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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Auger electron spectroscopy
		Auger electron spectroscopy probes the chemistry of a surface by measuring the energy of electrons emitted from that surface when it is irradiated with electron of energy in the range 2–50 keV.
		Auger electron spectroscopy, AES, is a surface analytical technique that utilizes the Auger effect to measure the elemental composition of surfaces.
		The energy of the Auger electron, specific to the atom from which it originated, is measured and the quantity of Auger electrons is proportional to the concentration of the atoms on the surface.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Auger-electron-spectroscopy (1026 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		Auger Spectroscopy is a method used to determine the composition of the surface layers of a sample.
		The electron gun shoots a beam of electrons at the sample.
		That current is proportional to the integral of the energy distribution (N(E)) of the electrons from the surface of the sample.
	www.wellesley.edu /Chemistry/Chris/AES.html (214 words)

	AES
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Auger spectroscopy or AES) was developed in the late 1960's, deriving its name from the effect first observed by Pierre Auger, a French Physicist, in the mid-1920's.
		It is a surface specific technique utilizing the emission of low energy electrons in the Auger process and is one of the most commonly employed surface analytical techniques for determining the composition of the surface layers of a sample.
		AUGER SPECTROSCOPY is based upon the measurement of the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons.
	www.jhu.edu /~chem/fairbr/surfacelab/aes.html (1113 words)

	IBM Research \| Almaden Research Center \| Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		First observed by Pierre V. Auger in the 1920s, the Auger effect is a process where an atom that has been ionized with the emission of a core level electron undergoes a transition in which a second electron, the Auger electron, is emitted.
		Auger electron spectroscopy, AES, is a surface analytical technique that utilizes the Auger effect to measure the elemental composition of surfaces.
		The energy of the Auger electron, specific to the atom from which it originated, is measured and the quantity of Auger electrons is proportional to the concentration of the atoms on the surface.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /st/scientific_services/materials_analysis/auger (153 words)

	Auger electron spectroscopy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Auger electron spectroscopy is an analytical technique in surface chemistry and materials science.
		Auger electron spectroscopy probes the chemistry of a surface by measuring the energy of electrons emitted from that surface when it is irradiated with electron of energy in the range 2 - 50 keV.
		For Auger spectroscopy to be conducted the specimen chamber and spectrometer must be maintained at Ultra High Vacuum (UHV), as any gasses present will both absorb and scatter the very low energy Auger electrons as well as forming a thin 'gas layer' on the surface of the specimen degrading analytical performance.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Auger_electron_spectroscopy (567 words)

	Definitions of Terms used in Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Measured Auger electron spectra are, therefore, generally composed of a peak structure of unscattered Auger electrons superimposed on a background of inelastically scattered Auger electrons with intensities extending to lower kinetic energies.
		The Auger process is understood as the relaxation of an atom with a vacancy in an inner electron shell by emission of an electron, the Auger electron.
		Auger neutralisation of an ion at a surface is understood as the process in which an electron ejected from a surface atom, after tunnelling from the conduction band of the solid and neutralising the incoming ion.
	www.thespectroscopynet.com /Educational/Definitions.htm (1830 words)

	Spectroscopy Summary
		Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency.
		Spectroscopy is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of substances through the spectrum emitted from them or absorbed in them.
		Auger electron spectroscopy is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale.
	www.bookrags.com /Spectroscopy (6000 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is a surface sensitive analytical technique used mainly to determine elemental compositions of materials and, in certain cases to identify the chemical states of surface atoms.
		With AES, a primary electron beam is used to excite secondary and Auger electrons.
		Auger electrons, when analyzed as a function of energy, are used to identify the elements and chemical states present.
	cmm.mrl.uiuc.edu /techniques/auger.htm (310 words)

	Electron spectroscopy
		Electron spectroscopy where electrons created with zero kinetic energy by photoionization are used as carriers of information about the system they have just left behind, and the interaction mechanisms.
		Electron spectroscopy where electrons created by autoionization of a neutral system holding an inner shell vacancy, that was originally created by resonance absorption of a photon, are used as carriers of information about the system they have just left behind, and the interaction mechanisms.
		Electron spectroscopy where electrons that have a portion of their original energy in a scattering process are used as carriers of information about the target system, and the interaction mechanisms.
	www.fysik.uu.se /AoM/Teaching/ElecSpec/ElecSpec.html (6111 words)

