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Topic: Atomic oxygen

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	Oxygen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oxygen is the second most common element on Earth composing around 49% of the mass of Earth's crust[1] and 28% of the mass of Earth as a whole, and is the third most common element in the universe.
		Oxygen is a major component of air, produced by plants during photosynthesis, and is necessary for aerobic respiration in animals.
		Oxygen is the most common component of the Earth's crust (49% by mass)[3], the second most common component of the Earth as a whole (28.2% by mass), and the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere (20.947% by volume).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxygen (1458 words)

	Oxygen - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table.
		In the 19th century, oxygen was often mixed with nitrous oxide to promote an analgesic effect; indeed, such a mixture (Entonox) is commonly used in medicine today.
		Oxygen was again discovered by the Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele sometime before 1773, but the discovery was not published until after the independent discovery by Joseph Priestley on August 1, 1774, who called the gas dephlogisticated air (see phlogiston).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/o/x/y/Oxygen.html (1132 words)

	Atomic Oxygen Abstracts
		Atomic oxygen erosion and silicone contamination are serious issues that could damage or destroy spacecraft components after orbiting for an extended period of time, such as on a space station or satellite.
		Atomic oxygen erosion of polymers occurs in LEO and is a threat to spacecraft durability.
		Atomic oxygen (AO) present in LEO is known to be the principle agent in causing undercutting erosion of SiOx protected polyimide Kapton® H film, which serves as a mechanically stable blanket material in solar arrays.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/epbranch/space/AOAbs.htm (10043 words)

	Cleaning.com : NEWS: Large-Area Atomic Oxygen Facility Used to Clean Fire-Damaged Artwork (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Atomic oxygen is present in the atmosphere surrounding the Earth at the altitudes where satellites typically orbit.
		The atomic oxygen plasma is produced between two large parallel aluminum plates using a radiofrequency power source operating at roughly 400 W. Atomic oxygen is generated uniformly over this area at an operating pressure of 1 to 5 mtorr.
		In addition, because the atomic oxygen reaction is confined to the surface, risk to the underlying paint or canvas is minimized.
	www.cleaning.com /news/newsoxygen.php4 (530 words)

	JAIC , Volume 39, Number 1, Article 5 (pp. to )
		The atomic oxygen reaction is confined to the surface because the oxygen atoms have a high reactivity, usually reacting with what is directly in their path on either first or second contact.
		Atomic oxygen is of interest for cleaning paintings because the process is in the gas phase, there is no mechanical contact, and the reaction is confined to the surface, which reduces the risk of damaging the underlying paint or canvas.
		Atomic oxygen treatment has been shown to effectively remove soot and charred varnish from a full-size oil painting and to be able to partially clean a fire-damaged ink drawing on paper.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic39-01-005.html (4585 words)

	Atomic Oxygen
		At 1000K, a typical LEO temperature, the average molecular speed of atomic oxygen is 1.15 km/sec compared to an average speed of a spacecraft relative to the atmosphere of 7.24 km/sec at 400-km altitude in an easterly orbit.
		Atomic oxygen flux was not constant during the mission.
		Thereafter, the combination of increasing solar activity and decreasing altitude caused the atomic oxygen flux to increase rapidly.
	setas-www.larc.nasa.gov /LDEF/ATOMIC_OXYGEN/ao_intro.html (865 words)

	F34. Studies of the kinetics of VB group metals (Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum) Interactions with Atomic and Molecular ...
		Atomic oxygen is the main constituent of Earth atmosphere at altitudes of 200-300 km and it is known to be the main cause for the degradation of the parts of space apparatuses exposed to outer space.
		Reaction rate is proportional to oxygen incident flux in the case of molecular oxygen which allows to introduce the magnitude of the probability of molecular oxygen absorption by tantalum surface (absorbed fraction of incident molecules).
		Enhancement of oxidation in atomic oxygen is due to higher chemisorption probability of oxygen atoms at the surface of oxide film as compared with molecules.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div838/kinet_conf/agenda/f_session/f34/f34.html (1598 words)

	NASA - Destructive Power of Atomic Oxygen Used to Restore Artwork
		Atomic oxygen is an elemental form of oxygen that does not exist in Earth's atmosphere.
		Because atomic oxygen will not react with inorganic oxides, such as most paint pigments, it could be used to restore paintings damaged by soot.
		Atomic oxygen treatment can restore works of art when there is surface char or when there are defacements or contaminants on surfaces on which solvents cannot be used.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/centers/glenn/research/AtomicOxRestoration.html (1231 words)

	Help: Atomic oxygen erosion
		Atomic oxygen has a number density and ram impact energy between the altitudes of 180 km and 650 km that is sufficient to pose a threat to the long term durability of solar arrays and other material surfaces being considered for use on the Space Station [Banks and Rutledge, 1988].
		In the case of carbon, the unreacted atomic oxygen is predominantly ejected in a diffuse or near cosine distribution with an ejection peak shifted slightly in the specular direction.
		Verification of atomic oxygen durability of protected materials or materials with negligible erosion yields can be accomplished by the simpler, less exacting atomic oxygen simulation systems when it is desired to know whether a material is oxidized by atomic oxygen rather than the exact rate at which it is oxidized.
	www.spenvis.oma.be /spenvis/help/background/atmosphere/erosion.html (1923 words)

