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Topic: Atonement (Governmental view)

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	Atonement (satisfaction view) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The satisfaction view of the atonement is a doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ and has been traditionally taught in Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed circles.
		Anselm regarded his satisfaction view of the atonement as a distinct improvement over the older ransom theory of the atonement, which he saw as inadequate.
		The Governmental view of the atonement of Hugo Grotius is, historically, a modification of Calvin's view, although it represents in some ways a return to the general nature of Anslem's theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atonement_(Satisfaction_view) (1342 words)

	Atonement - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Some or all of the conditions of atonement may be fulfilled, according to various views, either by the sinner or vicariously on his behalf by some kinsman; or by his family, clan or nation; or by some one else.
		This view, however, leads to a dilemma; if the law of righteousness is simply an expression of the divine will, satisfaction to law is equivalent to propitiation offered to God; if the law has an independent position, the view is inconsistent with pure monotheism.
		There is a tendency to eclectic views embracing the more attractive features of the various theories; and attempts are made to adapt, interpret and qualify the imagery and language of older formulae, in order so to speak, to issue them afresh in new editions, compatible with modern natural science, psychology and historical criticism.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Atonement (2056 words)

	Atonement (governmental view) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The governmental view of the atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ and has been traditionally taught in Arminian circles.
		By contrast, governmental theory holds that Christ's suffering was a real and meaningful substitute for the punishment humans deserve, but it did not consist of Christ receiving the exact punishment due to sinful people.
		Variations of this view have also been espoused in the "New Divinity" school of thought (or "New England Theology") by the followers of the 18th century Calvinist Jonathan Edwards, though it is debated if Edwards approved of this view himself[2][3], and by 19th century revival leader Charles Grandison Finney.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atonement_(Governmental_view) (686 words)

	Atonement
		The word atonement, constructed from at and one, means "to set at one" or "to reconcile." In Christian Theology, atonement denotes the doctrine of the reconciliation of God and man accomplished by the Crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ.
		Atonement, in Christian theology, is the expiation of sin and the propitiation of God by the incarnation, life, sufferings, and death of Jesus Christ; the obedience and death of Christ on behalf of sinners as the ground of redemption; in the narrow sense, the sacrificial work of Christ for sinners.
		The second view is sometimes referred to as "unlimited atonement" or "general redemption" because God did not limit Christ's redemptive death to the elect, but allowed it to be for mankind in general.
	mb-soft.com /believe/text/atonemen.htm (5592 words)

	What are the various theories on the atonement?
		The atonement of Christ, its purpose and what it accomplished is so rich that volumes have been written about it, and this article will simply provide a brief overview of many of the different theories of the atonement that have been propagated at one time or another.
		In looking at the different views or theories of the atonement, we must never lose sight of the fact that any view that does not recognize the sinfulness of man and substitutionary aspect of the atonement is deficient at best and heretical at it’s worse.
		Those that hold this view believe that man is spiritually alive and that Christ’s life and atonement were simply an example of true faith and obedience and should serve as inspiration to men to live a similar life of faith and obedience.
	www.gotquestions.org /atonement-theories.html (1295 words)

	What Is The Meaning of Christ's Death?
		Having a high view of God’s holiness and law, Anselm pictured God as a feudal lord who, to maintain His honor, insists on adequate satisfaction for any encroachment on that honor by His "surfs." Great attention is focused on God’s injured honor, to the neglect of the idea of a penal substitutionary death of Christ.
		The atonement impacted God, but it primarily affected man. Millard Erickson explained that in the Governmental view "the purpose of Christ’s death was not to satisfy the demands of God’s nature so that he might be enabled to do what he otherwise could not have done, namely, forgive sins.
		In the atonement, however, God, through Christ’s vicarious substitutionary death, was able to judge sin once for all, and thus no longer be hindered in His desire to show mercy and forgiveness to those who were unjust (Romans 6:10; 8:3; Hebrews 9:26, 28).
	www.apostolic.net /biblicalstudies/atonement.htm (11136 words)

	SIMMONS- THE DOCTRINE OF THE ATONEMENT
		The view of the atonement that we conceive of as being the correct one recognizes the element of truth in each of the foregoing theories that have received special mention and also combines what are usually termed the commercial and the ethical views; but it goes farther than any of them.
		This is the element of truth in the gradually-extirpated-depravity view of the atonement.
		The atonement of Christ is sufficient because it is absolutely efficacious, and because it effects the salvation of all for whom it was made.
	www.homestead.com /sglblibrary/files/Simmons/SimmonsAtonement.htm (9342 words)