	Description of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy has been studied on gas phase molecules for many decades, but its real significance arose because of its importance in surface science studies.
		The excess binding energy still present in the atom is removed by yet a third electron (but now near the valence shell) that is ejected, carrying with it a unique kinetic energy determined by the relative energies of the three states involved.
		The incident electron beam impinges upon the surface, ejecting the core electrons.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /thomas/oldthom/AESexpl.htm (299 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Surface Analysis \| Physical Electronics, Inc.
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique that uses a primary electron beam to probe the surface of a solid material.
		Auger electrons are emitted at discrete energies that allow the atom of origin to be identified.
		Excitation of the atom causing emission of an electron
	www.phi.com /techniques/aes.html (232 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Surface Analysis \| Physical Electronics, Inc.
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique that uses a primary electron beam to probe the surface of a solid material.
		Auger electrons are emitted at discrete energies that allow the atom of origin to be identified.
		Excitation of the atom causing emission of an electron
	www.phi.com:80 /techniques/aes.html (232 words)

	Auger electron spectroscopy Information Center - auger electron spectroscopy and fireworks
		Auger electron spectroscopy is an analytical technique in surface auger electron spectroscopy and fireworks chemistry and materials science.
		Auger electron spectroscopy probes the chemistry of a surface by measuring the energy of electrons emitted from that surface when it is irradiated with electron of energy in the range 2–50 keV.
		Because these orbital energies are determined by the element of the fireworks and auger electron spectroscopy atom, the composition of a surface can be determined.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Chemistry_Topics_Ap_-_B/Auger_electron_spectroscopy.html (561 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		The backscattered and the secondary electrons are used for imaging purposes similar to that in scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
		Auger point analysis and scanning analysis can be performed with a spatial resolution down to 250 nm, while SEM resolution is around 100 nm.
		The Auger spot size is much smaller than the XPS and has the capability of identifying fine features on the surface.
	www.ualberta.ca /ACSES/ACSES3/Techniques/aes.htm (576 words)

	Core Level Spectroscopies Surface Science and X-Ray Spectroscopy Group
		Since binding energies of core electrons are characteristic for elements in a certain chemical environment, XPS allows for a determination of the atomic compositions of a sample or the chemical state of a certain element, as well as electronic structure and band structure.
		In the Auger process, one electron f alls from a higher level to fill an initial core hole in the K-shell and the energy liberated in this process is simultaneously transferred to a second electron.
		A fraction of this energy is required to overcome the binding energy of this second electron and the remainder is retained by this emitted Auger electron as kinetic energy.
	www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu /nilssongroup/pages/core_spec_xps.html (1259 words)

	X-ray Spectroscopy - The Science of Spectroscopy
		Auger spectroscopy is complimentary with XPS and most instruments allow both types of measurement to be made on a sample.
		As in XRF, an upper electron drops to fill the vacancy, although instead of emitting a photon to release the excess energy, it transfers its energy to a neighboring electron which is then emitted from the atom.
		Auger electrons are of very low energy and are only emitted from the extreme surface of the sample.
	scienceofspectroscopy.info /edit/index.php?title=X-ray_Spectroscopy (666 words)

	Scanning Auger Electron Microprobe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Electrons ejected from the sample are analyzed in terms of their kinetic energy and quantity.
		Some of these electrons are characteristic Auger electrons and much like the x rays, the Auger electrons are the fingerprint of the atoms from which they are emitted.
		Because of the low kinetic energies of the ejected Auger electrons, their escape depth is limited to a few atomic layers such that one can analyze only the top atomic layers of the sample of interest.
	www.physics.montana.edu /ICAL/support/augertext.htm (231 words)

	SCIMEDIA: Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		Auger (pronounced ~o-jay) electron spectroscopy is an electron spectroscopic method that uses a beam of electrons to knock electrons out of inner-shell orbitals.
		Auger electrons are ejected to conserve energy when electrons in higher shells fill the vacancy in the inner shell.
		These Auger electrons have energies characteristic of the emitting atom due to the characteristic energy-level structure of that element.
	www.uam.es /docencia/quimcursos/Scimedia/chem-ed/spec/material/auger.htm (71 words)

	Surface Analysis Facility
		X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a widely used method of determining the chemical composition of a surface.
		In Auger, an incident primary electron creates an excited ion near the surface which decays by the emission of a secondary Auger electron, whose kinetic energy is measured.
		Auger electron spectra can be acquired from a selected area mapped out in an SEM image of the sample (e.g., from within a rectangle, along a line, or at points; at right an AFM cantilever is seen poised above a patterned surface; three analysis points are selected).
	www.udel.edu /chem/beebe/surface.htm (1191 words)

	EMSL: Electron Spectrometer: Auger/Scanning Auger
		The Model 680 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)/Scanning Auger Microprobe (SAM) (AES/SAM), located in EMSL, is based upon a field emission electron source and a cylindrical mirror analyzer.
		The electron beam size can be focused as low as 13 nm at 20 kV, although somewhat larger beams are typically used to collect Auger Electron Spectroscopy data.
		The PHI 680 is equipped with a secondary electron detector to obtain scanning electron micrographs.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /capabs/instruments/instrument_pages/1026.shtml (992 words)

