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Topic: Auditory nerve

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	Auditory Nerve Definition
		The auditory nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries hearing information between the cochlea the brain.
		Usually, hearing loss that is called "sensorineural" or "nerve deafness" is actually caused by problems with the cochlea, instead of the actual auditory nerve, but a very small percentage of hearing loss is caused by problems with the nerve, itself...
		The auditory nerve and the vestibular nerve, which carries balance information from the semicircular canals to the brain, join together as they pass through the bony canals of your skull.
	www.nchearingloss.org /audnerve.htm (316 words)

	Vestibulocochlear nerve -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve (Any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem) cranial nerves, and also known as the auditory nerve.
		It consists of the cochlear nerve, carrying information about ((law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence) hearing, and the vestibular nerve, carrying information about (A scale for weighing; depends on pull of gravity) balance.
		Axons of the cochlear nerve (The junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle) synapse in the cochlear nucleus.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/ve/vestibulocochlear_nerve.htm (463 words)

	Auditory Nerve Tumors: Middle and Inner Ear Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		An auditory nerve tumor (acoustic neuroma, acoustic neurinoma, vestibular schwannoma, eighth nerve tumor) is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that originates in the cells that wrap around the auditory nerve (Schwann cells).
		Auditory nerve tumors usually grow from the vestibular (balance) nerve.
		For example, herpes zoster of the ear may affect the facial nerve as well as the auditory nerve.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec19/ch220/ch220l.html (242 words)

	Untitled Document
		The nerve fibers that origi nate at the base of the hair cells collectively form the auditory nerve, and the junction between the hair cell and an individual neuron is called a synapse.
		Nerve responses that follow the period of the stimulus are described as using the "Periodicity Principle" of frequency analysis.
		It is obvious that the nerve discharges occur in synchrony with the stimulus waveform, and the period of the stimulus is represented in the period of the action potential discharges.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~aafisher/hearingtext.html (3809 words)

	Chap VI
		Because these auditory nerve fibers each innervate a single inner hair cell, and because the basilar membrane is itself tonotopically organized in a mechanical sense, the characteristic frequency of a nerve fiber is directly related to a location (or a 'place') along the basilar membrane.
		A population of auditory nerve fibers, all phase-locking to the same stimulus, represent in their combined discharge pattern the complete temporal representation of the stimulus.
		Recording of the compound action potential of the auditory nerve by electrodes placed near the round window is used in certain situations for testing the integrity of the cochlea and auditory nerve.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /h&b/textbook/chap-6.html (3134 words)

	Ian Bruce's Papers
		This could be due to either (i) an imperfect understanding of auditory nerve activity resulting from electrical stimulation of the cochlea, and/or (ii) an incomplete understanding of the relationship between auditory nerve activity and perception.
		In conclusion, understanding of the functional significance of auditory nerve responses to electrical stimulation of the cochlea is improved by consideration of stochastic activity.
		Auditory neurons differ in the frequency of sound to which they respond most actively (their characteristic frequency), in their spontaneous (zero input) response, and also in their onset and saturation thresholds.
	www.ece.mcmaster.ca /~ibruce/papers/abstracts.htm (3676 words)

	Auditory nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		mechanisms, as reflected in the auditory nerve response.
		a sound, the onset response of auditory nerve fibers appears to be correlated...
		Spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve of the alligator lizard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Auditory_nerve (618 words)

	AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS
		Auditory nerve fibers going to the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse on their target cells with giant, hand-like terminals.
		The auditory nucleus of thalamus is the medial geniculate nucleus.
		The pathway is as follows: the vestibular nerve enters the brainstem and synapses in the vestibular nucleus.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/audvest.html (2465 words)

	The Auditory Nerve Pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Taking electrical impulses from the cochlea and the semicircular canals, the auditory nerve makes connections with both auditory areas of the brain.
		This schematic view of some of the auditory areas of the brain shows that information from both ears goes to both sides of the brain - in fact, binaural information is present in all of the major relay stations illustrated here.
		That is, when the auditory nerve from one ear takes information to the brain, that information is directly sent to both the processing areas on both sides of the brain.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/anerv.html (93 words)

	Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve - Patent 5215085
		A process and device for electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve by a combined pulse and speech resembling analog signal both of which are processed from audio input signals, transmitted to the electrodes in place with the positive amplitude of the dominate portion, i.e., the fundamental frequency of the analog signal.
		4,593,696, an auditory prosthesis is known with which, via a multi-channel electrode in the cochlea in the inner ear, the auditory nerve is stimulated with a wide-band analog stimulation signal as well as with pulsed stimulation signals or in other words pulse signals, both signals being obtained from audio signals in a speech processor.
		The pulse signal is output to an electrode that stimulates nerve fibers of the auditory nerve in the cochlea of the inner ear that are sensitive to the tonotopic information that is to be emphasized by the pulse signals.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5215085.html (3774 words)

