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Topic: Australian referendum, 1926

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1926 27

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	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Robert Gordon Menzies 1894-1978
		The Australian National Research Council, the predecessor of the Australian Academy of Science, organized a symposium in Canberra in 1954 under the chairmanship of the highly respected Chief Justice of the Commonwealth, Sir Owen Dixon, at which the plight of the universities was discussed.
		The Council appointed the distinguished Australian, Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, F.R.S., as the Chancellor of the University and Professor R. Mills as its Deputy Chairman.
		Australian astronomers were interested in the building of a large telescope in Australia to facilitate joint optical and radio observing, and because a large part of the southern sky contained important stellar objects not visible to northern hemisphere telescopes.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/menzies.htm (14161 words)

	Australian Labor Party - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Australian Labor Party is a democratic and federal party, which consists of both individual members and affiliated trade unions, who between them decide the party's policies, elect its governing bodies and choose its candidates for public office.
		The ALP during its early years was distinguished by its rapid growth and success at a national level, first forming a minority national government under Chris Watson in April 1904, and forming its first majority government under Andrew Fisher in 1910.
		After failing to persuade the Australian voters to support a referendum approving of conscription which bitterly divided the country in the process, Hughes and his followers were expelled from the Labor Party.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/ALP (3010 words)

	John Howard's Statement on the Republic Referendum [October 25, 1999]
		The referendum on the issue of a republic fulfils a promise I made to the Australian people, on behalf of the Coalition, before the 1996 election and before I became Prime Minister.
		In other words, the matter was to be resolved by Australians under the terms of the Australian Constitution which, incidentally, had been assented to by Australians before its adoption in 1901.
		Almost all of the prominent politicians who support the ‘yes’ case for the referendum are in favour of the members of Federal Parliament choosing the president.
	www.australianpolitics.com /issues/republic/howard-statement.shtml (3004 words)

	Australian Unity - Company History
		The Australian Natives' Association (ANA) was founded in April 1871 and continued for one hundred and twenty-two years until September 1993, when it merged with Manchester Unity Friendly Society to become Australian Unity Friendly Society.
		With its concern for Australian interests and its vision of a country united by Federation, it attracted men with a sense of Australian destiny, many of whom were to rise to positions of national significance.
		Australian Federation: Lecture on The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia Bill, as adopted by The National Australasian Convention at Sydney, 9th April 1891.
	www.australianunity.com.au /au/info/federation.asp (901 words)

	The Militant - Nov. 29, 1999 -- Referendum vote rejects republic model, reflects deepening divisions in Australia
		SYDNEY, Australia — A proposal to establish an Australian republic, with a president selected by the prime minister and ratified by a two-thirds majority of the federal House of Representatives, was defeated in a national constitutional referendum November 6.
		The Australian capitalist class gained control of their state and waged wars to protect their own emerging imperialist interests in the region and the world, in a gradual process of separation from Britain.
		In 1975, the Australian ruling class used the governor-general's powers as de facto head of state to dismiss the Labor government of Gough Whitlam after alerting their allies in Washington and London.
	www.themilitant.com /1999/6342/634251.html (1232 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Referendum
		Born Prince Nguyen Vinh Thuy, he was the son of Emperor Khai Din and succeeded to the throne in 1926, but did not occupy it until 1932.
		One of the two inland countries of South America, Bolivia is shut in from the Pacific in the W by Chile and Peru; in the E and N it borders on Brazil, in the SE on Paraguay, and
		Referendum contingent valuation estimates: sensitivity to the assignment of offered values.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Referendum&StartAt=21 (652 words)

	Electoral Newsfile 84: Referendum 1999 Information Guide
		The Australian Electoral Commission's role at the referendum is to provide voting services to the electors of Australia to enable them to have their say on the proposed laws to alter the Constitution.
		Australians living or travelling overseas will be able to vote at approximately 100 different overseas locations including Australian embassies, consulates and high commissions or they will be able to vote by post.
		The referendum is carried only if it is approved by a majority of voters overall and a majority of voters in a majority of States, ie, in at least 4 of Australia's 6 States.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/How/newsfiles/084/news84.htm (2074 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Western Australia did not take part in the referendum held in 1898, and the government under Forrest (q.v.) was opposed to the proposals for federation even so late as the end of 1899.
		He was awarded the Wollaston Fund by the Geological Society of London in 1877, the Clarke medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1895, and the von Mueller medal by the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science in 1911.
		The South Australian government sent a vessel with fresh supplies to Fowler's Bay, and, after a rest of some days, Eyre, Barter, one of the Europeans of the original party, and three aborigines with 11 horses, started on their long journey to King George's Sound.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogE.html (10124 words)

