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Topic: Attachment theory

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	Ethological Attachment Theory
		Attachment theorists recognize this aspect and note that it is exactly the concept of sensitive caregiving that forms an effective predictor of the quality of the attachment bond.
		According to attachment theorists, sensitive caregiving implies that regardless of the innate temperament of the infant, whether introverted or extraverted, whether shy or irritable, whether outgoing or confident, the care is adjusted to fit precisely the need of that particular infant.
		Also, ethological attachment theory is generating a tremendous amount of research into child development and related areas, which is extremely valuable for the science of psychology.
	www.personalityresearch.org /papers/pendry.html (4658 words)

	Attachment theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Attachment theory is a psychological theory, or group of theories, about the evolved adaptive tendency to maintain proximity to an attachment figure.
		Attachment theory was later extended to adult romantic relationships by Cindy Hazen and Phillip Shaver.
		Generally attachment style is used by social psychologists interested in romantic attachment, and attachment status by developmental psychologists interested in the individual's state of mind with respect to attachment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Attachment_theory (1888 words)

	UC DAVIS Adult Attachment Lab
		People high on the attachment anxiety dimension reported having sex to reduce insecurity and establish intense closeness; people high on the attachment avoidance dimension reported having sex to impress their peer group, especially if they were having casual, uncommitted sex.
		Attachment style develops in childhood, beginning in infancy, based on the child’s relationship with his or her primary caregiver, and affects an individual’s relationships throughout life.
		The purpose of the questionnaire packet is to determine the attachment styles of long-term singles, the identities and nature of their attachment figures, and the quality of their relationships with their parents.
	psychology.ucdavis.edu /labs/Shaver/projects/current_projects.html (2623 words)

	Attachment Across Cultures - Research Report
		Attachment behaviors is the term used to refer to the actions or signals of infants, such as crying, smiling and vocalizing, which help to bring their caregiver into close proximity.
		The attachment classification found for the Gueissi dyads [2] was similar to the findings in Western studies, with 61% demonstrating secure attachment to their mothers and 54% to other non-maternal caregivers.
		Literature on the study of attachment in the Japanese culture is complicated by the concept of amae (a relationship with emotional dependence on the caregiver akin to an attachment relationship) which is considered similar to the concept of attachment (Doi, 1989; 1992).
	www.attachmentacrosscultures.org /research/index.html (9197 words)

	Zero to Three Journal: Attachment Theory and Research
		Attachment is the term used by John Bowlby (1969, 1982) to describe the affective bond that develops between an infant and a primary caregiver.
		Attachment is a pattern of interaction that develops over time as the infant and caregiver interact, particularly in the context of the infant's needs and bids for attention and comfort.
		A basic tenet of attachment theory is that the infant seeks comfort and reassurance from the caregiver during times of distress and at other times uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.
	www.zerotothree.org /vol20-2.html (4982 words)

	Mothering Magazine Article: Science of Attachment
		Attachment theory is based on the belief that the mother-child bond is the essential and primary force in infant development, and thus forms the basis of coping, negotiation of relationships, and personality development.1 If the mother is absent or unavailable, a primary caregiver serves the mother's role.
		This theory of attachment has served as the underpinning of parenting experts such as William Sears, MD and the entire modern movement now termed "attachment parenting." While not yet mainstream in our Western society, these resources offer important and thoughtful guidance and reassurance to families seeking to parent in a fully conscious and sensitive manner.
		While attachment theory centers on a primary figure, typically the mother, as the bedrock of the child's health and wellbeing, this does not occur in a vacuum, nor to the exclusion of fathers and partners.
	www.mothering.com /articles/new_baby/bonding/science-of-attachment.html (3848 words)

	Close Relationships Questionnaire
		Although John Bowlby's (1969/1982, 1972, 1980) attachment theory was originally designed to explain the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers, Bowlby (1979) believed that attachment is an important component of human experience "from the cradle to the grave" (p.
		When a child perceives an attachment figure to be nearby and responsive, he or she feels safe, secure, and confident and behaves in a generally playful, exploration-oriented, and sociable manner.
		Attachment behavior is "terminated" by conditions indicative of safety, comfort, and security, such as reestablishing proximity to the caregiver.
	www.geocities.com /research93/attach.htm (4033 words)

	Attachment Theory & Psychotherapy
		The type of attachment, or attachment status of the infant toward the caregiver is partly determined by the interaction between the two and partly by the state-of-mind of attachment (vis a vis their own attachment figures) of the caregiver.
		In the case of preoccupied attachment, where anxiety over-runs the client's story in that it becomes convoluted and saturated with anger and disappointment, the therapist's role is to help break the negative cycle of the narrative, manage the affect more effectively and create a story that is balanced and coherent.
		He understands insecure attachment as emotion dysregulation and therefore the goal of psychotherapy is to learn new capacities to manage attachment distress: that psychotherapy is the process of changing neural patterns in the brain, the right brain in particular.
	www.daniel-sonkin.com /attachment_psychotherapy.htm (4936 words)

