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	Aurelian Walls - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 12.5 mile long wall was intended to defend the city of Rome, capital of the Roman Empire, from barbarian attacks.
		The Aurelian Wall seems not to have built along the western side of Rome, where the Tiber River forms a natural barrier.
		The Aurelian Wall continued as a significant military defense for the city of Rome until September 20, 1870, when the Bersaglieri of the army of the Kingdom of Italy breached the wall near the Porta Pia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aurelian_Walls (421 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aurelian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" Tetricus II was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian.
		Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing damnatio memoriae on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius, was deified.
		Aurelian entered in Italia, but his army was defeated in an ambush near Placentia (January 271).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aurelian (600 words)

	Intra Muros/Extra Muros -- Inside/Outside the Roman Walls
		The Aurelian walls, if you think about it, are the biggest thing the Romans ever built in Rome, being only rivaled by the various aqueducts in other parts of the Empire, whose structures lie outside various municipal boundaries.
		The date of the Servian walls is fairly clear because they were built predominantly of greyish-yellow tuffa stone from the Grotta Oscura quarries in Veii, a type of stone not available in Rome until after it had taken Veii in the first quarter of the 4th century BC.
		The walls were kept in repair as well as they could be, and in the middle of the 9th century Pope Leo IV built walls on the Trastevere side of the Tiber that brought the Vatican within the circuit.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VWalls.html (1613 words)

	The Walls of Rome
		The oldest walls of Rome are generally referred to as the Servian Walls, because ancient historians relate that it was king Tullius Servius who built the first fortifications around the city.
		The walls still to be seen today in many parts of Rome were begun by the emperor Aurelian at the end of the 3rd century A.D. By this time the Roman empire was crumbling and northern Italy had already been invaded by barbarian tribes.
		In the 20th century, as the population of Rome increased, parts of the walls and towers were transformed into living quarters, ranging from simple shelters for down-and-outs to luxury flats.
	www.inforoma.it /feature.php?lookup=walls (695 words)

	AURELIAN'S WALLS - page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Aurelian had the walls built, they joined this structure, which on three sides became the north-eastern corner of the city's boundaries.
		Carrying along the avenue, the wall comes to a round bend, but it is impossible to follow it because of a small sports ground.
		The wall from here to Porta Clausa is now missing, but it starts once again on the left, by a few roman fragments walled in the bricks on the very corner of the avenue.
	www.geocities.com /mp_pollett/aurel21.htm (873 words)

	The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon (chapter11)
		Aurelian had resigned a distant province to the Goths; but it was dangerous to trust or to pardon these perfidious barbarians, whose formidable power kept Italy itself in perpetual alarms.
		Aurelian, who considered the war as totally extinguished, received the mortifying intelligence of the escape of the Alemanni, and of the ravage which they already committed in the territory of Milan.
		She retired within the walls of her capital, made every preparation for a vigorous resistance, and declared, with the intrepidity of a heroine, that the last moment of her reign and of her life should be the same.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /g/gibbon/edward/g43d/chapter11.html (12728 words)

	Aurelian
		Aurelian is usually credited with the idea of the false alarm that got Valerian II to venture out of his tent unarmed in the middle of the night.
		Aurelian tried to end the round of emperor assassinations by reinforcing the Sol (Sun god) cult and identifying the office of emperor with the god -- something that Nero had tried before him -- but, as in the first instance, it obviously didn't work: Aurelian met the same fate as so many of his predecessors.
		Aurelian's reign lasted only five years, but his accomplishments were long lasting.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VAurelian.html (1189 words)

	The history of Roman Walls, Romecentral - The Rome review -
		Many remains of these ancient walls are visible in Roma: in the oriental part of the city, a piece of about 10 metres is visible in Largo Magnanapoli, inside a main entrance at number 158 it is possible to see an interesting arch probably used for a catapult to defend the walls.
		The walls construction ended under the reign of Probo (276-282 a.c.), it was 4 meters thick and 8 meters high with square towers every 30 meters.
		These walls had been restored and improved under Massenzio (306-312) and Arcadio (401-402), during these restoration a great amount of dust was removed (it facilitated the crossing of the walls); many inscriptions still visible near Porta Maggiore remember all these works.
	www.romecentral.com /article_history_walls.php (589 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aurelian Walls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The wall is only I2 to 14 ft. high, and has thinly scattered battlements, at intervals of 20 ft. The north-east gate (Porta Principalis Dextra) is well preserved ; it had a tower on each side, now greatly reduced in height, in which are small windows with arched heads moulded in one slab of terra-cotta.
		The lower storey of the circular part and the walls of the projecting portico were covered with slabs of Greek marble; a great part of the latter still remains, enriched with Corinthian pilasters and bands of sculptured ornament.
		A great part of the Aurelian wall still exists in a more or less perfect state; but it has wholly vanished where it skirted the river, and a great part of its trans-Tiberine course is gone.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aurelian-Walls (1619 words)