	Auditory System: Anatomic Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The auditory nerve enters the brain stem at the ponto-medullary junction and synapses on the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus.
		The auditory nerve is made up of approximately 30,000 nerve fibers with afferent (sensory) portions projecting from cell bodies in the spiral ganglion and efferent axons coming from cells in the olivary complex.
		By looking at multiple auditory nerve fibers simultaneously it is possible to see volleys of spikes coming in with a characteristic delay between the volleys.
	serous.med.buffalo.edu /hearing/auditory_nerve.html (934 words)

	Oregon Tinnitus & Hyperacusis Treatment Clinic, Inc. - TRT 101
		The hearing nerve, or auditory nerve, connects the inner ear (cochlea) to the lower part of the brain (brainstem).
		The electrical signals, representing sound, are "processed" in the lower parts of the auditory nervous system prior to the person becoming conscious of the sound at the upper part of the auditory nervous system.
		The subconscious part of the auditory nervous system works like a computer that sorts, organizes, and routes the different signals to provide the cortex with the information needed for survival and well being of the whole body.
	www.tinnitus-audiology.com /trt101.html (1882 words)

	Phase Locking to High Frequencies in the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis of the Barn Owl, Tyto alba ...
		of overlap with the auditory nerve (Köppl and Carr, 1997
		in the NM is inferior to that of the auditory nerve.
		Köppl C (1997) Frequency tuning and spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus magnocellularis of the barn owl Tyto alba.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/9/3312 (5855 words)

	Pathology and physiology of auditory neuropathy with a novel mutation in the MPZ gene (Tyr145->Ser) -- Starr et al. 126 ...
		discharge with demyelination of auditory nerve fibres or impaired
		Note that the averaged nerve activity is both reduced in amplitude and prolonged in duration in B; reduced in amplitude in C and reduced in amplitude and prolonged in duration in D, making it indistinguishable from spontaneous activity levels.
		Neural conduction velocity of the human auditory nerve: bipolar recordings from the exposed intracranial portion of the eight nerve during vestibular nerve section.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/7/1604 (7381 words)

	Thomas' Eclectic Practice of Medicine, 1907: Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves: The Auditory Nerve. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Diseases of the auditory nerve may be due to tumors, softening, syphilis, chronic inflammation, meningitis, aneurism, otitis media, and labyrinthine disturbances.
		Tinnitus aurium is that condition where abnormal sounds occur, such as ringing, crackling, buzzing, whirring, or tickling sensations, and may be due to accumulations of cerumen, labyrinthine disturbances, otitis media, anemia, aneurism, and sometimes it occurs as an aura in epilepsy.
		Treatment.—In the treatment of diseases of the auditory nerve, a careful and patient study must be made to determine its cause, and, if possible, remove it.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/thomas/nerve-aud.html (421 words)

	hearing2
		Most auditory nerve fibers have high spontaneous rates and saturate rapidly, but there are others (which are hard to record from) that have low spontaneous rates and saturate more slowly.
		The CF of an auditory nerve fibre is the frequency at which least energy is needed to stimulate it.
		The dynamic range of most auditory nerve fibres (high spontaneous) is not sufficient to cover the range of hearing (c.100dB).
	www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk /home/Chris_Darwin/Perception/Lecture_Notes/Hearing2/hearing2.html (1862 words)

	Tinnitus From Auditory Nerve Damage
		The most difficult form of tinnitus to treat is when the auditory nerve has been injured.
		We are least successful with this form of tinnitus and we are at great pains to emphasize the fact that the prognosis is not good for any meaningful reduction in the level of noise.
		Damage to the auditory nerve is mainly caused by some form of physical trauma or surgery and is not caused by exposure to noise.
	www.t-gone.com /tinnitus/auditory-nerve-damage.asp (207 words)

	OSH Answers: Noise - Auditory Effects
		The two kinds of health effects of noise are non-auditory effects and auditory effects.
		Workers in noisy environments who are also exposed to vibration (e.g., from a jack hammer) experience greater hearing loss than those exposed to the same level of noise but not to vibration.
		Some chemicals are ototoxic; that is, they are toxic to the organs of hearing and balance or the nerves that go to these organs.
	www.ccohs.ca /oshanswers/phys_agents/noise_auditory.html (1102 words)