	THE FINE STRUCTURE EMISSION OF THERMOSPHERIC ATOMIC OXYGEN
		The fine structure emission of thermospheric atomic oxygen at 63 µm wavelength was measured for the first time globally by the CRISTA (Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere) experiment in November 1994.
		Thus, atomic oxygen is responsible directly or indirectly for almost all of the radiative cooling of the lower thermosphere.
		The detailed geographical distribution of the atomic oxygen could not yet be analysed because of comparatively poor signal to noise ratio of the individual data points which requires the respective averaging over appropriate horizontal areas.
	www.crista.uni-wuppertal.de /papers/grossmann/oxygen.html (1872 words)

	C&EN: Latest News - Oxygen Gives New Life To Art
		Using an atomic oxygen treatment originally developed to mimic the upper reaches of the atmosphere, Bruce A. Banks and Sharon K. Miller have cleaned up damaged artwork that was once considered unsalvageable.
		The oxygen radicals converted the carbonaceous soot and char on the paintings’ surfaces into volatile compounds such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
		The researchers got the chance to try the atomic oxygen beam on a famous work of art in 1998 when they were approached by conservators from the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/83/i02/8302oxygen.html (1180 words)

	JAIC , Volume 39, Number 1, Article 5 (pp. to )
		After approximately 14 hours of cleaning in atomic oxygen, the smoke streaks were completely removed from the gesso surface, as shown in figure 1b.
		Because the atomic oxygen reaction is confined to the surface, it will remove binder that is in between and on top of pigment particles but will leave a small amount underneath that loosely attaches the particle to the surface.
		With the proper precautions, atomic oxygen treatment does appear to be a technique with great potential for allowing previously unrestorable art to be salvaged.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic39-01-005_3.html (2066 words)

	Resonance Ltd. - ATOMS
		Oxygen atoms are produced upstream from the exposure chamber by radio frequency dissociation of O2.
		This is comparable to an atomic oxygen flux of roughly 2x10^16 cm^2/sec (equivalent 5 eV atomic flux measured with Kapton dosimeter).
		This light is absorbed by the oxygen atoms in the chamber and the amount of absorption measured by a VUV solar blind diode.
	www.resonance.on.ca /ATOMS.html (541 words)

	Interaction of Tantalum with Diatomic and Atomic Oxygen at Low Pressures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Two sections can be distinguished in the curves: the first corresponds to dissolution of oxygen in tantalum, and the second -- to the growth of oxide scale.
		As the experiments demonstrated, first-order kinetics are observed at the stage of oxygen dissolution in metal, besides, atoms and molecules are absorbed independently, i.e.
		A kinetic model is proposed explaining the results of the experiments at various oxygen pressures and dissociation efficiences, which is based on assumption that tantalum oxidation rate at the stage of oxide scale growth is determined by the reaction of oxygen atoms chemisorbed on Ta surface in accordance with Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism (see Ref.1 for details).
	www.chem.utoronto.ca /~sraspopo/ext_abstract_Ta.html (587 words)

	The Universe Today - Evidence of Atomic Oxygen Challenges Understanding of Venus
		One other feature of the data is that the oxygen is strongest in the center of the disk, and drops away as the data nears the limb.
		On Earth the atomic oxygen is created from carbon dioxide on the dayside and moved around by the ionosphere.
		Maybe the atomic oxygen generation is affected by the solar cycle.
	www.universetoday.com /html/articles/2001-0119a.html (741 words)

	VIS Atomic Spectroscopy
		The level positions schematic for atomic oxygen is shown in Fig.
		The RF is generated by the mentioned vacuum tube powered by a Philips PE 4831 power supplier and it is coupled to the cell by a coil, as shown in Fig.
		The oxygen partial pressure was ~20 mtorr and the optical path length was 26 cm.
	mail.ipcf.cnr.it /lucch/oxygen.html (518 words)

	Optimizing Atomic Oxygen Resistance on Coated Substrates Using TechOptimizer®
		Silicone paint is employed in spaceborne applications to provide resistance to atomic oxygen, which from 100 to 350 miles from the Earth’s surface comprises nearly 90% of the atmosphere.
		Although the use of silicone paints decreases the effects of atomic oxygen on the substrates shielded by it, there are numerous manufacturing variables introduced into the connector system.
		The proposed composite PMM and atomic oxygen protective coating is novel as well as patentable.
	www.triz-journal.com /archives/1998/07/a/index.htm (2582 words)

	A Catalytic Probe Atomic Oxygen Detector
		I worked in the Atomic and Molecular Collisions Lab, which studies collisions of particles which occur in the upper atmosphere.
		My project was to build an atomic oxygen sensor that could be used as a real-time measure of the atomic oxygen flux in the flow system of the scattering experiment.
		The silver oxide catalyzes the recombination of atomic oxygen, heating the probe at a rate of 5.2 eV per pair of oxygen atoms.
	shiro.wustl.edu /research/atomico (357 words)