	SERVIAN WALLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The longest surviving stretch of these walls is the one on the left side of Rome's central train station, Stazione Termini.
		Originally, the wall ran across this spot, but when the villa was built the defensive structure had likely already fallen into disuse.
		A relatively long stretch of Servian wall, protected by a tall iron railing, stands on the spot where the aforesaid street meets the square, while a similar part of the wall is still standing on one side of the same street, only a few metres further uphill.
	it.geocities.com /mp_pollett/servian.htm (1453 words)

	Pyramid of Cestius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The piramid was included in the Aurelian Walls, and is close to Porta San Paolo (on the right).
		The Pyramid of Cestius (in Italian, Piramide di Caio Cestio or Piramide Cestia) is an Egyptian-style pyramid in Rome, Italy near the Porta San Paolo and the Protestant Cemetery.
		In the 3rd century the pyramid was included inside the Aurelian Walls, and the Middle Ages, including the author Petrarch, seems to have thought of it, erroneously, as the tomb of either Romulus or Remus, in spite of the inscription.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius (396 words)

	The Walls of Rome
		The wall circuits of Rome provide a frame of reference for the city both as a measure of its growth and prosperity and also as a testament to the vicissitudes of a great city, its image of itself and the practical needs for security during times of travail and even during times of peace.
		Rome soon outgrew the Republican walls and became so powerful a force in Italy and the Mediterranean that it felt no need for city walls until the late 4th century A.D. when the Barbarian pressure from the east began to threaten the empire.
		Paul III's ambitious project to shorten the Aurelian wall and to convert it into a bastioned circuit was short-lived: only two short sections of this were built, one between Porta Appia and Porta Ostiense, and one on the Aventine hill.
	nolli.uoregon.edu /wallsOfRome.html (714 words)

	Article: Introduction to Roman Topography
		On the left bank of the Tiber, these walls also closely follow the octroi (customs) boundary of the time of Commodus, which was marked by cippi and so provides a convenient definition of the city limits at the height of the empire.
		But on the right bank the area included within the walls was simply a wedge running to the top of the Janiculan hill to prevent any enemy from seizing that vantage point from which to bombard the city and to protect the heads of the most important Tiber bridges.
		Walls are drawn with double lines, rather than the single line of the Marble Plan, and a range of refinements including identifications introduced.
	www.cvrlab.org /Library/Richardson/RichardsonIntroduction.html (7063 words)

	Roman Army
		The city of Rome was from 600 BC defended by stout defensive walls.
		The Servian walls of the Republican era prevented an assault on the city by Hannibal even after that Carthaginian general had annihilated several legions throughout Italy.
		During the Pax Romana of the early empire the walls were allowed to fall into desuetude, but with the resurgence of civil wars and barbarian invasions in the third and fourth centuries AD the walls of Rome were reconstructed into a massive brick and mortar circuit.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/roman_army.htm (432 words)

	Aurelian Wall Collapse -- 16 April 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Government conservators are quoted in the media as complaining that their warnings went unheeded and that instead of repairing the walls prior to the Jubilee, there was only a spring 2000 cleanup, including removing the weeds that had grown in fissures and on the walls.
		The sequence of the wall's collapse and its underlying cause are fairly obvious.
		This scenario is born out by the position of large chunks of the upper wall on the top of the ruble heap overlaying small pieces of masonry from the lower section of the wall.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VAurelianCollapse.html (485 words)

	Aurelian and the Third Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Aurelian and the Third Century provides a re-evaluation in the light of recent scholarship of the difficulties facing the Roman empire in the AD 260s and 270s, concentrating upon the reign of the emperor Aurelian and his part in surmounting them.
		The first half of the book is a narrative of his many achievements (peace in Britain, the Eastern frontier restored, an imperial pretender in Gaul defeated, the Aurelian walls constructed); the second is more of an essay-format discussion of the economic and other social aspects of his reign.
		Aurelian the Emperor has always been a fascination of mine since childhood (along with Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Julian the Apostate, even Valentinian III; along with every detail of the Roman Empire!), and I am now 48.
	209.120.239.177 /0_0415301874.html (526 words)

	Aurelian's Wall
		This situation forced Emperor Aurelian (270-275 AD) to undertake the building of a new belt wall, since the old one (the Republican Wall) was by this time a ruin, and since the city, after half a millennium of unopposed domination, was spread in all the surroundings.
		The belt of Aurelian, finished in few years by civilian corporations, was built with a brick wall about 6 meters high and 3.5 meters thick; the perimeter was about 19 kilometers long and was protected each 30 meter by a square tower.
		The aim of Aurelian was limited to stop crowds of invaders not able to face long sieges or to launch powerful attacks; but the situation of Rome got worse at the point that, only 25 years later, Emperor Maxentius undertook a considerable reinforcement, recognizable in some parts by the building technique in opus listatum.
	www.romacivica.net /tarcaf/engfra/aurwal_e.htm (519 words)

