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Topic: Attogram

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	Cornell News: Attogram mass detection
		An attogram is one-thousandth of a femtogram, which is one-thousandth of a picogram, which is one-thousandth of a nanogram, which is a billionth of a gram.
		The dots then were exposed to a sulfur-based organic chemical that naturally binds to gold, which formed a single layer of a few hundred molecules on the surfaces of the dots.
		The sensitivity is such that the devices could be used to detect and identify DNA molecules, proteins and other biological molecules by coating the cantilevers with appropriate antibodies or other materials that would bind to the targets.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/April04/attograms.ws.html (936 words)

	IAU Coll. 168: Abstract of Author (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The in situ measurements using the PIA and PUMA dust analyzers have revealed the unexpectedly high number densities of very small dust particles near Comet Halley (Utterback and Kissel, 1990) corresponding to a few percent of the total dust loss from Halley during its entire apparition.
		Such a high abundance of the attogram dust is inconsistent with its purely collisional origin.
		The authors attempt to explain some possible mechanism for the attogram dust formation in cometary nuclei due to specific irradiation processing of their material at different evolution stages.
	www.ss.astro.umd.edu /IAU/colloq168/abstracts/vasilyev.shtml (303 words)

	X-Rays in Four Comets
		Attogram particles discovered by Utterback and Kissel (1990) with particle impact analyzers during the Vega and Giotto flybys of comet Halley, may be very efficient scatterers of solar X-rays.
		The offset is related to asymmetric outflow into the sunward hemisphere, and to dust velocity, to the effects of solar radiation pressure on dust, and to charging of very small dust particles and removal by electromagnetic forces.
		Table 3 shows that attogram dust fails to explain the observed offset in d'Arrest, although it is consistent with the offset seen for Hale-Bopp.
	ecf.hq.eso.org /~ralbrech/novdec97apjl/975680.html (2536 words)

	Mass detection enters attogram regime [Archive] - Advanced Physics Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The team was able to monitor this change by measuring laser light reflected off the wafer, which then allowed the mass of the particle to be calculated.
		Using this technique, the physicists were able to \andquot;weigh\andquot; small gold dots, and coatings of molecules on the dots, with masses in the attogram range (see figure).
		The Cornell researchers predict that their cantilever will be able to measure masses as small as 0.39 attograms.
	www.advancedphysics.org /forum/archive/index.php/t-389.html (357 words)

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	Print the story
		A Dalton, also known as an atomic mass unit, is roughly the mass of a single proton or neutron.
		In relation to other units of mass, a Dalton is one-thousandth of a zeptogram, which is one-thousandth of an attogram, which is one-thousandth of a femtogram, which is one-thousandth of a picogram, which is one-thousandth of a nanogram, which is a billionth of a gram.
		While DNA molecules are fairly large, as molecules go, they are still a step smaller than most viruses, which consist of a DNA core surrounded by a protein coat.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=4166 (961 words)

	detecting the mass of DNA molecules
		From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule
		Optical microscope photo shows (a) arrays of cantilevers of varying lengths, (b) a zoomed-in scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of several cantilevers and (c) an oblique angle SEM image of a single 90nm thick silicon nitride cantilever with a 40 nm circular gold aperture centered 300 nm away from the free end.
		The frequency is measured by shining another laser on the oscillator and noting interference patterns in the reflected light.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/May05/DNAcount.ws.html (990 words)

	Scientists weigh tiny bacterium - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		An attogram is one-thousandth of a femtogram, or a thousandth, millionth, billionth of a gram.
		Their submicroscopic devices, whose size is measured in nanometres (the width of three silicon atoms), are called nanoelectromechanical systems, or Nems.
		The attogram precision is important to weigh objects smaller than cells.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=14612 (385 words)

	Minwoo's Right Brain Archive: Attometer
		Small-scale physics Story of scientists who measured attometer (that's 1-billionth of nanometer or 1/100,000,000,000,000,000 meter) and attogram when trying to measure the energy of an electron and weight of virus.
		Story of scientists who measured attometer (that's 1-billionth of nanometer or 1/100,000,000,000,000,000 meter) and attogram when trying to measure the energy of an electron and weight of virus.
		"By refining the system further, he expects to be able to weigh a zeptogram—a thousandth of an attogram.
	www.csua.berkeley.edu /~minwoo/archives/000519.html (126 words)

