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Topic: Australian referendum, 1911

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	New South Wales - LoveToKnow 1911
		The bulk of the trade is carried on with the other Australian states; in 1905 the value of such trade was, imports, £14,938,885, and exports, £12,263,472 the British trade is also considerable, the imports direct from Great Britain being valued at £8,602,288 and the exports £10,222,422.
		Lord Jersey assumed office on the 15th of January 1891, and a few weeks afterwards the conference to consider the question of federating the Australian colonies was held at Sydney, and the great strike, which at one time had threatened to paralyse the trade of the colony, came to an end.
		The visit of the Australian premiers to England on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee gave an additional impetus to federation, and in September 1897 the convention reassembled in Sydney and discussed the modifications in the constitution which had been suggested in the local parliaments.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /New_South_Wales (8661 words)

	AUSTRALIA. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Most Australians are of British and Irish ancestry and the majority of the country lives in urban areas.
		The indigenous population, the Australian aborigines, estimated to number as many as 350,000 at the time of the Europeans’ arrival, was numbered at 386,049 (including Torres Strait Islanders, who are of Papuan descent) in 1996.
		While the Australian economy fell into a severe recession in the late 1980s and suffered from the Asian economic slump of the mid-1990s, it had largely recovered by the late 1990s, although unemployment remained high.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/au/Australi.html (1790 words)

	★ Australian Information Guide - All about Australia
		On 1 January 1901, federation of the Colonies occurred and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a dominion of the British Empire.
		The Australian Capital Territory, centred on the new federal capital of Canberra, was separated from New South Wales in 1911.
		With this act of parliament, Australian law was made unequivocally the law in the nation, and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the single highest court in the country.
	www.australian1.com /Australian_Information (1717 words)

	Australia - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Australian Capital Territory was formed from New South Wales in 1911, to provide a neutral place for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (the initial capital being Melbourne from 1901 to 1929).
		Well-known Australian fauna include the monotremes (the platypus and the echidna) as well as a host of marsupials including the koala, kangaroos, wombats and the emu, a large bird related to the ostrich.
		Although the Australian colonies were founded as a penal colonies (except for South Australia and Western Australia - with the latter receiving convicts), the transportation of British convicts to Australian colonies was gradually phased out between 1840 and 1868.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=577 (4405 words)

	Delaware - LoveToKnow 1911
		Members of the lower house must be at least twenty-four years of age, members of the senate at least twenty-seven; members of both houses must at the time of their election have been citizens of the state for at least three years.
		In November 1906 the people of the state voted (17,248 for; 2162 against) in favour of the provision of a system of advisory initiative and advisory referendum; and in March 1907 the general assembly passed an act providing initiative and referendum in the municipal affairs in the city of Wilmington.
		The leaders, one of whom was Captain David P. de Vries, wished " to plant a colony for the cultivation of grain and tobacco as well as to carry on the whale fishery in that region." The settlement, however, was soon completely destroyed by the Indians.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Delaware (4236 words)

	Australian Resource Page - austrailian shepard
		The Dutch adjectival form Australische ("Australian", in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638.
		The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the capital from 1901 to 1927).
		Australian English is a major variety of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found their way into standard English.
	www.tvave.com /Australian.html (4961 words)

	The Whitlam Institute: The Whitlam Collection: Gough Whitlam's Case For Yes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Australia and the laws of Australia are not mentioned in the oath or affirmation of allegiance that must be taken and signed by every member of the Australian Parliament before taking his or her seat.
		Opponents of the referendum never rely on the argument that the Queen does, or that Prince Charles would, carry out the duties of a Head of State in Australia.
		Leaders and members should cooperate in sponsoring referendums to incorporate the British Parliament Act 1911, to codify the prerogatives of the President, to remove the impediments on immigrants standing for and sitting in the Parliament and to set simultaneous fixed four year terms.
	www.whitlam.org /collection/1999/19991103_articleforaustralian_yes (755 words)

	Australian Capital Territory - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is the capital ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is the capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing territory.
		The Territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, and construction of the capital, Canberra, began in 1913.
		The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) and the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC) are in the suburb of Campbell in Canberra's inner northeast.
	www.millvalleycaus.com /details/Australian_Capital_Territory (2064 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography Ba
		He was awarded the von Mueller medal by the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science in 1921, and the Clarke medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1922.
		In 1870 he was one of the South Australian delegates to the intercolonial conference held at Melbourne, in 1871 he resigned from the council, and in 1872 became member for Sturt in the house of assembly.
		In 1927 he stood for Barossa in the South Australian house of assembly as an independent candidate, was elected head of the poll, and held the seat until 1930.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogBa.html (19967 words)

