments onboard, rockets, balloons, aircraft and space telescopes to view regions of the infrared which are not detectable from the ground.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/Windows/irwindows.html (611 words)

	Atmospheric Science at Dalhousie University
		The atmospheric science classes are Climate Change (2nd year), Introduction to Atmospheric Science, Atmospheric Physics I (Atmospheric Thermodynamics) and II (Introduction to Aerosol and Cloud Physics), Synoptic Meteorology I and II, Atmospheric Dynamics I and II, Physical Oceanography, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans.
		The graduate-level atmospheric science classes are Introduction to Atmospheric Science, Atmospheric Physics I (Atmospheric Thermodynamics) and II (Introduction to Aerosol and Cloud Physics), Synoptic Meteorology I and II, Atmospheric Dynamics I and II, Physical Oceanography, Atmospheric Chemistry, Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans, and Cloud Physics (Dynamics).
		The effects of atmospheric waves are known to be important for large-scale temperatures and chemistry, but a detailed understanding of many wave physical processes does not exist.
	www.atm.dal.ca (903 words)

	Articles - Greenhouse effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The greenhouse effect, first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, and first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, is the process by which an atmosphere warms a planet.
		In common parlance, the term ´´greenhouse effect´´ may be used to refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, which is the greenhouse effect which occurs naturally on Earth, or to the enhanced (anthropogenic) greenhouse effect, which results from human activities (see also global warming).
		The deep and carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere of Venus causes a ´´runaway greenhouse effect´´ with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead, the atmosphere of Earth creates habitable temperatures, and the thin atmosphere of Mars causes a minimal greenhouse effect.
	www.deluxea.com /articles/Greenhouse_effect (1595 words)

	Satellite Meteorology Glossary
		Atmosphere: The envelope of air surrounding the planet Earth and held in place due to the Earth’s gravitational attraction.
		Atmospheric window: A narrow range of wavelengths in which the atmosphere absorbs very little of the Earth’s emitted energy.
		The best-known atmospheric window occurs between 10 and 12 microns.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /satmet/glossary/glossary.html (3664 words)

	APPENDIX D
		The atmosphere is a key factor to modify the radiance from the Earth surface by water vapour or aerosol.
		In testing sensitivity to atmospheric effects, the TS of the Coll algorithm is much less influenced by water vapour absorption, and the algorithm was calibrated for the mid-latitude region in the previous work.
		On the atmospheric dependence of the split-window equation for land surface temperature.
	www.theses.ulaval.ca /2004/21726/ape.html (2587 words)

	Main Page - Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling
		This wiki addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers - primarily researchers, but also users of models.
		Contributors is a list of all the active users who have registered and created a User page, along with links to their User pages.
		The Community Portal page is used to announce notable additions to the Atmospheric Dispersion wiki.
	atmosphericdispersion.wikia.com /wiki/Main_Page (674 words)

	NCAS: NERC Centres for Atmospheric Science
		The NERC Centres for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) is a Natural Environment Research Council
		These address the key scientific and technical challenges currently faced by the UK atmospheric science research community and include: climate change science; weather processes; atmospheric composition (including air quality) and state-of-the-art technologies for observing and modelling the atmosphere.
		It is a 'Collaborative Centre' and, as such, is made up of a set of seven centres and facilities distributed across many UK universities and related institutions.
	ncas.nerc.ac.uk (423 words)

	Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity at the GHCC
		As part of their research activities, the members of this team have been investigating the causes and effects of lightning as well as analyzing a wide variety of atmospheric measurements related to thunderstorms.
		One of the primary objectives of this group is to determine the relationship between the electrical characteristics of storms and precipitation, convection, and severe weather.
		The data collected by the GHCC Lightning Team is routinely shared with scientists around the globe, resulting in numerous advancements in the field of Atmospheric Science.
	thunder.msfc.nasa.gov (244 words)

	Department of Atmospheric Sciences - Texas A&M University
		Meteorological measurements and monitoring of various atmospheric trace gases will be set up on the tower in the coming months.
		The Department of Atmospheric Sciences is dedicated to advancing our scientific understanding of the atmosphere and imparting that knowledge for the benefit of society.
		Our most fundamental mission is to help students at all levels, from undergraduate to postdoctoral, acquire and develop scientific knowledge, critical thinking skills, the ability to continue to learn, and the potential to contribute to society.
	www.met.tamu.edu (134 words)

	ACD: Atmospheric Chemistry Division
		Welcome to the Atmospheric Chemistry Division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
		The goal of ACD is to quantify the processes that regulate the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
		ACD is a division within the Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research
	www.acd.ucar.edu (368 words)

	York University \| [Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry]
		Established in 1985 in response to growing public concern for the atmospheric environment.
		York University offers a unique undergraduate degree program that provides students with the necessary theoretical background and practical laboratory experience to enable them to make meaningful contributions to important environmental concerns upon their graduation.
		We have historically been very successful in assisting our atmospheric chemistry students in finding suitable and rewarding employment within this field.
	www.cac.yorku.ca (68 words)

	ARM Home
		The U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program is placing a new, portable atmospheric laboratory with sophisticated instruments and data systems in Niger, Africa, to gain a better understanding of the potential impacts of Saharan dust on global climate.
		The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program is the largest global change research program supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
		It was created to help resolve scientific uncertainties related to global climate change, with a specific focus on the crucial role of clouds and their influence on radiative feedback processes in the atmosphere.
	www.arm.gov (446 words)

	NASA: Atmospheres - Contact
		William K.-M. Lau is the Chief of the Laboratory for Atmospheres.
		Lau, K. Hu, Y. Sud, and G. Walker, 2005: Effects of cloud microphysics on tropical atmospheric hydrologic processes and intraseasonal variability in the GEOS GCM.
		Lau, K. Wu, and S. Bony, 1997: The Role of Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation in the Relationship Between Tropical Convection and Sea Surface Temperature.
	atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov /contact/profile.php?id=1 (3944 words)

	The Atmospheric Dynamics Group
		The Atmospheric Dynamics Group is a research group in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge.
		We try to attack the problems from as many angles as possible, using numerical and analytical modelling and sophisticated combinations thereof and making use, where appropriate, of the wealth of observational data available today.
		Typical problems range from the fine-scale mixing of, for example, aircraft emissions or of pollutants in the ocean to the entire problem of the global atmospheric circulation and its chemical and radiative consequences, including questions about `stratosphere-troposphere exchange'.
	www.atm.damtp.cam.ac.uk (188 words)

	City of Toronto: Toronto Atmospheric Fund
		Toronto City Council established the Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF) in 1991 to finance Toronto-based initiatives that combat global climate change and improve air quality.
		TAF provides grants and loans and undertakes special projects to advance its mandate.
		Toronto Atmospheric Fund extends congratulations to six grant and loan recipients whose contributions were formally recognized with Environmental Awards of Excellence and Green Toronto Awards.
	www.toronto.ca /taf (371 words)

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