	Coding of Sound Pressure Level in the Barn Owl's Auditory Nerve -- Köppl and Yates 19 (21): 9674 -- Journal of ...
		Recordings were obtained in an area where the auditory nerve enters the brainstem and forms a thick sheet on its dorsal surface.
		Köppl C (1997a) Frequency tuning and spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus magnocellularis of the barn owl Tyto alba.
		Köppl C (1997b) Phase locking to high frequencies in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus magnocellularis of the barn owl, Tyto alba.
	www.neuroscience.org /cgi/content/full/19/21/9674 (8230 words)

	Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus -- ...
		The tonotopic array of auditory nerve fibers is tapped systematically by octopus cell dendrites (Fig.
		Auditory nerve fibers that encode high frequencies (light brown) terminate rostrally and those that encode low frequencies (dark brown) terminate caudally in the octopus cell area.
		Seven superimposed responses are shown to shocks of the auditory nerve of 0.1-msec duration and of varying strength (1-10 V) delivered through a pair of tungsten electrodes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/22/11773 (5399 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) Auditory Neuroscience Development, Transduction, and Integration (2001)
		n the mammalian cochlea, the bulk of auditory information is ~ transmitted to the brain via the inner hair cells, which provide the~sole synaptic inputs to 90-95% of the afferent fibers of the auditory nerve (1~.
		Here we review the cochlear mechanical bases of auditory- nerve excitation as revealed by comparisons of the magnitudes and phases of BM and auditory-nerve-fiber responses to tones recorded from a basal site of the chinchilla cochlea with CF ~ 9 kHz located about 3.5 mm from the oval window.
		The polarity of auditory- nerve fiber excitation relative to BM vibrations at the base of the cochlea remains the most puzzling of our findings.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309074223/html/55.html (4919 words)

	1999; Convergence of auditory nerve projections onto globular bushy cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Globular bushy cells exhibit a range of physiological properties that are thought to reflect convergent projections of multiple auditory nerve fibers via terminals with high synaptic conductance.
		Anatomical studies have revealed the presence of complex auditory nerve terminals contacting globular cells, which are presumably the structural correlates of high conductance inputs.
		The number of myelinated axons opening into the layer of nerve terminals surrounding globular cells were counted as indicators of convergence, and ranged from 4-14 auditory nerve fibers.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/578.html (286 words)

	IngentaConnect Dynamic Encoding of Amplitude-Modulated Sounds at the Level of Au... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In real auditory nerve fibers, the slope of this characteristic increases and its width decreases with increases in the level of spontaneous activity or the ability of fibers to generate spikes in the absence of a stimulus.
		The simulation experiment reported here shows that the reason for the good reproduction of amplitude modulation in auditory nerve fibers is not the static profiles of the “input–output” characteristic but the dynamic properties of fibers which support the tuning (adaptation) of the threshold of the fiber to the level of the stimulus being applied.
		Because of their steep “input–output” characteristic, auditory nerve fibers with high levels of spontaneous activity can reproduce the modulation of sounds at subthreshold levels when a weak noise is added to the signal, thus demonstrating the property of stochastic resonance.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/neab/2005/00000035/00000001/00500811 (289 words)

	Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus -- ...
		Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus -- Oertel et al.
		Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus
		of auditory nerve inputs is not sufficiently synchronous and depolarization
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/22/11773 (713 words)

	Lab-6 Recording from auditory nerve
		The dura mater overlying the cerebellum is opened and the cerebellum is aspirated to expose the region where the auditory nerve inserts in the temporal bone.
		The nerve is not visible without retracting the brain stem.
		Small cotton pellets are used as wedges between the skull and the brain stem to stretch the nerve.
	www.physiology.wisc.edu /phys735/labs/lab5_an.htm (840 words)

	Response of Inferior Colliculus Neurons to Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve in Neonatally Deafened Cats -- ...
		Localized sectors of auditory nerve were stimulated electrically using biphasic current pulses.
		Representative period histograms illustrating inhibition of spontaneous activity in the IC in response to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve for control, bilaterally deaf, and unilaterally deaf animals.
		Evidence of cochleotopic organization in animals deafened during the onset of normal auditory function is of particular interest.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1363 (8365 words)

	Vestibulocochlear nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and also known as the auditory nerve.
		It is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain.
		It emerges from the medulla oblongata and enters the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone, along with the facial nerve.
	www.voyager.in /Auditory_nerve (937 words)

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