	The International Attachment Network
		Dollard and Miller proposed another, quite similar, theory, arguing that attachment arose in consequence of the infant's experience of being cared for physically: in their view, attachments occurred because the infant first associated being physically cared for with pleasurable experiences and, secondarily, associated the person caring for them as important and rewarding.
		At this time, separation from key attachment figures causes most infants considerable distress and it is not until the child is about three that he or she can begin to tolerate separation and keep alive a sense that the caregiver, though absent, is still available.
		Some adherents of the "Attachment Parenting" movement have very strong beliefs about how parenting should be done, for example, they think that skin-to-skin contact is essential for good attachment relationships to form, or that parents should behave in particular ways towards their children or that day care is bad for children.
	www.attachmentnetwork.org /questions.html (2006 words)

	ISIPT -International Society for Interpersonal Psychotherapy - IPT and Attachment Theory
		In Attachment Theory the relationship is regarded as the primary focus of psychic functioning.
		Attachment is regarded as a biological drive that forms a cybernetic system (whereby changes in attachment status eg separation bring about changes at the levels of intrapsychic functioning).
		Bowlby advanced the idea of "inner working models" in so far as patterns of attachment that developed in childhood as a result of early handling in infancy and later childhood tend to persist, but are not fixed.
	www.interpersonalpsychotherapy.org /attachment.htm (662 words)

	WHAT ATTACHMENT PARENTING IS —THE 7 BABY B'S
		Attachment parenting is a style of caring for your infant that brings out the best in the baby and the best in the parents.
		Attachment parenting teaches you how to be discerning of advice, especially those rigid and extreme parenting styles that teach you to watch a clock or a schedule instead of your baby; you know, the cry-it-out crowd.
		Attachment parenting implies first opening your mind and heart to the individual needs of your baby, and eventually you will develop the wisdom on how to make on-the-spot decisions on what works best for both you and your baby.
	www.askdrsears.com /html/10/T130300.asp (1259 words)

	Loneliness and Attachment
		Attachment theory suggests that the type of deprivation experienced by lonely individuals is one of an objective absence of an attachment figure rather than a subjective perceptual discrepancy.
		According to attachment theory, loneliness is as a result of a deficiency in the necessary attachment figure and is experienced as separation distress.
		Attachment theory provided useful insight by suggesting that loneliness results out of a social need, is experienced as separation distress and can become chronic through maladaptive working models.
	www.webofloneliness.com /publications/critical/loneliness_and_attachment.htm (1702 words)

	Great Ideas in Personality--Attachment Theory
		Attachment theory is meant to describe and explain people's enduring patterns of relationships from birth to death.
		Attachment theory provides not only a framework for understanding emotional reactions in infants, but also a framework for understanding love, loneliness, and grief in adults.
		Attachment styles in adults are thought to stem directly from the working models (or mental models) of oneself and others that were developed during infancy and childhood.
	www.personalityresearch.org /attachment.html (1082 words)

	Outline of the Theory of Attachment.
		Bowlby's Attachment Theory advances a multidisciplinary stance in which psychoanalysis is integrated with ethology and sociobiology, psychobiology, the cybernetic theory of control systems and modern structural approach to cognitive development.
		Thus attachment behaviour is held to be a kind of social behaviour tantamount to that of mating or parental behaviour and is deemed to have a function specific to itself.
		One of the most important functions of the attachment behavioural system is to intervene in the baby's excursions into the environment, in response to a variety of potentially dangerous events, thereby deactivating the exploratory system and activating the attachment system thus seeking proximity to his mother.
	attachment.edu.ar /outline.html (8168 words)

	University of Leeds - Book Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bowlby's Attachment Theory is one of the major theoretical developments in psychoanalysis this half-century.
		In the three sections of the book the author first examines the origins of Bowlby's ideas, the discovery of Attachment Theory which brings together the principles of psychoanalysis and of ethology, and also a discussion of `maternal deprivation' and its critics, both feminist and experimental.
		The second section is an exposition of Attachment Theory looking at the processes of attachment itself, and loss, and recent experimental evidence linking secure attachment in infancy with the development of `autobiographical competence' is reviewed.
	leeds.etailer.dpsl.net /Home/html/moreinfo.asp?isbn=0203136802 (505 words)

	A Brief Overview of Adult Attachment Theory and Research \| R. Chris Fraley
		Research on adult attachment is guided by the assumption that the same motivational system that gives rise to the close emotional bond between parents and their children is responsible for the bond that develops between adults in emotionally intimate relationships.
		The theory of attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby (1907 - 1990), a British psychoanalyst who was attempting to understand the intense distress experienced by infants who had been separated from their parents.
		Perhaps the most provocative and controversial implication of adult attachment theory is that a person's attachment style as an adult is shaped by his or her interactions with parental attachment figures.
	www.psych.uiuc.edu /~rcfraley/attachment.htm (3816 words)

