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Topic: Atria of the heart

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	The Heart
		The atria are separated from the ventricles by a sheet of tough connective tissue called the fibrous skeleton of the heart.
		The motion of a heart valve is analogous to the motion of the front door of your house.
		In Heart Block, the impulse traveling from the SA node to the AV node is either impeded or, in the most severe case (complete heart block), entirely blocked.
	www.biosbcc.net /doohan/sample/htm/heart.htm (2053 words)

	The Heart Rate mystery
		The interior of the heart is lined by the endocardium that is homologous with the intima of the blood vessels.
		The upper thin walled chambers of the heart, the atria, are separated from the lower, more muscular chambers, the ventricles, by valves that open and close in a coordinated manner to efficiently pump blood to the lungs for gas exchange and to the rest of the body.
		The atria are electrically isolated from the ventricles by connective tissue except for the conductive bundle of His.
	www.getfitla.com /heart.htm (1198 words)

	The Heart and the Circulatory System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The atria (one is called an atrium) are responsible for receiving blood from the veins leading to the heart.
		When the atria end their contraction and the ventricles begin to contract, the blood is forced back against the valves between the atria and the ventricles, causing the valves to close.
		While we jest about broken hearts in romances, or having the heart needed to work hard to win an event, we all know that the heart and the circulatory system are not related to emotions, the soul, or intellect.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/CC/heart_anatomy.html (3207 words)

	* Atria - (Disease): Definition
		Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rhythm irregularity of the heart,...
		The normal heart has two sides, the left and the right, which are separated by a muscular wall called the septum...
		The ventricles are the lower chambers the atria are the upper chambers...
	en.mimi.hu /disease/atria.html (854 words)

	Medical Madness Newsletter: Heart Arrhythmia
		Abnormal pathways between the atria and ventricles cause the electrical signal to arrive at the ventricles too soon and to be transmitted back into the atria.
		The heart is a muscular pump divided into four chambers--two atria located on the top and two ventricles located on the bottom.
		Arrhythmias are identified by where they occur in the heart (atria or ventricles) and by what happens to the heart's rhythm when they occur.
	www.hangtide.com /health/015 (2613 words)

	heart
		Under normal circumstances, the heart contraction cycle begins in the atria then spreads to the ventricles and the two sides of the heart (right and left) beat simultaneously.
		This is caused by the depolarization waves initiated from the SA node and spreading throughout the heart.
		The first deflection, termed the P wave is due to the depolarization of the atria, the large QRS is due to the depolarization of the ventricles and concomitant repolarization of the atria, and the T wave is ventricular repolarization.
	csm.jmu.edu /biology/danie2jc/heart.htm (1607 words)

	Atrial fibrillation Summary
		Heart beats in a normal heart begin after electricity generated in the atria by the sinoatrial node spread through the heart and cause contraction of the heart muscle and pumping of blood.
		Rapid and irregular heart rates may be perceived as palpitations, exercise intolerance, and occasionally produce angina and congestive symptoms of shortness of breath or edema.
		The normal electrical conduction system of the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) of the heart to be propagated to and stimulate the myocardium (muscle of the heart).
	www.bookrags.com /Atrial_fibrillation (3756 words)

	CPCMG - Facts About Arrhythmias / Heart Rhythm Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Heart rates are generally in the 160 to 220 beat per minute range.
		The heart is a muscular pump divided into four chambers: two atria located on the top and two ventricles located on the bottom.
		Heart block is a condition in which the electrical signal cannot travel normally down the special pathways to the ventricles.
	www.cpcmg.com /CPCMG_About_Arrhythmias.htm (1636 words)

	Atrial Fibrillation & Flutter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Atrial Fibrillation (also called AF or A Fib) is a common heart rhythm disorder caused by a problem in the conduction of electrical impulses in the upper chambers, or atria, of the heart.
		According to the Framingham Heart Study, people with A Fib or flutter have a 3 to 5 times greater risk of stroke, especially individuals who are older than 65, have already had a stroke, or have high blood pressure, diabetes or congestive heart failure.
		During an episode of A Fib or AFL, the heart muscle does not contract normally to force open the heart valves that pass blood from the atrium to the ventricle.
	www.naspe-patients.org /patients/heart_disorders/atrial_fibrillation (596 words)