	APS - 2005 APS March Meeting - Event - Attogram detection using nanoelectromechanical oscillators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because the devices have very small mass, added mass of less than an attogram produces a readily observed shift in the resonant frequencies.
		For these experiments arrays of resonant devices of various geometries, made primarily from silicon-based materials, were fabricated by electron beam lithography, photolithography or other techniques.
		In this talk we will describe the design, fabrication, mechanical response and use of these devise as specific mass detectors.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/MAR05/Event/21538 (188 words)

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	wholeapproachforums.com /eve/ubb.x/a/tpc/f/131609395/m/1021018391/xsl/print_topic (671 words)

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	World’s most sensitive scales weigh a zeptogram - mech-tech - 30 March 2005 - New Scientist
		When atoms or molecules are placed on its surface, they weigh it down, lower the vibration frequency and change the voltage.
		Roukes also improved the precision of the amplifiers and transducers that measure the voltage.
		Current protein chips and mass spectrometers are much less sensitive “so you get a mish-mash of information as you have to average across large groups of cells,” he says.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7208 (575 words)

	NEMS resonators
		Despite its exquisite sensitivity, mass spectroscopy in its various forms utilizes expensive and complicated instrumentation with a significant "footprint" on the lab bench.
		Essentially a miniature "diving board," the cantilever oscillates at a defined resonate frequency.
		The dot is a test mass for studying how the cantilever can be used to measure the masses of tiny particles, including viruses, with attogram precision (image credit:
	www.ibi.cc /nems_resonators.htm (413 words)

	overpowering stench from BMs quite noticeable in public - HealingWell.com Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
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	www.healingwell.com /community/default.aspx?f=26&m=226633&p=1&ord=d (9882 words)

	Physics News Update
		Attogram mass detection has been achieved by Harold Craighead and his colleagues at Cornell, with prospects of exquisite detection of very tiny chemical and biological species, possibly with arrays of detectors.
		They did this by coating their with a specific antibody and therefore could bind and detect the added mass only of the corresponding antigen.)
		The mass sensitivity with the present cantilever (4 microns long, 500 nm wide, and at room temperature) is expected to be 0.39 attogram and will only get better as the size of the cantilever is reduced further, extending the sensitivity well into the zeptogram (10
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2004/split/673-2.html (311 words)

	Weighing an Attogram
		Researchers at Cornell University have reached a new level of precision by measuring objects with a mass of less than an attogram (10
		This level of sensitivity exceeds by several orders of magnitude the one reached last year when scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab.
		It's as if a particle with a mass of a billionth of a billionth of a gram stepped onto a diving board whose springiness was observed by reflected light.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/categories/sidebars/2004/02/25.html (232 words)

	X-Rays in Hale-Bopp and Other Comets: Theory and Observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Four processes have been suggested as basic excitation mechanisms: charge transfer of solar wind heavy ions, (2) scattering of the solar X-rays by very small (attogram) dust particles, (3) line radiation from the cometary plasma (Bingham et al.
		Correlations of X-ray emissions observed with EUVE in four comets with gas and dust production rates as well as the brightness maxima and their offsets from the nuclei, favor charge transfer as the dominant process.
		However, this does not preclude a significant contribution of attogram dust scattering in very dusty comets like Hale-Bopp.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v29n5/aas191/abs/S033001.html (265 words)

	UPS: UPS CANADA HELPS BUSINESSES MAKE QUANTUM LEAP IN CUSTOMER SERVICE
		Attogram Corporation, a Canadian manufacturer of wellness products, made a "quantum leap" in improving delivery service and management for its U.S. based customers.
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	www.ups.com /content/ca/en/about/news/07_12_2004.html (589 words)

