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	Carl Auer von Welsbach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is particularly well known for his work on the rare earth elements, which led to the development of the flint used in modern lighters, the gas mantle which brought light to the streets of Europe in the late 1800s, and the development of the metal filament light bulb.
		Welsbach was born in Vienna, son of Therese and Alois Ritter Auer von Welsbach, director of the Imperial printing office (Staatsdruckerei) in the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Welsbach's flints consisted of pyrophoric alloys, 70% cerium and 30% iron, which when scratched or struck would give off sparks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach (721 words)

	MSN Encarta - Auer, Carl Freiher von Welsbach
		MSN Encarta - Auer, Carl Freiher von Welsbach
		Auer, Carl Freiher von Welsbach (1858-1929), Austrian chemist.
		Born in Vienna, Auer studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg in Germany under...
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_762510495/Auer_Carl_Freiher_von_Welsbach.html (101 words)

	Rare Earths
		Auer von Welsbach worked assiduously to improve the mantle, and in 1890 discovered that thorium was better then magnesium, and in 1891 found the combination of 99% Th and 1% Ce that gave a long-lasting mantle with a brilliant white light.
		Auer von Welsbach developed metal-filament lamps, patenting the Auer-Oslicht in 1902, which had an osmium filament made with powder metallurgy, in which Auer von Welsbach was a pioneer.
		Didymium, the mixture of Pr and Nd that Auer von Welsbach separated in 1885, is used in glass for welders' and glass-workers' goggles.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/rare.htm (4373 words)

	Gas Lamp Mantles for Gaslite Outdoor Gas Yard Lamps - Easy Living Home Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Carl Auer von Welsbach was an Austrian chemist and engineer who invented the gas mantle, thus allowing the greatly increased output of light by gas lamps.
		Patented in 1885, the Welsbach mantle greatly improved gas lighting and, although largely supplanted by the incandescent lamp, is still widely used in kerosene and other lanterns.
		Welsbach also developed misch metal, a mixture of cerium and other rare earths, which he combined with iron to make Auer's metal, the first improvement over flint and steel for making sparks since ancient times.
	www.easylivingsystems.com /gas-litemantles.htm (689 words)

	Karl (Baron von Welsbach) Auer Biography / Biography of Karl (Baron von Welsbach) Auer History of Invention Biography
		Auer's mantle gave gas lighting the edge it needed to compete with electric lights for many years.
		However, Auer was a true scientist and did not take sides in the war between gaslight and incandescent electric light.
		In 1898, to improve the electric bulb, Auer invented a filament made of osmium--one of his beloved rare earth metals--to replace the carbon filaments then in use.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-karl-baron-von-welsbach-auer-woi (534 words)

	Carl Auer, Freiherr von Welsbach -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Carl Auer, Freiherr von Welsbach -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In 1885 Welsbach discovered and isolated the elements neodymium and praseodymium from a mixture called didymium, which was previously considered an element.
		German journalist and pacifist Carl von Ossietzky unmasked the secret rearmament preparations of Germany under the Weimar Republic (1919–33) and was a vocal and persistent critic of the Nazi party.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9076517 (578 words)

	Guide
		Carl Auer von Welsbach often bore this in mind with his inventions (gas mantle light, metal filament light bulb and lighter flint) Left a portrait of his father.
		From the family album: the parents, Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach himself in the stages of his life and as a automobile pioneer, the spouse, children, Schloß Welsbach, and the lavish celebration for his seventieth birthday at Schloß Welsbach.
		A plate camera that Carl Auer von Welsbach used in his activities as colour- photography pioneer, a Stirling- hot gas motor and analytical balances (long beam 1880, short beam 1893) are of particularly remarkable.
	www.althofen.at /AvW-Museum/Englisch/museumsfuehrer_e.htm (1297 words)

	The Origin and Developement of the Incandescent Paraffin Lamp
		Welsbach's (Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach) invention of the incandescent mantle in-1885 is too well-known to need detailed explanation here.
		It is also of interest that Welsbach in his original specification referred to an "Illuminant appliance for gas and other burners" from which it is inferred that he envisaged the application of his invention to oil burners.
		In common with many other inventors, Welsbach had to wait for several years before his invention was adopted in practice, but by 1893 the incandescent mantle became a commercial success and was followed quickly by numerous proposals for applying Welsbach mantles to gas and oil burners.
	home.planet.nl /~velde190/incandes01.html (421 words)

