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	The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill \| Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, Volume 1 - Mirror @ Uni ...
		Hill outlined a systematic approach for using scientific judgment to infer causation from statistical associations observed in epidemiologic data, listing nine issues to be considered when judging whether an observed association is a causal relationship.
		Hill never used the term "criteria" and he explicitly stated that he did not believe any hard-and-fast rules of evidence could be laid down, emphasizing that his nine "viewpoints" [1](p.
		Hill's own caveats suggest a similar opinion (though such a claim requires some caution, given that Hill repeated his list in his medical statistics textbooks until the time of his death, adding neither an evolution in his perspective nor arguments to support the validity or usefulness of the list [11-14]).
	bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de /1742-5573-1-3/text.htm (3215 words)

	Austin Bradford Hill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Austin Bradford Hill (July 8, 1897 - April 18, 1991), English epidemiologist and statistician, pioneered the randomized clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, was the first to demonstrate the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
		Austin Bradford Hill, son of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS a distinguished physiologist, was born in London and educated at Chigwell School, Essex.
		Hill was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1954.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill (714 words)

	Encyclopedia: Austin Bradford Hill
		On Hill's death Peter Armitage wrote, "to anyone involved in medical statistics, epidemiology or public health, Bradford Hill was quite simply the world’s leading medical statistician." Peter Armitage born (July 15, 1924 is a statistician specialising in medical statistics.
		Austin Bradford Hill (July 8, 1897 - April 18, 1991) English epidemiologist and statistician pioneered the randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, was the first to demonstrate the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
		Austin Bradford Hill was born in London son of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS, a distinguished physiologist.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Austin-Bradford-Hill (1648 words)

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	www.rent.com /rentals/texas/austin-and-vicinity/austin (656 words)

	Sir Richard Doll -- Richmond 331 (7511): 295 Data Supplement - Longer version -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Doll and Hill both thought the most likely cause would prove to be pollution—smuts from coal fires were terrible in those days, but had been for decades, and the expansion of the motor industry had meant more tarring of roads, and more exhaust fumes.
		The results were so compelling and so unexpected that Doll and Hill took the results to the MRC head Sir Harold Himsworth, who advised them that the results might be peculiar to London, and suggested that they repeat the study in other cities.
		The government took no action on smoking for several years, but Bradford Hill advised that it was the researchers’ job to report, not to campaign—otherwise they might get too attached to their conclusions.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/331/7511/295/DC1 (2020 words)

	Emerging Themes in Epidemiology \| Full text \| The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: a counterfactual ...
		Hill acknowledged that the impression of strength of association depended on the index used for the magnitude of association [5].
		Hill [5] introduced this reflection with the proverb "Which is the cart and which is the horse?" For instance, he asked whether a particular diet triggered a certain disease or whether the disease led to subsequently altered dietary habits.
		Hill [5] used the term "generally known facts" to indicate that the knowledge against which an association is evaluated has to be undisputable.
	www.ete-online.com /content/2/1/11 (6608 words)

	Hills Criteria of Causation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These criteria were originally presented by Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991), a British medical statistician as a way of determining the causal link between a specific factor (e.g., cigarette smoking) and a disease (such as emphysema or lung cancer).
		Hill's Criteria form the basis of modern epidemiological research, which attempts to establish scientifically valid causal connections between potential disease agents and the many diseases that afflict humankind.
		While the criteria established by Hill (and elaborated by others) were developed as a research tool in epidemiology, they are equally applicable to sociology, anthropology and other social sciences, which attempt to establish causal relationships among social phenomena.
	www.drabruzzi.com /hills_criteria_of_causation.htm (1190 words)

	Tobacco Documents \| Profiles \| People \| Hill, Austin Bradford
		Bradford Hill published preliminary report on smoking and lung cancer.
		Doll and Hill reported that between 1922 and 1947 the annual number of deaths from lung cancer had increased about fifteen times.
		Doll and Hill had examined the smoking rates of lung cancer patients admitted to twenty London hospitals and obtained data that closely resembled the Graham and Wynder study (L. White, Merchants 1988).
	tobaccodocuments.org /profiles/hill_bradford.html (119 words)

