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Topic: August Coup of 1991

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Soviet coup attempt of 1991

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	Soviet coup attempt of 1991 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country.
		The coup leaders were conservatives who felt that Gorbachev's reform program had gone too far and that a new union treaty that he had negotiated dispersed too much of the central government's power to the republics.
		Large public demonstrations against the coup leaders took place in Moscow and Leningrad, and divided loyalties in the defense and security establishments prevented the armed forces from crushing the resistance that Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin led from the White House, Russia's parliament building.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991 (981 words)

	AllRefer.com - August Coup (Russian, Soviet, And CIS History) - Encyclopedia
		Claiming that Gorbachev had been removed from his position as president due to illness, the leaders of the coup formed an eight-man Committee of the State of Emergency and attempted to assume control of the government.
		Gorbachev was released from detention and flown to Moscow.
		The August Coup resulted in a minimal loss of life (3 deaths in Moscow and 3 in the Baltic States), the end of the CPSU's dominance, and hastened the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AugustCo.html (374 words)

	Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup, by Wendy Varney and Brian Martin
		All this was jeopardised in August 1991 when a group calling itself the Emergency Committee, with Gennadi Yanayev as its figurehead, detained Gorbachev in his Crimean dacha and attempted a coup in the hope of maintaining the centralisation about to be diminished by the new principles of the union that Garbachev was about to formalise.
		Those in the military who opposed the coup, or who at least were willing to disappear, resign, shoot themselves or simply be unutterably inefficient rather than carry out the orders of the coup leaders, would have found solace in the presence of high profile figures who were forthright in their opposition.
		Time described the coup as "a lesson in incompetency." Business Week spoke of "a curiously inept coup" that "fizzled." [36] Gladys Ganley put the defeat down to "lack of planning and ruthlessness" [37] and the Economist claimed there was a great lack of "military precision" on the part of those organising the coup.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/00pr.html (5466 words)

	Soviet Union - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		But Gorbachev failed to address the fundamental flaws of the Soviet system; by 1991, when a plot by government insiders revealed the weakness of Gorbachev's political position, the end of the Soviet Union was in sight.
		On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR and turned the powers of his office over to Boris Yeltsin.
		The total population was estimated at 293 million in 1991.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /soviet_union.htm (4167 words)

	S2Online - August Terrorism Dates
		Ukraine declared its independence from the Soviet Union on August 24, 1991 in the aftermath of the collapse on August 21, 1991 of the coup against Soviet President Gorbachev.
		Byelarus declared its independence from the Soviet Union on August 25, 1991 in the aftermath of the collapse on August 21, 1991 of the coup against Soviet President Gorbachev.
		Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union on August 27, 1991 in the aftermath of the collapse on August 21, 1991 of the coup against Soviet President Gorbachev.
	www.s2online.org /terror/august.asp (1134 words)

	Gennadi Yanayev biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Gennadiy Yanayev (born 1937) was Vice-President of the Soviet Union and leader of the August Coup of 1991.
		Not a prominent member of the party, but one with a reputation for hard work and loyalty, he was Mikhail Gorbachev 's choice in 1990 to be vice-president of the Soviet Union, a move widely believed to be an appeasement of conservative elements of the Communist Party displeased with perestroika.
		On August 22, 1991 he was arrested and charged with treason, later to be pardoned in 1994, in the blanket amnesty given to conspirators.
	gennadi-yanayev.biography.ms (145 words)

	Valentin Pavlov biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		He was one of the leaders of the August Coup that attempted to depose Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991.
		The Committee launched the August Coup which attempted to depose Gorbachev on August 19, 1991.
		With the collapse of the coup, Pavlov was sacked as Prime Minister on August 22 and then arrested on August 29th.
	valentin-pavlov.biography.ms (268 words)