	Carl Auer von Welsbach - TheBestLinks.com - April 8, Bunsen burner, Chemistry, Cerium, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Carl Auer von Welsbach - TheBestLinks.com - April 8, Bunsen burner, Chemistry, Cerium,...
		Carl Auer von Welsbach, April 8, Bunsen burner, Chemistry, Cerium, Electricity...
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (9 September 1858 - 8 April 1929) was an Austrian scientist and inventor who had a talent for not only discovering advances, but turning them into commercially successful products.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach.html (736 words)

	Coat-of-Arms of Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - Numericana
		Coat-of-Arms of Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) - Numericana
		The motto "plus lucis" is a reminder of Auer von Welsbach's contributions
		to both gas lighting (the Auer lamp) and electric lighting (the filament bulb).
	home.att.net /~numericana/arms/welsbach.htm (194 words)

	History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
		Although Auer von Welsbach's paper appeared prior to the Urbain paper, Urbain argued that he had sent his paper to the editor earlier.
		It was discovered by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885, who separated it and the element neodymium from a didymium sample.
		In 1907, Carl Auer von Welsbach determined that ytterbium was actually two elements, which he named aldebaranium and cassiopeium.
	www.nndc.bnl.gov /content/elements.html (11235 words)

	Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von Welsbach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Auer was born in Vienna and studied in Germany at Heidelberg.
		He also found that another rare earth element, cerium, added as its nitrate salt to a cylindrical fabric impregnated with thorium nitrate, produced a fragile mantle that glowed with white incandescence when heated in a gas flame.
		Most lighter flints consist of Welsbach's invention Mitschmetall, a pyrophoric mixture containing about 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, 15% neodymium, and 10% other rare metals and iron.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/W/Welsbach/1.html (143 words)

	AVW - Finanzdienstleistungen, Beteiligungen, Immobilien
		According to both members of the Board of Directors, Wolfgang Auer von Welsbach and Reinhold Oblak, this strong growth will continue throughout the year.
		Already during the first four weeks of this year, AvW Invest AG achieved an income of around 2 million Euro from ist financail services and equity holdings.
		Auer von Welsbach and Oblak, however, are already anticipating a “record profit”.
	www.avw.at /english/presse/news/adhoc/2005/adhoc_20050202.php (415 words)

	AVW - Finanzdienstleistungen, Beteiligungen, Immobilien
		AvW CEO Wolfgang Auer von Welsbach describes Oblak as “the best possible candidate”.
		He will be taking on the public relations aspect of AvW in an effort to define the essence of the entire Group’s image.
		Auer von Welsbach and Oblak leave no room for doubt concerning the further expansion of AvW.
	www.avw.at /english/presse/news/aussendungen/20041206_presse.php (475 words)

	Lutetium -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Its radioactive isotope is used to determine the age of meteorites relative to the age of Earth.
		It was discovered in 1907–08 by Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain, working independently.
		Lutetium was discovered (1907–08) by Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain, working independently.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9312252 (447 words)

	Ferrocerium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ferrocerium is the "flint" in lighters, and its ability to give a large number of sparks when scraped against a rough surface (pyrophoricity) is used in many other applications, such as clockwork toys and strikers for welding torches.
		Also known as Auermetall after its inventor Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, it is sold under such trade names as Blastmatch, Fire Steel, and Metal-Match.
		Intermetallic - in the Baron von Welsbach's original alloy, 30% iron (ferrium) was added to purified cerium, hence the name "ferro-cerium".
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/F/Ferrocerium.htm (329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The trade name under which the lamp was sold in England was "Osmi", in Germany the name was "Auer-Os" and in Austria it was called "Osmin".
		It was the invention of Carl Ritter Auer von Welsbach.
		On May 31, 1901 von Welsbach applied for a patent that was granted as U.S. No 814,632 on Mar 6, 1906.
	home.frognet.net /~ejcov/osmium.html (537 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: List of Austrian Scientists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Wilhelm Karl, Ritter von Haidinger, physicist, geologist and mineralogist of the 19th century
		Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, physician and physiologist (studies of nerves and the brain)
		Clemens von Pirquet, pediatrician and scientist in bacteriology and immunology
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=List_of_Austrian_Scientists (737 words)