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	www.allure-hotels.com /austin (380 words)

	Major Greenwood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College.
		After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Instiution in 1910.
		He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Major_Greenwood (648 words)

	Read This: Dicing with Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bradford Hill was the first to apply double-blind randomized pairs study to the effect of the antibiotic streptomycin on tuberculosis.
		The last half of the chapter is a history of the analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on health, starting with Austin Bradford Hill and Richard Doll in 1950.
		Fisher argued against the interpretation of Hill and Doll's analysis, insisting that hidden confounding factors may be responsible for the statistically poorer health of the smokers.
	www.maa.org /reviews/dicingwithdeath.html (1779 words)

	Edward Tufte: New ET Writings, Artworks & News
		Austin Bradford Hill's classic essay on thinking about causal evidence is reproduced here.
		E.T. Austin Bradford Hill, “The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?,”
		Nearly forty years ago, amongst the studies of occupational health that I made for the Industrial Health Research Board of the Medical Research Council was one that concerned the workers in the cotton-spinning mills of Lancashire (Hill 1930).
	www.edwardtufte.com /tufte/hill (4148 words)

	Healthy Skepticism library reference details
		While the assessment of the safety of medicines needs to consider specific issues such as drug interactions and variation in compliance, the general principles, which are used to study environmental hazards, can be applied for this purpose.
		The criteria proposed by Sir Austin Bradford-Hill more than 35 years ago for attributing disease causation to environmental factors have been used widely in epidemiology, are applicable to pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology.
		The application of the Austin Bradford-Hill criteria to the evaluation of causal association in pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology is very useful.
	www.healthyskepticism.org /library/ref.php?id=2458 (236 words)

	Research Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Austin Bradford Hill was a member of a committee who were given the responsibility to evaluate this new drug.
		However Professor Hill argued that one group of patients should be given the drug and another group not given the drug, then compare the difference.
		Austin Bradford Hills position was vindicated, but not for showing that the drug worked, but for showing that after a while that it stopped working.
	www.pha-uk.com /research/nov2001.htm (2952 words)

	British Medical Journal: A change in scientific approach: from alternation to randomised allocation in clinical trials ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Then a new MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit was set up to assess the drug by clinical trial (director, myself; deputy and clinical coordinator, Marc Daniels; and statistical adviser, Austin Bradford Hill, director of the MRC Statistical Research Unit).
		The committee evidently assumed that Bradford Hill's approach would be sound and discussed at the "front line" which is where he proposed (to Daniels and me) his novel allocation by random sampling numbers.
		Bradford Hill had formed his allocation ideas over several years (with randomisation replacing alternation in order to better conceal the allocation schedule), but had only tried them out in disease prevention.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0999/is_7209_319/ai_55881091 (1319 words)

	Ophthalmic Hyperguide. Neuro-ophthalmology: Amiodarone Optic Neuropathy
		Austin Bradford Hill, a British medical statistician, proposed criteria to define causality.
		Comparing the application of the Hill criteria for amiodarone corneal deposits (verticellata) with amiodarone optic neuropathy may be useful.
		In contrast to amiodarone keratopathy, the data on amiodarone optic neuropathy are less convincing for causality using the Hill criteria.
	www.ophthalmic.hyperguides.com /tutorials/neuro/amiodarone/tutorial.asp (1256 words)

	News: Oxford pays tribute to Sir Richard Doll
		His 1950 study, with Austin Bradford Hill, showed that smoking was 'a cause, and a major cause' of lung cancer.
		In 1951 Doll and Hill started a study that would eventually last for 50 years, asking all the doctors in Britain what they themselves smoked, and then tracking them over the years to see what they died from.
		In 1948 he went to work with Austin Bradford Hill at the Medical Research Council's Statistical Research Unit where he commenced his pioneering work on the effects of tobacco, and gave Richard Peto his first job in 1967.
	www.admin.ox.ac.uk /po/050725.shtml (938 words)