	CNN.com - Nostalgia for Russia coup leaders - August 20, 2002
		The coup attempt began when a group of hard-liners isolated Gorbachev at his Black Sea dacha, announced that he was ill, and sent armoured columns into Moscow.
		Protesters took to the streets on August 19, 1991, manning barricades and rallying around Yeltsin, then president of the Russian republic who jumped on a tank outside the Russian parliament and spoke to the nation.
		The coup's collapse encouraged the Soviet republics to claim broader independence, and in December 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus announced the Soviet Union defunct.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/08/20/russia.coup (405 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		RL 322/91 August 29, 1991 KRAVCHUK AND THE COUP Roman Solchanyk The indecisive public reaction of Chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Leonid Kravchuk during the first few days of the failed coup has opened him to criticism from representatives of the democratic opposition.
		The attempted coup d'etat of August 18-19, which appears to have been primarily if not exclusively aimed at preventing the territorial disintegration of the Soviet Union, has achieved the exact opposite.
		On August 24, as a direct consequence of the failed coup, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet adopted a declaration of independence.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /pub/COUP/RLR/91-0829E.RLR (1367 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Ex-putschists defend 1991 Soviet coup
		Coup leader Gennady Yanayev - a former Soviet vice-president who proclaimed himself acting president of the USSR - said he would gladly do it all over again.
		Their coup paved the way for the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
		On 19 August 1991, the coup plotters announced that President Gorbachev was ill, isolated him at a Black Sea resort and put themselves in charge.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1423034.stm (577 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Soviet Diplomats React to Coup Owing to the state of confusion at the Foreign Ministry, which was virtually incommunicado (with the exception of the Emergency Committee's appeal disseminated on August 19), Soviet diplomats abroad were left to their own devices.8 Most of them emulated Bessmertnykh and kept mum, waiting to see what would happen.
		International condemnation of the attempted coup, in addition to the threatened suspension of economic aid, bolstered El'tsin's resolve and undoubtedly contributed to the wavering of the coup's leaders.
		Particularly disquieting are reports that, during the attempted coup, the Emergency Committee confiscated Gorbachev's briefcase containing nuclear codes and communications equipment.17 Newly appointed Foreign Minister Pankin has said that he sees no particular problems in relations between the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the analogous ministries in the republics.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /pub/COUP/RLR/91-0830B.RLR (985 words)

	Online NewsHour: Russian Reaction -- August 19, 1991
		LEVCHENKO: The manner is frightening and in many ways it is a KGB coup because the -- one of many responsibilities of KGB as the largest secret police in the history of civilization is to watch their own leaders and they monitor telephone conversations between the members of Politburo and other Soviet leaders.
		This is the coup which happened on Monday, which is very unfortunate for the participants, because everyone is in town, so it looks like this coup wasn't really designed to succeed in the first place.
		Simply this coup de ta was the result of something very unexpected and in the same time necessary to understand that now republics will go into play and Yeltsin was first national leader who called -- let's wait for others -- it will be real problem.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/europe/russia/1991/russ_8-19.html (2377 words)

	The Conservative Coup
		You will not live long!" (2.) The crucial reason the coup failed was that during the past six years of glasnost and perestroika the Soviet people had lost their fear of the Communist Party.
		The coup leaders gave in on Wednesday and the plotters either committed suicide or were arrested during a last minute plea to Gorbachev for forgiveness.
		Yeltsin's popularity soared after the coup and he used this to act like a head of state rather than the head of a republic he was supposed to be.
	www.historyorb.com /russia/conservative_coup.shtml (731 words)

	1991 Coup - Johnson's Russia List 8-28-02
		In the morning of August 18 he was spotted on the Black Sea beach, but in the evening of the same day he returned to Moscow, joining the GKChP without any hesitation, even though he was not a leading figure in it.
		In the morning of August 24, radio and television broadcast a statement by Gorbachev, who announced that he was stepping down as secretary general of the CPSU Central Committee and called for self-dissolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
		In 1991, Akhromeev co-authored - with his friend Georgy Korniyenko, a diplomat - a small book, Through the Eyes of a Marshal and a Diplomat, which was published in 1992 with the marshals name on the title page placed in a fl box.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/6410-14.cfm (2490 words)

	[No title]
		What the 1991 coup plotters did not have was a clear plan of action, a set chain of command and the resolve to crush the spontaneous protests by tens of thousands of Muscovites.
		On the morning of the coup, Igor Sherman, the young editor of his city's first independent newspaper, Bryanskoye Vremya, was woken up by a telephone call from his father.
		From the morning of Aug. 19, 1991, as they heard about the coup and the Yeltsin-led opposition forming at the White House, people began converging there and — unarmed — placed themselves in the line of fire should the coup leaders try to storm the building.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /indexes/146.html (826 words)

	Commentary: August -- Russian-style - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Russia's first troubled August was the failed coup of 1991.
		During that August, self-declared Wahhabites from Chechnya, led by Shamil Basayev and others, staged an armed rebellion in Daghestan and Moscow started to experience a series of what are still believed to be terrorist bombing attacks.
		The Augusts of 1991, 1998, 1999 and 2000 demonstrated that positive change for Russia is problematic at best.
	www.washtimes.com /upi-breaking/20040802-034838-4769r.htm (902 words)

	Russia the August Coup and Its Aftermath
		On August 19, 1991, one day before Gorbachev and a group of republic leaders were due to sign the union treaty, a group calling itself the State Emergency Committee attempted to seize power in Moscow.
		Large public demonstrations against the coup leaders took place in Moscow and Leningrad, and divided loyalties in the defense and security establishments prevented the armed forces from crushing the resistance that Yeltsin led from Russia's parliament building.
		On December 8, Yeltsin and the leaders of Belarus (which adopted that name in August 1991) and Ukraine met at Minsk, the capital of Belarus, where they created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS--see Glossary) and annulled the 1922 union treaty that had established the Soviet Union.
	www.country-studies.com /russia/the-august-coup-and-its-aftermath.html (537 words)