	Attachment
		Her analysis of attachment theory and friendship suggests that working models provide a mechanism of continuity from early childhood through to early adulthood.
		From this brief outline of attachment theory, several concepts are useful in their application to loneliness.
		Finally, attachment theory is applicable not only to infants, but also to adults as well.
	www.webofloneliness.com /publications/critical/attachment.htm (1597 words)

	Early Report, Spring 1996
		This type of attachment is not to be interpreted in the most specific way that we address the parenting relationship, but it does remind us that reliability and an attitude of patience and willingness to teach is crucial.
		Attachment theory offers a template for those who haven't been able to `learn' with their senses through early experience during infancy, and so must learn slowly and with some pain and anxiety.
		Furthermore, the child who is experiencing a satisfactory attachment relationship with her caregiver may be more likely to explore the surrounding environment, guided by a sense of trust that her caregiver will be there, acting as a secure base.
	education.umn.edu /ceed/publications/earlyreport/spring96.htm (3372 words)

	Controversial Aspects of Bowlby's Attachment Theory
		But this is exactly what the "new generation" of Attachment Theorists is encouraging throughout the United States: they rely exclusively on reports, self-reports: they interview a mother-to-be, or for that matter, anybody else, and ask her about her relationship with her mother.
		From her responses and the way they are made, they infer the kind of early attachment the adult must have had with her own real mother, as they are convinced patterns of attachment endure unalterably throughout life.
		On page 25 of Attachment and Loss: Attachment, he says that psychoanalysts regard direct observation of behaviour as superficial and that it contrasts sharply with what is the almost direct access to physical functioning that obtains during analysis.
	attachment.edu.ar /controversy.html (2523 words)

	© POL.it 1999 PSICOTERAPIE / DOCUMENTO
		Andhe goes on: "Psychoanalytic theory is an attempt to explain the functioningpersonality, in both its healthy and its pathological aspects, in termsof ontogenesis.
		On page 25 of Attachment and Loss: Attachment, hesays that psychoanalysts regard direct observation of behaviour as superficialand that it contrasts sharply with what is the almost direct access tophysical functioning that obtains during analysis.
		Onpage 34 of Attachment I, Bowlby continues: " Since the theories that Freudadvanced regarding drive and instinct are at the heart of psychoanalyticmetapsychology, whenever an analyst departs from them it is apt to causebewilderment and consternation." The work of Rapaport and Gill (1959) providesa useful point of reference.
	www.psychiatryonline.it /ital/bowlby.htm (2249 words)

	Seminar: Adult Attachment: Theory, Resesearch, and Current Controversies
		The theory has gained in popularity largely because it addresses a wide range of issues of interest to psychologists, including the evolution and development of intimate relationships; the defensive regulation of thought, feeling, and action; the role of mental representations in interpersonal behavior; and the processes promoting mental health.
		Moreover, the theory is intellectually compelling because it draws upon data and insights from a range of perspectives, including developmental, social, personality, cybernetic, evolutionary, and psychoanalytic.
		The objective of this seminar is to review the developments in adult attachment theory and research over the last two decades and to discuss important contemporary controversies and debates in the field.
	www.uic.edu /classes/psych/psych518/fraley (2264 words)

	Attachment Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		John Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980) is one of the major proponents of attachment theory.
		Attachment is an indicator of the quality of care received by the infant.
		The strength and quality of the infant's and toddler's attachment to the caretaker is formally assessed by observing the way the child reacts when separated from the caretaker.
	www.unm.edu /~jka/courses/archive/attach.html (580 words)

	Introduction
		There will be special emphasis on the period of adolescence and adulthood in the attachment theory section, and on the adolescent period in the systems theory section.
		The second section utilizes attachment theory as a theoretical foundation within which to explain possible developmental origins of loneliness.
		This distinction between two types of deprivation suggest alternative theories about whether loneliness can be described as an actual need that exists because of the absence of required relationships (emotional loneliness) or a cognitive discrepancy between desired and achieved patterns of social relations (social loneliness).
	www.webofloneliness.com /publications/critical/introduction.htm (946 words)

	Attachment Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After 1 year, and according to a parental report attachment survey, late adoptees were found to be the most insecure.
		Using the parental report attachment survey the attachment behaviour of late adoptees was reported to be similar to those of the early adoptees and the control group.
		Chisholm (1998) reported that the late adoptees were most likely to show atypical attachment patterns similar to maltreated infants and children “…that some researchers have suggested are risk factors in the development of psychopathology.” (p.
	www.artsci.gmcc.ab.ca /people/easterbrookm/index/notes3_105_1.htm (1283 words)

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