	Hill, Austin Bradford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He pioneered rigorous statistical study of patterns of disease and, together with William Richard Doll, was the first to demonstrate the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
		Hill took a degree in economics, and in 1923 began working for the Medical Research Council as a statistician.
		In 1933 he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where he later became professor of medical statistics.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/HillA/1.html (109 words)

	Stats: Small relative risks (January 13, 2005)
		The original source of the rule cited above is a paper by Austin Bradford Hill published in 1965 [Medline].
		The first criterion that Hill cited, strength of association, has unfortunately morphed into a dichotomy that all RRs smaller than 2 are bad and all RRs larger than 2 are good, in spite of numerous cautions, both by Hill himself in that article and by many Epidemiologists since then.
		A good recent commentary on this issue is "The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill" by Carl Phillips and Karne Goodman.
	www.childrens-mercy.org /stats/weblog2005/SmallRelativeRisk.asp (627 words)

	Oxford Brookes University: Medical Video Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In this interview epidemiologist and medical statistician, Sir Austin Bradford Hill, begins by talking of his family, in particular his father, the distinguished physiologist, Sir Leonard Erskine Hill.
		The interview moves to the ten-year period spent working for the MRC and its industrial research board, and Sir Austin outlines investigations of illness in weaving operatives and cotton spinners.
		Sir Austin then goes on to discuss his collaborative partnership with Sir Richard Doll in pioneering studies establishing the link between smoking and lung cancer.
	www.brookes.ac.uk /schools/bms/medical/synopses/hill2.htm! (358 words)

	A Friend of Ours I Never Met Died (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill published the first study exposing the now long-established relationships between smoking and lung cancer.
		Both scientists shared a trait with Thomas Jefferson, in the sense that Jefferson was a lawyer with an honest grasp of the limitations of the law.
		Sir Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill were epidemiologists with an honest grasp of the limitations of statistics.
	www.axisoflogic.com /artman/publish/printer_19498.shtml (764 words)

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	ASSOCIATIONS & CAUSATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Experimental evidence: According to Hill, the strongest support for causation may be revealed by experimental evidence where introduction or removal of an agent can lead to a change in the effect.
		Hill uses the example of thalidomide; since we know it causes congenital anomalies, it not difficult to appreciate another drug causing anomalies.
		Actually, Hill never used the word "criteria" anywhere in his paper, nor did he intend to offer a list of necessary conditions.
	www.sunmed.org /caus.html (2269 words)

	Cherry on safe exposure levels
		In using the epidemiological studies, careful consideration of bias and confounding is undertaken and then the Bradford Hill viewpoints are used to guide consideration of the likelihood of cause and effect, Figure 2.
		Dr Moulder states that "The Hill criteria should be viewed as a whole; no individual criterion is either necessary or sufficient for concluding that there is a causal relationship between exposure to an agent and a disease." This is an approach of people who are determined to dismiss the epidemiological evidence.
		Hill (1965) gives the example of respiratory sickness in workers in the cardroom of a spinning mill where they were exposed to dust.
	www.whale.to /b/cherry3.html (18106 words)

	Read about Austin Bradford Hill at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Austin Bradford Hill and learn about Austin ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Read about Austin Bradford Hill at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Austin Bradford Hill (July 8, 1897 - April 18, 1991) English
		Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS a distinguished physiologist, was born in London and educated at Chigwell School, Essex.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Austin_Bradford_Hill (601 words)

	[No title]
		06.25b Sir Austin Bradford Hill on Causation and Correlation.
		I was just reading "The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?" By Sir Austin Bradford Hill CBE DSC FRCP(hon) FRS (Professor Emeritus of Medical Statistics, University of London), a useful article for teaching statistics, which Edward Tufte posted on his website.
		If we cannot detect it or reasonably infer a specific one, then in such circumstances I think we are reasonably entitled to reject the vague contention of the armchair critic ‘you can’t prove it, there may be such a feature’.
	www.rasmusen.org /w/04.06.25b.htm (490 words)

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