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Topic: Attosecond

	Attosecond pulse generation and detection
		The difficulty arises from the fact that, in contrast to femtosecond, the attosecond pulses are necessarily in the UV-XUV spectral range, they are orders of magnitude weaker and spectrally much broader.
		In this case, a beam splitting interferometer using a free-standing transmission grating, adapted for operation in the 10 - 100 nm spectral region is ideally suited for the temporal characterization of attosecond pulses.
		Further, solving the Time Dependent Schrödinger Equation for He in a coherent polychromatic field, the He+ ion yield was calculated as a function of the total XUV intensity and found to be in reasonable agreement with its measured value.
	www.mpq.mpg.de /lpg/research/attoseconds/attosecond.html (1202 words)

	KITP - Attosecond Science Workshop
		Attosecond science is a main "spin-off" of strong field (i.e., intense laser) physics, in which nonperturbative effects are fundamental.
		These attosecond pulses open up new avenues for time-domain studies of multi-electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, plasmas, and solids on their natural, quantum mechanical time scale and at dimensions shorter than molecular and even atomic dimensions.
		A major role for theory in attosecond science is to elucidate novel ways to investigate and to control electronic and other processes in matter on attosecond time scales.
	www.kitp.ucsb.edu /activities/auto2/?id=333 (311 words)

	Physics News Update
		The reported pulses, lasting approximately 650 attoseconds (as) and residing in the soft x-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum, subsequently provided attosecond-scale measurements of a physical phenomenon (specifically, the detachment of an electron from an atom by an x-ray photon).
		But attosecond pulses are better equipped to capture the even speedier motions of electrons within atoms.
		Henry Kapteyn of JILA/University of Colorado (303-492-8198, kapteyn@jila.colorado.edu), a member of a competing group, claims that the evidence is ambiguous as to whether the collaboration detected isolated attosecond pulses or trains of attosecond pulses.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2001/split/567-1.html (655 words)

	Science Beat:The Flash Dance of Attosecond X-Rays
		An attosecond is one billionth of a billionth of a second, and there are more attoseconds in a minute than there have been minutes in the history of the universe.
		With a flash of light to stimulate an electron and attosecond x-ray flashes to follow its activities, scientists could directly observe such phenomena as an atom becoming ionized, or the bonding of two or more atoms into molecules.
		We use femtosecond pulses of light from an optical laser" — a femtosecond is one quadrillionth of a second — "to produce energy modulations in an electron beam.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/sb/July-2004/5_attosecond.html (872 words)

	Imperial College London - Faster than ever seen before - speeding electrons will be snapped by new UK attosecond ...
		One attosecond is one billion-billionth of a second, and an electron orbits a hydrogen atom in just 24 attoseconds, or 24 billion-billionths of a second.
		Currently the shortest measured laser pulse is around 4 femtoseconds (4000 attoseconds) and the shortest light pulses measured are around 600 attoseconds.
		The planned length of the pulses in the UK attosecond system, generated using a technique known as high harmonic generation, will be about 200 attoseconds.
	www.ic.ac.uk /P3869.htm (775 words)

	Time & Frequency and Photonics
		Given these advances, it is reasonable to anticipate future NMS requirements for measurements at the attosecond timescale.
		However, a necessary prerequisite for the efficient generation and accurate characterisation of attosecond pulses is the development of techniques for pulse manipulation and traceable measurement at femtosecond timescales.
		This is of particular relevance to anticipated future phases of the project, in which the techniques developed during Phase 1 would be extended into the attosecond regime.
	www.npl.co.uk /quantum/programme/tfp/attosecond_metrology.html (417 words)

	Here Comes the Attosecond
		They aimed an attosecond pulse and a longer pulse of red light into a gas of krypton atoms.
		The attosecond pulse excited the krypton atoms, kicking electrons free; then the red-light pulse hit the electrons and took a reading of their energy.
		Here is an illustration showing the attosecond pulse generation and detection, from the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics.
	www.primidi.com /2003/06/11.html (399 words)

	Attosecond pump-probe proposed to explore the dance of electrons
		LOS ALAMOS, N.M., Feb. 27, 2006 -Electrons in atoms move in a choreographed motion on a time scale of attoseconds (one quintillionth, or one billionth of a billionth of a second).
		The attosecond pump-probe technique described in our paper could provide a substantial advance in the rapidly developing field of "attosecond science" and could aid physicists, chemists and biologists in examining and manipulating ultrafast motions of electrons in atoms, molecules, clusters and even nanostructures."
		Using attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet radiation, Hu and Collins believe it may be possible to capture the even faster motion of electrons within atoms and molecules.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-02/danl-app022706.php (402 words)

	Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL): Attosecond pump-probe proposed to explore the dance of electrons
		LOS ALAMOS, N.M., February 27, 2006 -- Electrons in atoms move in a choreographed motion on a time scale of attoseconds (one quintillionth, or one billionth of a billionth of a second).
		Based on existing femtosecond (quadrillionths of a second) devices that use ultrashort laser pulses to capture the motion of atoms in molecules, an attosecond pump-probe would use extreme ultraviolet pulses to capture the motion of electrons in atoms.
		Working much like a strobe light that helps capture stop-action photographs of a falling drop of water, a current generation of femtosecond probes use laser pulses to capture the fast motion of atoms during chemical reactions.
	www.lanl.gov /news/index.php/fuseaction/home.story/story_id/7976 (439 words)

	CUOS: Attosecond Research Group
		Regime (where optical pulse energy is focused to a volume of a few cubic wavelengths) has initiated research into new possibilities and applications of light at its extreme limit of concentration.
		A very natural scheme for generation of isolated attosecond pulses was discovered in 2003.
		regime, we have also discovered that attosecond electron bunches as well can be generated under similar conditions.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /CUOS/attosecond (200 words)

	Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain : Nature
		Dynamical processes are commonly investigated using laser pump−probe experiments, with a pump pulse exciting the system of interest and a second probe pulse tracking its temporal evolution as a function of the delay between the pulses
		But attosecond pulses can only be realized in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regime; in contrast, the optical laser pulses typically used for experiments on complex systems last several femtoseconds (1 fs = 10
		, into the attosecond regime by focusing on short-lived holes with initial and final states in the same electronic shell.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature03833 (349 words)

	Physikzentrum Bad Honnef :: Tagungsprogramm
		Understanding attosecond physics requires learning about techniques and phenomena, that are usually not (yet) mediated in university physics education.
		It is the intention of this summer school to assemble a curriculum of tutorial lectures, where distinguished scientists representing different aspects of the field mediate key knowledge in attosecond science.
		The school aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the subject ranging from the necessary theoretical background over the latest technological developments to the most recent scientific applications.
	www.pbh.de /en/aktuelles/S107.html (227 words)

	Attosecond Technology
		Welcome to the website for the RCUK funded Attosecond Technology project.
		The project aims to generate, diagnose and use isolated attosecond duration light pulses in new types of experiments to probe atomic and molecular systems on the attosecond timescale - with an emphasis on the development of the technology required to achieve these goals.
		This website is intended to provide information about the aims and progress of the various parts of the project.
	www.attosecond.org (162 words)

	Attosecond -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		An attosecond is an (A tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors) SI unit of time equal to 10
		The word attosecond is formed by the (An affix that added in front of the word) prefix atto and the (An organization regarded as part of a larger social group) unit second.
		(Click link for more info and facts about 1 E-18 s) 1 E-18 s for a list of times on the order of 1-10 attoseconds
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/at/attosecond.htm (120 words)

	››› buch.de - bücher - versandkostenfrei - Thermal Processes using Attosecond Laser Pulses. ...
		This book contains a study of the thermal processes initiated by attosecond laser pulses.
		Considering the existence of the experimental evidence for the trains of the attosecond laser pulses, we developed the theoretical framework for attophysics, i.e.
		physics of phenomena with time duration in the attosecond domain.
	www.buch.de /buch/11327/082_thermal_processes_using_attosecond_laser_pulses__springer_series_in_optical_sciences__band_121.html (266 words)

	Direct observation of attosecond light bunching : Abstract : Nature
		To date, all methods for the quantitative investigation of attosecond light localization
		Here we report the direct determination of the temporal characteristics of pulses in the subfemtosecond regime, by measuring the second-order autocorrelation trace of a train of attosecond pulses.
		The method exhibits distinct capabilities for the characterization and utilization of attosecond pulses for a host of applications in attoscience.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature02091 (278 words)

	Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses -- Sansone et al. 314 (5798): 443 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses -- Sansone et al.
		of the generated pulses for as low as 130 attoseconds, corresponding
		attosecond pulses rather than by their intensity profile.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/314/5798/443 (309 words)

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