	Electoral Newsfile 84: Referendum 1999 Information Guide
		The Australian Electoral Commission's role at the referendum is to provide voting services to the electors of Australia to enable them to have their say on the proposed laws to alter the Constitution.
		Australians living or travelling overseas will be able to vote at approximately 100 different overseas locations including Australian embassies, consulates and high commissions or they will be able to vote by post.
		The referendum is carried only if it is approved by a majority of voters overall and a majority of voters in a majority of States, ie, in at least 4 of Australia's 6 States.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/How/newsfiles/084/news84.htm (2074 words)

	Referendum
		However, as the war continued, there were insufficient new volunteers to cover the Australian Imperial Force's massive casualties and to meet the British authorities' requests for reinforcements.
		Referendums about the issue of conscription held on 28 October 1916 and again on 20 December 1917 were both defeated, particularly in South Australia, with the result that only volunteers served in the war.
		The 1916 conscription referendum: an analysis of voting patterns in rural areas of South Australia Adel., 1978
	www.slsa.sa.gov.au /exhibitions/treasures/zpami12841456_001.htm (256 words)

	Conscription in Australia
		When the referendum was defeated most of the Hughesiliers went back to civilian life and some enlisted.
		By contrast with the First World War, an overall majority of Australians supported Curtin's proposals; South Australia was one of four states where a majority approved conscription for this broadened 'home defence', which was, of course, conscription for overseas service in the areas where Australian forces were needed.
		Many Australians were opposed to involvement in the Vietnam War and even more objected to the use of conscripts there.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/conscription.htm (1701 words)

	National Archives of Australia - Fact Sheet 161 - Conscription referendums, 1916 and 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Australian voters were asked in October 1916, and then again in December 1917, to vote on the issue of conscription.
		There was sustained British pressure on the Australian Government to ensure that its divisions were not depleted: in 1916 it was argued that Australia needed to provide reinforcements of 5500 men per month to maintain its forces overseas at operational level.
		The referendum was defeated with 1,087,557 in favour and 1,160,033 against.
	www.naa.gov.au /Publications/fact_sheets/fs161.html (623 words)

	Western Australian Electoral Commission
		Four times referendums have failed when there have been national majorities in favour of the amendments but there has not been a majority in favour in at least four of the six states.
		Originally only electors in the states voted in referendums, but the Commonwealth Constitution was amended in 1977 to give electors in the two territories an opportunity to be included in the count for the national majority.
		The referendum was not a required part of the process for constitutional change in terms of the Western Australian Constitution until 1978.
	www.waec.wa.gov.au /state/factSheet18.htm (1016 words)

	Austrralia's Native People
		On May 27 1967 a referendum was held which approved two changes to the Constitution, one of which gave the Commonwealth power to legislate in favour of Aboriginals.
		Indigenous Australians are still almost entirely dependent on the patronage and goodwill of government and on legislation that can be diluted or changed at any time.
		Furthermore, indigenous Australians need to convince both the wider community and the indigenous community that they are in a process of change.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Heritage/indigenous.htm (3478 words)

	Western Australian Electoral Commission - State Elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		A referendum is normally held on a proposal to change the Constitution, such as the 1999 national referendum on the Republic, or to gauge the opinion of electors on a certain issue, such as the State referendum on daylight saving (WA has had three 1975, 1984 and1992).
		Besides daylight saving, issues have included the vote to join the Australian Commonwealth in 1900, liquor licence referendums in 1911 and 1921, the secession referendum in 1933, and prohibition referendums in 1925 and 1950.
		The proposed referendum is only the second to be run concurrently with a State general election in Western Australia.
	www.waec.wa.gov.au /state/2005-referendum-factsheet.asp (284 words)

	Read the majority judgement \| News \| The Australian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		It is unnecessary for present purposes to go into the detail of the constitution of the AFPC save to say that Commissioners are appointed by the Governor General (s 38) and their terms and conditions of employment are governed by Div 2 of Pt 2 of the Act.
		Otherwise, in most Australian colonies, and later in the States, incorporation of a non profit association with limited liability was possible only under the relevant companies legislation.
		Yet it is suggested that failure of the referendum casts light on the meaning of the Constitution.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20754950-601,00.html (16538 words)

	Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The two mainland territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT); the federal government administers a separate area within New South Wales, the Jervis Bay Territory, as a naval base and sea port for the national capital.
		The primary basis of Australian culture up until the mid-20th century was British, although distinctive Australian features had been evolving from the environment and indigenous culture.
		Australian rules football was developed in Australia and is played at amateur and professional levels.
	abcworld.net /Australia.html (4595 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Billy Hughes
		His insistence upon calling two conscription referendums (October 1916 and November/December 1917 and which he both lost) split Labor and resulted in his ejection from the party, upon which he formed the Nationalist Party.
		Hughes travelled to Britain in January 1916 to argue for greater Australian involvement in determining the conduct of the war.
		He married again to Mary Campbell in 1911; she was subsequently made a Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire in 1922 for her services during the First World War.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/hughes.htm (730 words)