	Heart Rhythm Society News Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A Fib is the most common sustained heart rhythm disorder and increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, both leading causes of death in the United States.
		Atrial fibrillation (also called AF or A Fib) is a common heart rhythm disorder caused by a problem in the conduction of electrical impulses in the upper chambers, or atria, of the heart.
		A Fib and other rapid heartbeats that arise in the atria, or in the juncture between the atria and the lower chambers (ventricles) are called "supraventricular tachycardias." Although A Fib is not life threatening it can lead to other rhythm problems, such as chronic fatigue and congestive heart failure.
	www.hrsonline.org /media/facts_a-fib.asp (1096 words)

	Atrial Fibrillation - Good Health by SETON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Heart valve disease occurs when a heart valve is damaged or narrowed and does not properly control the flow of blood through and out of the heart.
		If atrial fibrillation is causing your heart to pump dangerously fast or your blood pressure to drop dramatically, you will probably be taken to the hospital for treatment to restore your blood pressure and heart rate to normal.
		If the heart cannot be converted to a normal rhythm or does not stay in a normal rhythm, medications are used to control the heart rate and prevent it from becoming dangerously fast.
	www.goodhealth.com /health_a_to_z/health_library/illnesses_and_conditions/atrial_fibrillation (6033 words)

	Anatomy of the Heart
		The heart is a four chambered organ situated in the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity.
		Fibrous Pericardium - This is made of fibrous tissue and it serves to protect the heart, prevents overstretching of the myocardium and anchors the heart in the mediastinum.
		The outer (Parietal) layer is fused to the fibrous pericardium whilst the inner (epicardium) is fused to the myocardium.
	www.nursingtheory.nhs.uk /Cardiac/anatomy.htm (588 words)

	What Is An Arrhythmia? - Heart HealthNews Story - WRC \| Washington
		The heart is a muscular pump divided into four chambers -- two atria located on the top and two ventricles located on the bottom.
		The signal spreads throughout the atria to the area between the atria called the atrioventricular (AV) node.
		Heart block is a condition in which the electrical signal cannot travel normally down the special pathways to the ventricles.
	www.nbc4.com /hearthealth/1920345/detail.html (1001 words)

	Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute Arrhythmias
		The signal for the heart to contract in a synchronized manner is an electrical impulse that begins in the "sinoatrial node" (also called the SA node), which is the body's natural pacemaker.
		Arrhythmias are identified by where they occur in the heart (atria or ventricle) and by what happens to the heart's rhythm when they occur.
		This is due to a loop of electricity in the upper chambers of the heart.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /heartandvascular/programs/electrophysiology/arrhythmias.htm (1331 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Atrial septal defect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The atria are the chambers of the heart that receive blood and the ventricles are the chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart.
		Congestive heart failure is an imbalance in the pumping action of the heart that causes inadequate blood circulation.
		Atrial fibrillation is an abnormal rhythm of the heart caused by the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) working in a very abnormal and disorganized manner.
	www.medfriendly.com /atrialseptaldefect.html (2680 words)

	St.Vincent Heart Center of Indiana - Indianapolis, Indiana
		Abnormal irregular heart rhythm with chaotic generation of electrical signals in the atria of the heart – familiarly called atrial fib.
		A malformation of the heart or the large blood vessels near the heart.
		Surgical procedure used to disrupt the abnormal electrical pathways in the atria of the heart.
	www.theheartcenter.com /heart_terms.cfm (794 words)

	Atrial Fibrillation & Flutter Key Facts
		In atrial fibrillation, the electrical signals that coordinate the muscle of the upper chambers (atria) of the heart become rapid and disorganized, resulting in an irregular heart beat (arrhythmia) often greater than 300 beats per minute.
		The signs and symptoms of AF vary, and may include a sudden flutter of the heart, anxiety, shortness of breath, weakness and difficulty exercising, chest pain, sweating, dizziness or fainting.
		AF sometimes requires treatment with medications, controlled electric shocks to the heart or procedures that destroy the heart tissue that gives rise to the irregular heart rhythm.
	www.hrspatients.org /patients/heart_disorders/atrial_fibrillation/key_facts.asp (295 words)