	ARCHIVED Questions and Answers
		Shame on me!] Auer, Count Von Welsbach (a title) discovered the thorium-cerium mixture that allowed a flexible material to be formed into a mantle soaked in his brew.
		The next link in the chain of cause and effect was forged when Fox-talbot discovered that incandescent ash produced light when a flame was applied in his laboratory around 1835.
		It was not until 1886 when Dr, Carl Auer (Welsbach) filed his first mantle patent, and that was after his professor's invention, (Dr. Bunsen and his burner) was used to incandesce Auer's early mix of thorium nitrate and several of different compounds (including lanthium, uranium etc)- until cerium eventually was used at around 1%.
	www.lampguild.org /QandApage/archives/Q0000262.htm (819 words)

	Physicists on Stamps
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929), Austria, 1936, 59 kB
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929), Austria, 34 kB
		Otto von Guericke (1602-1686), GDR, 1977, 73 kB
	www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de /~jr/physstamps.html (3749 words)

	Welsbach Lamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This Welsbach lamp is named after Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929), an inventor born in Vienna, Austria.
		A Welsbach burner was a light operated by the combustion of a mixture of air and gas, which was used to heat a gas mantle to incandescence.
		Later on gas lanterns were worked by pressurised gasoline being vaporised while passing through a fine jet.
	www.clarelibrary.ie /eolas/claremuseum/riches_of_clare/earth/welsbach_lamp2.htm (95 words)

	Praseodymium (Pr) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It is slightly more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium, but it will develop a green oxide coating that chips off when exposed to air.
		Carl Auer von Welsbach (a German chemist) discovered praseodymium in 1885 by separating it from neodymium.
		A mixture of praseodymium and neodymium had formerly been considered a single element called didymium.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/praseodymium (184 words)

	Rare Earth Details
		Lutetium was discovered independently by two investigators, the French chemist Georges Urbain in 1907 and the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach about the same time.
		Neodymium was isolated in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, who separated it from
		In 1907 and 1908, however, the French chemist Georges Urbain and the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently separated Marignac's ytterbium into two elements, which are now called ytterbium and
	www.candldevelopment.com /rare_earth_detail.htm (1787 words)

	Lutetium (Lu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It can be found in very small amounts in most all minerals containing yttrium.
		Lutetium was discovered separately in 1907 by both Georges Urbain (a French chemist) and Carl Auer von Welsbach (an Austrian chemist).
		These chemists were able to separate the two elements, ytterbium and lutetium.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/lutetium (106 words)

	Tom Laflin
		This paper presents the use of GIS for data analysis at the Welsbach General Gas Mantle EPA Superfund Site located in the cities of Camden and Gloucester City, New Jersey.
		When Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach first invented a process for making gas lanterns burn brighter in 1885, it seemed like a wonderful discovery.
		The Welsbach Factory in Gloucester City, began producing thorium dipped mantles in the 1890s.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap1025/p1025.htm (931 words)

	uses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		-In 1885, Carl Auer von Welsbach separated an "earth" called didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite into two earths, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colours.
		The separation required the repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate.
		- Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885.
	www.isd196.k12.mn.us /schools/shms/STAFF/SIEFKES_T/periodic_table/Praseodymium/uses.html (229 words)

	A story about the "discovery" of neutron activation analysis
		During the aforementioned investigations, Fermi hadn’t left the procurement of elements entirely up to Segrè; in October of 1934, he wrote George de Hevesy in Copenhagen for help obtaining samples of the rare earths (Levi 1985).
		Hevesy responded with the names of people whom Fermi might contact, but he didn’t let on that he had what Fermi wanted—a collection of rare earths from the master chemist and founder of the Auer company, Carl Auer von Welsbach.
		To ensure that Levi had something to do, he gave her Auer’s dysprosium and said something like "Well, take this one and try it" (Levi 1986).
	www.orau.org /ptp/articlesstories/fermi.htm (583 words)

	The Straight Dope: Are camp lanterns radioactive?
		Makes one long for the good old days, when all a Girl Scout had to worry about was poison ivy and curious bears.
		Properly known as thorium gas mantles, they were perfected in 1891 by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929).
		Gaslights using the thorium mantle (typically a thumb-size cloth bag coated with a thorium compound) offered a big advantage: because the thorium could incandesce at extremely high temperatures without melting, they were far brighter than ordinary lamps.
	www.straightdope.com /columns/031205.html (773 words)

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