	Computing Papers on Oxygen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Introduction: The Oxygen initiative implicitly involves a vision of the world where the living space of the user is inhabited by a large number of wireless devices that interact with each other.
		Oxygen Consumption per minute (VO2): This is used to quantify the degree of impairment of the subject.
		Quantitative measurements of growth rate, substrate uptake rate (SUR), and Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were taken in replicate for the wild-type strain and all evolution strains at day 20 of evolution (approximately 300 generations) and at the end of evolution (day 60 or approximately 1,000 generations).
	computing.breinestorm.net /Oxygen (3029 words)

	Oxygen HQ : Atomic Oxygen
		Atomic structure, chemical and physical properties, and table of nuclides.
		Oxygen [O] [8] - Chemical element datasheet - Periodic Table of...
		Oxygen HQ excludes all liability of any kind (including negligence) in respect of any third party information or other material made available on, or which can be accessed using, this Website.
	oxygenhq.com /atomicoxygen/index.php (630 words)

	Enhanced Oxidation of Nickel in Atomic Oxygen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The oxidation of nickel in atomic oxygen has been investigated at the conditions close to those of a low Earth orbit (at an atomic oxyge incident flux of 10
		As regards the dependence of oxidation rate on oxygen pressure, while in diatomic oxygen the parabolic rate constant of nickel oxidation is proportional to P
		A model is proposed explaining these observations, which is based on the assumption that atomic oxygen in the gas phase and oxygen on the NiO surface are close to thermodynamic equilibrium.
	www.chem.utoronto.ca /~sraspopo/abstract_Ni.html (168 words)

	Ozone and Tri-Atomic Oxygen
		Since O3 reverts to Oxygen in less than 35 minutes in atmosphere, and less than 30 minutes n liquids, it cannot be pipelined, bottled, canned or stored.
		Ozone reverts to Oxygen in from 20 to 35 minutes in atmosphere, from 18 to 28 minutes in liquids.
		Placing tri-Atomic Oxygen in the atmosphere of animal and poultry barns eliminates odor-causing elements and pathogens.
	www.nopollute.com /ozone.htm (763 words)

	Atmospheric Source of Atomic Oxygen for Cleaning Paintings
		The use of monatomic oxygen to remove undesired organic materials from the surfaces of paintings was reported in several articles in previous issues of NASA Tech Briefs; namely, "Atomic Oxygen Removes Varnish and Lacquer From Old Paintings" (LEW-16031), Vol.
		In this apparatus, monatomic oxygen is generated in a dc arc in a mixture of oxygen flowing at rate of 0.1 to 0.2 L/min and helium flowing at a rate of 4.3 L/min.
		The arc is blown through the orifice, giving rise to a stream of oxygen ions and charge-exchange neutral oxygen atoms that are propelled about 1 cm downstream from the orifice.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/June01/LEW16971.html (598 words)

	NASA Marshall Space Flight Center - Huntsville, AL:Orbital Atomic Oxygen Simulation Facilities
		Orbital atomic oxygen simulation involves the generation of atomic oxygen.
		By measuring the magnitude of the spectral line intensity, MSFC can calculate a relative figure-of-merit that is proportional to the strength of interaction between the atomic oxygen and the test material.
		MSFCs orbital atomic oxygen simulation facilities provide a robust means for simulating orbital atomic oxygen in a low earth environment.
	www.bmpcoe.org /bestpractices/internal/nasam/nasam_39.html (362 words)

	Atomic Oxygen Reactivity of Metals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The attack is far more vigorous than that due to an equivalent concentration of molecular oxygen.
		To understand the fundamental nature of the problem of metal reactivity with atomic oxygen, a combined approach that includes ground-based experiments, space experiments, and theoretical modeling and calculations is required.
		Plans are underway to expose additional samples in space and then examine the effects of atomic oxygen in the laboratory.
	www.physics.auburn.edu /~condmatt/aoreact.html (197 words)

	Radiation Associated with Atomic Oxygen - Storming Media
		Abstract: First-principles calculations of the absorption coefficients for the free-free transitions in collisions between slow electrons and neutral oxygen atoms have been performed.
		Results have been obtained for wavelengths in the range of 1 to 30 micrometers and temperatures between 5000 and 50000 K. The one-electron Schroedinger-like equation for the unbound electron includes the Coulomb, exchange, and polarization interactions with the oxygen atom.
		A theoretical formulation based on the method of polarized orbitals is used to determine the polarization potential.
	www.stormingmedia.us /40/4087/A408792.html (108 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Satellite and rocket-borne atomic oxygen sensor techniques
		Neutral atomic oxygen (AO)-the dominant atmospheric species at typical low Earth orbit altitudes-is responsible for the erosion, or other degradation, of many satellite materials.
		The study of AO is also of interest to atmospheric physicists because it is involved in many of the chemical reactions occurring naturally in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
		Both these groups rely on atmospheric models for computer-based simulation and prediction of atomic oxygen concentrations.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /21740 (403 words)

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