	Auger/ TPD/ HREELS
		Auger spectroscopy measures the energy of electrons from the Auger effect of excited electrons in the surface region.
		The result is a spectrum of the intensity of electrons as a function of the kinetic energy of the Auger electron with the placement of the peaks giving a qualitative view of what elements are present on the surface.
		High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy or HREELS studies the vibrations of surface species by the electron energy loss (EEL) of an electron beam after it is scattered by the surface.
	www.princeton.edu /~surfsci/cor1.html (495 words)

	Semiconductor OneSource: Semiconductor Glossary -- Search For : electron
		electron ejected from the solid as a result of two-stage ionization of atoms bombarded with high energy ions (Auger process); Auger electron carries energy specific to the atom from which it was ejected.
		geometrically confined and accelerated by electrostatic interactions stream of electrons directed toward desired target; direction of the beam can be rapidly altered in the controlled fashion to scan the target; shape of the beam (cross section)can be precisely controlled and rapidly changed.
		electron which is not in thermal equilibrium with the lattice; typically carrier "heating" occurs in the regions of semiconductor device featuring very high electric field; hot electrons create severe reliability problems in semiconductor devices.
	semiconductorglossary.com /default.asp?searchterm=electron (991 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) identifies elemental and molecular species on the very surface of a sample.
		AES uses an electron beam to eject characteristic Auger electrons from surface atoms.
		The energy of an Auger electron is related to the elemental species from which it was ejected.
	www.mate.calpoly.edu /current/surface/techniques/aes.html (91 words)

	Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Inc. - Techniques
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), also referred to as Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM), uses a focused electron beam to create Auger electrons near the surface of a solid sample.
		Electron beam analysis techniques concentrate a high amount of energy in a small region and can be very destructive toward organic materials or other thermally sensitive compounds.
		Whereas spectra associated with atoms are caused by electrons moving from one electronic energy level to another, inter-atomic spectra are usually characterized by either bond stretching or bending vibration modes.
	www.rockymountainlabs.com /techniques.html (3373 words)

	Analytical Services - SAM ESCA FTIR IC GC/MS - Innovatech Labs
		Auger Electron Spectroscopy (SAM) - Auger electron spectroscopy (AES, also known as scanning Auger microscopy) is a surface analytical technique which provides information about surfaces and interfaces.
		Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) - Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA, also known as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS) is a surface analysis technique used for obtaining chemical information about the surfaces of solid materials.
		Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical technique used to identify organic (and in some cases inorganic) materials based on their absorbance of infrared light.
	www.innovatechlabs.com /analytical_services.htm (526 words)

	5.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		It is a surface specific technique utilising the emission of low energy electrons in the Auger process and is one of the most commonly employed surface analytical techniques for determining the composition of the surface layers of a sample.
		In the diagram above, ionisation is shown to occur by removal of a K-shell electron, but in practice such a crude method of ionisation will lead to ions with holes in a variety of inner shell levels.
		In the Auger process illustrated, the final state is a doubly-ionized atom with core holes in the L
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /surfaces/scc/scat5_2.htm (1110 words)

	Auger Spectroscopy
		Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) uses the weak Auger electrons excited in a sample surface by an electron beam to characterize the top ten to twenty five Angstroms of the sample.
		The Auger electrons generally range between zero and two thousand electron volts in energy.
		A good example of the application of this technique is to analyze a sequence of layers of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) components in an electronic device, peeling them away, one layer at a time.
	www.matcoinc.com /auger_spectroscopy.html (363 words)

	Thermo Scientific - Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
		Similarly, if we detect the Auger electrons as the beam is being scanned then we can map the distribution of elements at the surface of the sample.
		An electron source, this should have variable energy and be capable of producing a very small spot of electrons.
		A backscattered electron detector, this produces an image similar to an SEM but the contrast mechanism is different and it is less surface sensitive.
	www.thermo.com /com/cda/products/product_application_details/1,1063,11250,00.html (608 words)

	Auger Electron Spectroscopy/Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd.
		When electron rays are emitted to a sample surface, secondary electrons and characteristic X-rays are discharged from the sample surface.
		Auger electrons generated in the Auger process exist in the discharged secondary electrons.
		Since the kinetic energy of the Auger electrons is specific to the substance without depending on the emitted electrons and energy of light, the element is identified and its chemical conditions are analyzed by detecting the kinetic energy.
	www.scas.co.jp /english/electronics/auger.html (126 words)

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