	K. P. Morozov on August 1991 Coup
		On Sunday, August 18, we celebrated Aviation Day, a holiday also known as Air Force Day, and as a member of the Kyiv Military Council, I was directly involved in the celebrations leading up to this holiday.
		On August 17, he had requested that Shaposhnikov, who had been left out of the inner circle plotting the coup, keep a special plane ready to fly him to Kyiv, supposedly on a military inspection mission.
		Thus, he returned to Kyiv, where on the morning of Monday, August 19, he was to supervise the implementation of the plans of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (SCSE).
	www.huri.harvard.edu /morabo_coup.htm (1964 words)

	Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union
		The EC statement of 27 August 1991 warmly welcomed `the restoration of the sovereignty and independence of the Baltic states which they lost in 1940' and confirmed the decision of the EC members `to establish diplomatic relations...
		In August 1991 it was important to be able to distinguish the Baltic states from other republics of both the USSR and the SFRY which were also claiming independence.
		In his reply to the EC on 23 December 1991, Serbia's Foreign Minister recalled that Serbia acquired `internationally recognized statehood' as early as the Berlin Congress of 1878 and on that basis had participated in the establishment in 1918 of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which became Yugoslavia.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol4/No1/art4.html (7216 words)

	The End of An Illusion
		The collapse of the coup in the Soviet Union on 22 August 1991 with was the most decisive turning point in the process which in Europe has led to the collapse of Stalinism, the re-unification of Germany and the restoration of capitalism.
		To see the defeat of the coup as having a proletarian class content would be to completely misread the situation building up.
		To dismiss the events of August 1991 as of small significance because the USSR was a capitalist state all along, or since 1939, or 1923, or whatever, is again to miss entirely the significance of what has just happened.
	home.pacific.net.au /~andy/bs/1991ci2.htm (757 words)

	92014: Russian and Other Former Soviet Armed Forces
		Arguments about reforms and the future of Soviet forces were subsequently circumscribed by the failed coup of August 1991, which facilitated the breakup of the "Soviet empire" in December.
		The August 20, 1991 coup attempt was a watershed event in resolving many questions about the future of Soviet armed forces.
		The latter, known as August Storm, was similar in decisiveness to the U.S. Desert Storm of 1991.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/92-014.htm (7338 words)

	The August Coup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Until 18 August 1991, that is. The recent events -- covered in such loving detail by prime-time news -- in the USSR became a heady inspiration for us to use that little card.
		Prior to the actual August coup, Yeltsin's popularity had been based on his criticism of Gorbachev's slow economic reform.
		Ironically, one result of the August coup may be that the political structure so well recreated in KREMLIN has collapsed and that the USSR's method of determining its leaders will be more democratic in the future.
	members.aol.com /prbolduc/boris/variants/August.html (3272 words)

	Sergei Akhromeev - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		During the August Coup of 1991, Akhromeev returned from a vacation in Sochi to offer his assistance to the coup leaders.
		Although he was never implicated in the coup, after its failure Akhromeev committed suicide in his Kremlin office, hanging himself with a length of curtain cord.
		Eduard Shevardnadze suggested that it was the result of an imbalance in his character, with an over-emphasis on duty at the expense of honor.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Sergei_Akhromeev (391 words)

	Voices From a Soviet Coup
		Nevertheless, it was not that they underestimated his stubbornness and commitment to what by 1991 was to everyone except, it seems, Gorbachev himself, obviously a hopelessly flawed vision of a renewed socialism that their attempt to take power was defeated.
		By 1991, even the need for an expressly 'Soviet' Army, that is a single army drawn from the fifteen constituent republics of the Union, and dedicated to defending its interests was being questioned now that political power was in danger of losing its single focus and devolving away from the centre.
		By August 1991, six republics, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova were already refusing to sign the new Union Treaty, while a seventh, Ukraine, had called for a referendum on the issue.
	www.geocities.com /jjirik (10261 words)

	NATO Review - No. 5 - Oct. 1991
		Then the short-lived Soviet coup of August 1991 alarmed the states of Central Europe that a government might come to power in Moscow which would seek once more to dominate the region.
		Even the Soviet coup leaders in their brief period in power were anxious to stress that they would abide by existing international commitments.
		In the middle of 1991, there were worrying signs that some economic interests in the EC, relating especially to steel, textiles and agriculture, were preventing a speedy, closer relationship of Central Europeans with the Community.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1991/9105-4.htm (3221 words)

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