	WER: The Wisconsin Idea [Chapter 4]
		Before the law of 1911 was passed, Wisconsin had no limitation on corrupt practices except stringent laws as to bribery and contribution of campaign funds by corporations.
		It was defeated at the 1911 session of the legislature by a narrow margin because of what was apparently an unexpected return to party lines.
		Wisconsin has not the real Australian ballot, that is, the ballot without the circle which has been used for a long time in Massachusetts and Minnesota and now is being very gradually adopted in other states.
	www.library.wisc.edu /etext/WIReader/WER1650-Chpt4.html (6440 words)

	The Media and the Law
		Australian jurisdictions recognised a number of defences to defamation actions, since it is recognised that the importance of protecting an individual's reputation must be balanced against the public interest in freedom of speech.
		Although in the Spycatcher case the Australian courts refused to restrain publication of a book by a former high-ranking officer of the British Security Service which the UK courts had banned, this was based on a refusal to apply foreign law rather than on a more liberal approach, to freedom of the press.
		The Australian Press Council has called on both federal and state governments to introduce shield laws to effect recognition of the principle of respect for the confidentiality of journalists' sources.
	www.presscouncil.org.au /pcsite/fop/auspres.html (9689 words)

	Australian LaRouche Forces Battle Against a Synarchist Police State
		He is also a former Governor-General (which personage wields the Queen's unbridled powers as Australian head of state), and supposedly a world expert in "constitutional law." As Cowen's writings reveal, he is a bitter enemy of the U.S. republican political system, specifically the institution of the Presidency.
		Indeed, even elements of the major Australian media have voiced concern, both at the legislation, and at the alarming fact that almost no one (except the CEC, which the media usually chooses to fl out) is fighting it.
		Almost simultaneously with Collins' claims, a senior adviser to Australia's former Chief Defence Scientist Dr. Ian Chessell, the head of the Australian contingent in Hans Blix's WMD inspection team in Iraq, charged that she was sacked because she, too, disagreed with cooking the intelligence.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2004/3118aus_synarch_fight.html (4340 words)

	THE UNRELENTING STRUGGLE OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS
		In 1967, a referendum was held where 90 percent of white Australians voted that Aborigines become citizens in their own land.
		There was much opposition by railway unions against the transport and export of Mary Kathleen uranium, and in 1977, the Australian Council of Trade Unions called for a ban on the export of uranium.
		Michael Mansell, an Australian Aboriginal activist, summed up the prospects of Aboriginal people in my country when he stated: "The most crucial prerequisite to empowering Aboriginal people is their desire and capacity to put an end to their disadvantaged situation and take control of their own lives.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/australians.html (1891 words)

	Billy Hughes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		In 1911 he married Mary Campbell, who was made a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1922 in recognition of her services during World War I. Deputy leader of the Labor Party under Fisher, Hughes held the influential Attorney-General portfolio.
		In January 1916, he set out to Britain to argue for more Australian participation in deciding the conduct of the war, and whilst there purchased, without reference to Cabinet, a fleet of 25 ships to form the basis of the government-owned shipping line (sold off in 1928).
		In the midst of heavy losses on the Somme, the first referendum on compulsory conscription was rejected by the people.
	members.tripod.com /virtaus4/volume6/prime_ministers/billy_hughes.htm (782 words)

	[No title]
		With Federation, Aboriginies were denied citizens' rights and, with the passage of the Aboriginies Act, in 1911, they were subjected to a whole range of provisions that restricted them their freedom and controlled their lives.
		Australians who are alive today cannot be held responsible for what other people did in the past.
		For Australians today to understand why we are implicated in past policies, we need to draw a distinction between the direct responsibility we bear for our personal actions, and our shared responsibility as members of a nation of what has been done in the name of that nation.
	www.webspawner.com /users/aust5 (1698 words)

	Australian, British and American Political Systems Compared
		The Australian political system is in some ways like the British, in others like the American.
		Like the American system ours is federal: i.e., there are two levels of government, neither of which can change the powers of the other or make laws within certain fields assigned to the other.
		The provisions of the Australian and U.S. constitutional statutes are entrenched, i.e.
	www.humanities.mq.edu.au /Ockham/y67xan1.html (1214 words)

	Parliament@Work - Australian Capital Territory
		Section 125 of the Australian Constitution says that the seat of the Commonwealth Government will be in territory given to or acquired by the Commonwealth; that this place should belong to the Commonwealth and that it should be located in New South Wales "not less than 100 miles from Sydney".
		It became the Australian Capital Territory in 1938.
		In a referendum held in 1978, voters in the ACT rejected a proposal for self-government, with 63% voting in favour of the proposition that the "present arrangements for governing the Australian Capital should continue for the time being".
	www.parliament.curriculum.edu.au /act.php3 (795 words)

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