	Rome's Historical Districts - XIV - Borgo
		Nearby was also a pyramid, popularly believed to be the burial place of Remus (while the similar pyramid of Gaius Cestius, described in Aurelian's Walls part III, was believed to be the tomb of Remus' brother, Romulus).
		Pope Leo IV (847-55) protected the basilica and its surroundings with a set of walls, as explained in Curious and Unusual page 4, naming this suburban borough Civitas Nova ("New City"); later in time it was renamed Civitas Leonina ("Leo's City").
		Pius IV's wall followed a straight route which still today marks the northern boundary of the district; it was demolished in the late 19th century to enable the making of new houses for the further growth of the neighborhood.
	mp_pollett.tripod.com /rione14.htm (1515 words)

	AURELIAN'S WALLS - part 2 - page 3
		Back again along the main route, the wall makes a bend towards the south, along via Casilina; here once stood a further gate, named after Honorius, who had it built, which was taken down by pope Gregory XVI when Porta Maggiore was restored.
		Due to a private ground, we shortly lose sight of the wall for about 150 metres.
		the last arches by the gate were closed, so to incorporate this structure in the defensive wall.
	mp_pollett.tripod.com /aurel23.htm (1068 words)

	Porta S.Sebastiano K92b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The walls were 6-8 meters high and 3.5 meters thick.
		The walls were raised to almost twice their height by Honorius and Arcadius in 403 A.D. and the main entrances to Rome were fortified with the towers.
		Popes restored the walls many times and Urban VIII in the 17th century substituted the old limited tract of the Aurelian walls in Trastevere with the new ones.
	www.italycyberguide.com /Geography/cities/rome2000/K92b.htm (275 words)

	MANES - Online Information article about MANES
		Praetor to the camp being included in the line of the Aurelian lancamp.
		Owing to the addition of the later wall it requires some care to trace the rows of battlements which belong to the camp.
		Gallienus still exists on the Esquiline; it took the place of the ancient Porta Esquilina of the Servian wall.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MAL_MAR/MANES.html (5158 words)

	Aurelian and the Third Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This concise and informative biography deals with Aurelian, Emperor of Rome from 270-275; a man who in many ways revitalized the military and politic fiber of Rome, but whose comparatively brief reign has left him largely forgotten.
		The first half of the book is a narrative of his many achievements (peace in Britain, the Eastern frontier restored, an imperial pretender in Gaul defeated, the Aurelian walls constructed); the second is more of an essay-format discussion of the economic and other social aspects of his reign.
		Particularly interesting is Watson's observations about the supposed 3rd century "decline"; as he observes, this is an after-the-fact construct, and Romans of that era did not necessarily view themselves as being in the middle of some giant historic slide.
	www.duchs.com /isbn/0415301874 (201 words)

	Castel Sant'Angelo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, the mausoleum was a decorated cylinder, with a garden top and the golden quadriga of the emperor.
		In the following centuries, the mausoleum was converted into a military fortress and included in the Aurelian Walls.
		The popes converted the structure into a castle, from the 14th century; Pope Nicholas III connected the castle to St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo (327 words)

	B+B Al Colonnato Di San Pietro in rome
		It's on the second floor of a late 19th century building situated nearby that section of the old Aurelian walls which surrounds the hill of Gianicolo (270 - 275 AD).
		Despite our central location, the street were the B&B Al Colonnato Di San Pietro is located is pedestrian and the, rooms overlooking the Aurelian walls, are quite silent.
		The flat which has been recently refurbished was designed by an excellent architect, as one can infer from the windows equipped with air gap glasses, the solid wooden furniture, the beds equipped with wired bed frames and orthopaedic mattresses, the an allergic fabrics, the safe, the minibar and the fold way tables.
	www.italyanditaly.tv /bedandbreakfast/rome/colonnatodisanpietro (164 words)

	Monuments of Rome, Pyramid, Activitaly
		This shaft (opened in the '600's, when the Pyramid was brought to light), covered outside with a stone, led straight to the centre of the vault, covering the grave-chamber.
		The interior walls were decorated with stuccoes and fresco paintings divided in panels by means of painted candelabra that frame female figures (badly preserved).
		In the III century the monument was incorporated in the Aurelian Walls
	www.activitaly.it /inglese/monument/piramide.htm (203 words)

	Precooked Query (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most important change to the urban fabric of Rome during the reign of Aurelian was the construction of the Aurelian Walls.
		It used water power from the Aqua Traiana and for defensive reasons, it was enclosed by an extension of the Aurelian Walls into the Transtiberim.
		Maxentius was responsible for the construction of the Basilica Maxentius near the Forum Romanum and for a restoration of the Aurelian Walls.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /rome/query16.html (245 words)

	Appian Way - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its construction was started in 312 BC by the consul Appius Claudius Caecus on an existing track that connected Rome with the Alban Hills (this road has been thought to be the one that originally brought Latins from Alba Longa to the future capital).
		The original track of the Appian Way connected Rome (from Porta San Sebastiano in the Aurelian Walls, near the Baths of Caracalla) with Ariccia, Forum Appii, Terracina, Fondi, Formia, Minturnae (Minturno), Sinuessa (Mondragone) and finally Capua.
		The road was later extended (190 BC) to Benevento (Beneventum) and Venosa which was founded at that time and populated by 20,000 Roman farmers, and still later carried to Taranto (Tarentum) and Brindisi (Brundisium).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appian_way (332 words)

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