	THE ATONEMENT
		But if a correct philosophy of the atonement is not necessary for the salvation of penitent believers, it is necessary to the salvation of that orthodoxy which produces penitent believers in Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world.
		Such statements give occasion to the liberalists to caricature the orthodox doctrine of the atonement, making the Father the embodiment of unsparing distributive justice, a relentless Shylock demanding his pound of flesh; and the Son, the incarnation of mercy and love, appeasing His personal wrath and making Him willing to be compassionate.
		This view teaches that the atonement was vicarious, originating in the bosom of the Father, who showed His love by the sufferings which wrung His heart in the gift of His only begotten Son.
	homepage.mac.com /craigadams1/HHJohn/Atonem.html (2313 words)

	The various theories as to the meaning of the atonement
		THE GOVERNMENTAL THEORY The governmental theory was conceived by Hugo Grotius, a 17th century Dutch jurist, statesman and theologian.
		This view fails to recognise the substitutionary motif in Christ's death as revealed in Matthew 20:28, 26:28; John 10:14-15; II Corinthians 5:21 and Ephesians 5:25.
		We need the insight that the atonement is a victory over evil, we need the insight that it is the payment of our penalty, and we need the insight that it is the outpouring of love that inspires us to love in return.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/5951/ths506a.html (1908 words)

	Jordan's View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In this view, all people are entirely at the mercy of God, who would be just in condemning all people for their sins but who has chosen to be merciful to some.
		Views of predestination to damnation (the doctrine of reprobation) are less uniform than is the view of predestination to salvation (the doctrine of election) among self-described Calvinists.
		According to the view, people are not by nature inclined to love God with their whole heart, mind, or strength, but rather all are inclined to serve their own interests over those of their neighbor and to reject the rule of God.
	www.jordansview.blogspot.com (3694 words)

	Salvation
		In the Governmental Theory the vicarious sufferings and death of Christ are an atonement for sin as a conditional substitute for punishment, fulfilling, on the obligation of sin, the obligation of justice in moral government.
		The Sacrificial Theory is in agreement with the Governmental Theory in that it avoids the errors of the Penal Substitutionary Theory.
		Salvation does not reside in the accuracy of the view that we take, as long as salvation is trusted to be solely upon the merits of Christ and His atonement.
	www.eternalsecurity.us /Salvation.htm (3912 words)

	Inclusivism and the Atonement An inclusivist interpretation of the atonement that incorporates Richard Swinburne's four ...
		In what follows I will explore the apparent tension between a particular view of the atonement that requires the subjective element of knowledge of the sacrifice and a Christian inclusivist view of religion, where persons are the recipients of salvific grace quite apart from their knowledge of Christ's death on their behalf.
		It would appear that the inclusivist view would not require as a subjective condition knowledge of Christ's death for experiencing the effects of the atonement, since such knowledge would be unavailable to many persons.
		Similarly, Clark Pinnock, who has a more pessimistic view of the efficacy of other religions, places emphasis on believers' faith and moral life, on whether they fear God and pursue righteousness in their behavior.13 Rahner seems unwilling to go quite that far, suggesting that other religions need not be morally perfect.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=1085 (5301 words)

	Objects of Judgments and Mercies: Chapter 5 Morgan on Atonement
		When sin is perpetrated, it seems due to God's moral creatures that he should make manifest his views on the subject, demonstrate his abhorrence of the sinner, and counteract as far as possible his evil influence.
		This view is supported by the fact that a son, recently substituted for a father at his own request, had to persuade the magistrates that he was the real criminal.
		His execution makes atonement, not for him, but for the land, and is an expression of the repentance of the people.
	www.gospeltruth.net /Morgan_atonement/morgan05.htm (2088 words)

	The Meaning of the Atonement
		This view, known as the "Ransom" or "Classic" theory, was taught consistently by nearly all of the Church Fathers, including Augustine.
		Yet another is the Arminian "Rectoral" or "Governmental" theory, most prominent within Wesleyan churches (particularly the Church of the Nazarene).
		While it may not be possible to articulate the "perfect" theory of the Atonement, it should be apparent by now that the Scriptural principles I've laid out along the way reflect various elements of each of the major theories.
	www.auburn.edu /~allenkc/openhse/atonement.html (2512 words)

	The Governmental Theory
		The seeds of this theory are in the teachings of James Arminius, but it was first taught as an Atonement view by one of his students, Hugo Grotius.
		Forsyth also viewed the Atonement as something done for the race, somewhat as Olin Alfred Curtis did in The Christian Faith-and this racial concept can also be incorporated into the Governmental theory.
		Moreover, the Governmental theory incorporates into itself the emphasis on God's love, which is the main point in the Abelardian Moral Influence theory.
	www.bibleviews.com /governmentalgrider.html (1741 words)

	Moral Government Theology
		Currently out of print, this is one of the broadest, yet most readible presentations of the Governmental view of the Atonement written in the 19th Century.
		The Governmental Theory of the Atonement - by John Miley.
		A brief sketch of the main views of the Atonement historically held by the Christian church.
	www.biblical-theology.com /moralgov/index.htm (624 words)