	Heart Arrhythmia - Rhythm Disorders
		To quickly restore a heart to its normal rhythm, the doctor may apply an electrical shock to the chest wall.
		After locating the heart tissue that is causing the arrhythmia, the tissue is altered or removed so that it will not produce the arrhythmia.
		If heart disease is not causing the arrhythmia, the doctor may suggest that you avoid what is causing it.
	catalog.nucleusinc.com /displaymonograph.php?MID=128 (1947 words)

	Open Heart
		Atrial or supraventricular tachycardia is an umbrella term that describes a family of rhythm disorders affecting the upper chambers (atria) of the heart and causing an unnatural acceleration of the heart beat.
		This disorder is characterised by a very fast and uncontrolled firing of electrical signals in the atria; these signals arrive in the ventricles in an irregular fashion, so the heart does not beat regularly.
		Patients suffering from this disorder have abnormal pathways between the atria and the ventricles which allow electrical signals to arrive in the ventricles too soon and to be transmitted back into the atria.
	www.open-heart.net /print.php?sid=102 (919 words)

	Atrial Fib
		Heart disease, such as coronary heart disease or heart failure due to many years of high blood pressure.
		If the medication does not convert the heart to normal rhythm, your health care provider may try electrical cardioversion (while you are sedated).
		If you are less than 60 years old and do not have other heart disease or an artificial valve, your risk for stroke is lower and you may not need to take a blood thinner.
	www.temple.edu /heart/html/atrial_fib.html (774 words)

	6. The Heart
		The heart is located in the chest between the lungs behind the sternum and above the diaphragm.
		In the heart muscle cell, or myocyte, electric activation takes place by means of the same mechanism as in the nerve cell - that is, from the inflow of sodium ions across the cell membrane.
		In real heart muscle, since the action potential duration at the epicardium is actually shorter than at the endocardium, the recovery phase appears to move from epicardium to endocardium, that is, just the opposite to activation (and opposite the direction in the example above).
	butler.cc.tut.fi /~malmivuo/bem/bembook/06/06.htm (2871 words)

	Atrial Fibrillation-Overview
		Atrial fibrillation (say “A-tree-uhl fih-bruh-LAY-shun”) is an irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that starts in the upper parts (atria) of the heart.
		The quivering upsets the normal rhythm between the atria and the lower parts (ventricles) of the heart.
		Heart valve disease, especially diseases of the mitral valve.
	www.webmd.com /heart-disease/tc/Atrial-Fibrillation-Overview (808 words)

	About Arrhythmia
		In patients with heart block, the impulse originating in the sinus node is either delayed or completely interrupted during its journey to the ventricles through the AV node.
		Patients whose heart tissue has become damaged as a result of congenital heart disease or acquired heart disease such as atherosclerosis may also develop disorders of the heart's electrical system.
		There are many types of arrhythmias, identified by where they occur in the heart (atria or ventricles) and by what happens to the heart's rhythm.
	www.med.nyu.edu /heartrhythm/patients/about_arrhythmia.html (1106 words)

	Arrhythmias
		A heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is called bradycardia. Physically active people often have a resting heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute.
		When rapid heart beating starts in the ventricles — called ventricular tachycardia — it can interfere with the heart's ability to pump enough blood to the brain and other vital organs.
		If part of a blood clot in the atria leaves the heart and lodges in an artery in the brain (or leading to it), a stroke results.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=4469 (702 words)

	The heart and children with down syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Congenital heart disease (the presence of a structural heart defect at birth) occurs in 40 - 50% of children with Down syndrome and cardiac abnormalities are probably the most common malformations seen in trisomy 21.
		In its complete form there is a hole (defect) in the wall (septum) between the pumping chambers (ventricles)and a hole in the wall between the receiving chambers (atria) of the heart.
		Children with Down syndrome without anatomic heart disease also are at risk for the development of pulmonary hypertension, which is high blood pressure in the lung arteries.
	www.pirchei.co.il /specl_ed/down/archives/heart.htm (523 words)

	FAQs - Cardiology Associates of Ft. Lauderdale, P.A. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To quickly restore a heart to its normal rhythm, the doctor may apply an electrical shock to the chest wall.
		When an arrhythmia cannot be controlled by other treatments, doctors may perform ablation therapy by inserting catheters into the heart, localizing areas responsible for the arrhythmia, then destroying those areas using radiofrequency waves.
		If heart disease is not causing the arrhythmia, the doctor may suggest that you avoid what is causing it.
	www.cardiology-associates.com /faq/4.html (1940 words)

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