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	Structural Elucidation of Microporous and Mesoporous Catalysts and Molecular Sieves by High-Resolution Electron ...
		With continued improvements in instrumental development, encompassing higher accelerating voltages, better objective lenses and vacua, computational advances, and the arrival of slow-scan CCD detectors, electron crystallographic methods and HRTEM imaging now enable the ab initio three-dimensional structures of micro- and mesoporous solids, with their occluded structure-directing organic species, to be determined.
		High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy using subnanometric probes provides supplementary structural and ultramicro analytical information and electron spectroscopic imaging (at the attogram level).
		In its high-angle annular dark-field mode, it is capable of locating and determining the composition of individual nanoparticle catalysts (consisting of just a few atoms) supported on porous hosts.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/achre4/2001/34/i07/abs/ar970352j.html (247 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A system of tiny gears can not only assemble itself but can be reconfigured to meet new requirements.
		An oscillating cantilever setup can be used to measure a particle's mass with attogram precision.
		Micro-origami may soon speed and simplify the manufacture of tiny microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices.
	pasiranphoto.250free.com /nano.html (1370 words)

	IACS
		Correlation of the X-ray luminosities with the gas production rates favors charge transfer from the solar-wind heavy ions as an excitation mechanism.
		However, the EUVE observations of Hale-Bopp, its nondetection with the ROSAT, and its high X-ray luminosity observed with the BeppoSAX require a substantial contribution from the attogram dust scattering of the solar X-rays.
		To study thermal structure and hydrodynamic escape in Pluto's upper atmosphere, Krasnopolsky suggested two limiting models of Pluto's atmosphere.
	iacs.cua.edu /plcoms.cfm (1293 words)

	Guinness record for Craighead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ITHACA, N.Y. -- Harold Craighead, professor of applied and engineering physics, and research assistant Rob Ilic have their research featured in the 2006 edition of "The Guinness Book of World Records."
		In its Science and Technology section, the book cites the "Lightest Object Weighed:" a mass of 6.3 attograms.
		The entry is based on research reported in the Journal of Applied Physics in April 2004 (and profiled in the April 15, 2004, Cornell Chronicle), in which the researchers used changes in the vibration of a nanoscale oscillator to detect the mass of a single E-coli bacterium.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/Oct05/Notable.attograms.ws.html (144 words)

	Nanodot: Nanotechnology News and Discussion » Blog Archive » An attogram of DNA to go please…
		Nanodot: Nanotechnology News and Discussion » Blog Archive » An attogram of DNA to go please…
		Posted by Robert Bradbury: Cornell scientists, headed by Harold Craighead, and researchers at Tel Aviv University have a forthcoming paper in Nano Letters regarding the use of nanoscale cantilever oscillators to detect the presence of single DNA molecules weighing ~1 attogram (~995,000 Daltons).
		Uses may include detecting bacteria or viruses of specific masses as well as eventually small molecules.
	www.foresight.org /nanodot/?p=1927 (243 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6439267 - Attogram dust cloud a million kilometers from Comet Halley
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Attogram dust cloud a million kilometers from Comet Halley
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6439267&query_id=0 (166 words)

	Nano News - Counting DNA Molecules with Nanocantilevers
		This device was also capable of counting the number of DNA molecules bound to a single 90 nanometer-thick silicon nitride cantilever.
		The group, led by Harold Craighead, Ph.D., of Cornell University, determined that they can accurately determine when a molecule with mass of about 0.23 attograms (1 attogram = 10
		To achieve maximum sensitivity, the investigators placed nanoscale gold dots at the very ends of the cantilevers.
	nano.cancer.gov /news_center/nanotech_news_2005-06-06e.asp (317 words)

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	net127 » Attogram Mass Detection
		Phil Schewe, James Riordon, and Ben Stein, Physics News Update 673 #2, write:
		With their lithographically fabricated nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) device, the Cornell researchers can measure the mass of a particle with a sensitivity of 10-18 grams, far exceeding the precision of a comparable device with femtogram (10-15 g) sensitivity reported last year (Update 634-2).
		The mass sensitivity with the present cantilever (4 microns long, 500 nm wide, and at room temperature) is expected to be 0.39 attogram and will only get better as the size of the cantilever is reduced further, extending the sensitivity well into the zeptogram (10-21 g) range.
	net127.com /2004/04/15/attogram-mass-detection (370 words)

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