	Atonement - Bruce R. Reichenbach
		Atonement involves four features (though not all are required in every case): repentance, apology, reparations, and penance.
		Objective guilt, which results from objectively wrong actions done with neither knowledge of their wrongness, the intent to do wrong, nor morally culpable negligence, needs no repentance, since the moral norms of the offender remain the same as before the wrongful act was committed.
		By their own faith and practice nonchristians thus express the belief that salvation or liberation is possible, though they do not know or have a mistaken notion of the exact circumstances whereby the merits of Christ's death are made available.
	www.faithandphilosophy.com /onlinearticle/atonement (5687 words)

	I
		The views discussed in this section are heterodox in their understanding of Christ’s work on the cross.
		This view denies the deity and authority of Christ as well as the authority of the Scriptures.
		This view was held by some early church theologians and fathers, such as Origen, the Cappadocian Fathers, etc.
	people.biola.edu /faculty/kevinl/ccsaatonement1.htm (3362 words)

	Concepts and Models of the Atonement
		God is viewed as the ultimate authority who issues decrees of His intent and expectations for man. There are precepts and standards, rules and requirements which explain what He expects.
		Sinful mankind is viewed as dysfunctional humanity, misused and abused by the spiritual source of sin in Satan (I John 3:8).
		The consequence of man's destruction is not to be viewed necessarily as the punitive imposition of God, as ontological connection with the Destroyer.
	www.christinyou.net /pages/atonement.html (8464 words)

	substitutionary atonement
		There are differing views on the atonement of Christ that have been offered throughout the history of the Christian church.
		The problem with this view is that there is no scriptural basis for it.
		In opposition to the above views, CARM's position is the one known as "vicarious atonement." The word "vicarious" means substitute.
	www.carm.org /doctrine/substitionary_atonement.htm (1391 words)

	Reply to Cal Beisner
		He affirmed that God is good by choice and adopted the governmental view of the atonement.
		His views were vigorously debated within the pages of the Methodist Quarterly Review, Although his views were opposed by some prominent Methodists, neither McCabe nor his sympathizers were accused of heresy.
		McCabe and supporters were viewed by their opponents as Christian brothers with whom they disagreed on a point of doctrine.
	www.biblical-theology.com /calvinism/beisrep.htm (1176 words)

	ON THE ATONEMENT by Charles G. Finney
		The philosophical explanation of the reasons and governmental bearings of the atonement, must not be confounded with the fact of an atonement.
		The atonement is a governmental expedient to sustain law without the execution of its penalty on the sinner.
		An atonement, therefore, which should answer as a substitute for the infliction of this penalty, must be of such sort as to show God's regard for both the precept and penalty of his law.
	www.gospeltruth.net /1856OE/560730_the_atonement.htm (3433 words)

	Jesus Creed » Atonement
		Myth #10 is that Arminians adhere to the “governmental theory of atonement.” Most may not know what this theory holds, and most may never have heard that Arminians believe this.
		The death of Christ, in the governmental theory, was non-necessary.
		The strength of this view is two-fold: (1) it embraces the incarnation and (2) it is general and big enough to enfold within it all the ideas connected to substitution, even if those developments (like penal) are not fully developed by the fathers.
	www.jesuscreed.org /?cat=8 (6945 words)

	"The Wrath of God in Relation to the Atonement" by Frederick S. Leahy
		When James Denney avers that the Atonement ‘is a homage paid by Christ to the moral order of the world established and upheld by God; a homage essential to the work of reconciliation..
		Christ’s sufferings, on this view, were an example of what sin deserved, an exhibition of God’s displeasure with sin.
		It is really the old governmental or rectoral theory of Grotius (1583-1645) which sees no enduring of the penalty of the Law and reduces the Cross to little more than a symbol.
	www.the-highway.com /atonement_Leahy.html (1259 words)

	Justification By Faith Or Justification By Faith Alone? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Council of Trent (1547) rejected the Reformers’ view of justification.
		Justification is therefore viewed as an aspect of sanctification.
		This Wesleyan or Arminian view of the atonement sees the satisfaction of only public justice (governmental view) rather than a satisfaction of the wrath of God upon an individual (individual retributive view).
	www.conservativeonline.org /journals/03_08_journal/1999v3n8_id03.htm (7985 words)

	Methodism - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		John Wesley came under the influence of the Moravians and Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, while Whitefield adopted Calvinistic views.
		Consequently, their followers separated, those of Whitefield becoming Calvinistic Methodists.
		Traditionally, Methodism has believed in the Arminian view of free will, via God's prevenient grace, as opposed to predestination.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/m/e/t/Methodism.html (2290 words)

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