	Australia As a Republic
		The Queen is the head of state of each of the Australian States and the State constitutions all reflect the central role of the Crown as part of the Parliament and Executive of the State.
		Moreover, the creation of an Australian office of head of state would provide an opportunity to consider the manner in which the functions of the office are to be carried out and to determine what is appropriate for Australia, including the introduction of certainty as to the extent of those functions.
		The primary question for Australians to consider in the course of the republic debate is whether Australia should have an Australian citizen chosen by Australians as its head of state, or whether it should retain as its head of state the person who is monarch of the United Kingdom.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Government/ausrepublic.htm (6826 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Leonard George Holden Huxley 1902-1988
		George was the grandson of Thomas Huxley and the grand nephew of another George Huxley from whom the famous biologists Thomas Henry Huxley (the prominent spokesman for Darwin and advocate of his new theory of evolution) and Julian Huxley were descended.
		The Committee on Australian Universities, chaired by Sir Keith Murray, had recommended that careful consideration should be given to the relationship between the existing Australian National University and the Canberra University College which, prior to 1960, had prepared students for the degree examinations of the University of Melbourne.
		Accordingly, he arranged for the Australians to attend as representatives of the Academy, and at the same time suggested the establishment of a committee, to be chaired by Huxley, to 'deal with questions of justification, telescope design, and Anglo-Australian co-operation'.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/huxley.htm (9100 words)

	Australia, 1900 A.D.–present \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The 1930s mark the establishment of a number of institutions for the exhibition of new Australian art, both abstract and representational, including the Modern Art Centre in Sydney and the Contemporary Art Society in Melbourne.
		In a national referendum, 92 percent of Australians vote to allow the federal government to legislate on behalf of Aboriginals.
		Australians vote down a referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with a president chosen by parliament.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/11/oca/ht11oca.htm (2256 words)

	Norfolk Island - Bloodless Genocide
		Simmons that it had no objections to Australian citizens living in Norfolk Island being allowed to vote in Australian elections if they wished, provided that they could vote in the electorates of their choice.
		Simmons stated that the referendum was irrelevant, and proceeded to put his Bill before the House of Representatives, where it passed.
		The final Act reads that residents of Norfolk Island who are Australian citizens and wish to vote in Australian Federal elections may enrol in the electorate with which they have an affinity (community interest), or, if they feel no affinity for a particular electorate, may enrol in the electorate of Canberra.
	www.pitcairners.org /bloodless_genocide2.html (6104 words)

	1999 Referendum Report and Statistics
		Australian electors vote in referendums to approve or reject proposed changes to the Australian Constitution.
		Since Federation on 1 January 1901, there have been 42 proposals for constitutional change put to Australian electors but only eight proposals have received the 'double majority' required to be passed. A further five proposals, while receiving an overall majority of votes, did not gain a majority in a majority of the States.
		A historical listing of Australian referendums held since 1906 is on the following page. Detailed results of these historical referendums at the national, State and Territory and divisional levels as well as by vote type are provided on the attached CD-ROM.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/When/referendums/1999_report/ref_background.htm (201 words)

	Read the majority judgement \| News \| The Australian
		It is unnecessary for present purposes to go into the detail of the constitution of the AFPC save to say that Commissioners are appointed by the Governor General (s 38) and their terms and conditions of employment are governed by Div 2 of Pt 2 of the Act.
		Otherwise, in most Australian colonies, and later in the States, incorporation of a non profit association with limited liability was possible only under the relevant companies legislation.
		Yet it is suggested that failure of the referendum casts light on the meaning of the Constitution.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20754950-601,00.html (16897 words)

	The Parliament of Australia: A Bibliography: Elections/Elections
		Australian General Election and Senate Election, October 18, 1980: Statistical Analysis.
		McHenry, Dean E. "The Australian General Election of 1954." Australian Quarterly 27 (March 1955): 14-23.
		Sainsbury, K. "The Australian Elections of 1954." Parliamentary Affairs 7 (Autumn 1954): 401-408.
	www.indiana.edu /~librcsd/bib/australia_parliament/Elections/Elections/more3.html (634 words)

	British Labour Party Moves Toward PR
		It was presented to Labour's National Executive in May, when Labour's leader John Smith made a statement accepting the logic of PR for European parliament elections and for the second chamber.
		Second, it supported PR for the European and Scottish parliaments and a referendum for the Commons.
		In any case, this is the first time since 1926 that Labour Conference has adopted any position in favor of PR.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1993/georghiou.html (877 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| ASSLH\| An Australian socialist in England: Kim Mackay, the British ...
		It is argued that Mackay’s particular brand of Australian socialism allowed a greater doctrinal flexibility that remained absent from the politics of his contemporaries on the parliamentary left. Mackay produced an array of books and pamphlets, but his work merits little attention in the literature on the British Labour Party.
		As an Australian he did not carry the baggage of some of his contemporaries on the British left concerning cross-party alliances and an impulsive anti-European mentality.
		In essence, Mackay was an Australian socialist who had to develop a position within the confines of British Labourism.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/asslh/gildart.html (4543 words)

	AUSTRALIA'S CONSTITUTION: The Governor-General is our head of state - 8 January 2005
		The Australian Constitution does not contain the words "head of state", nor was the term discussed during the constitutional debates which resulted in the drafting of the Constitution and its subsequent approval by the Australian people.
		With some arguing that the 1926 Imperial Conference prevented the British government from advising the King on the appointment of a governor-general, and others arguing, as Latham did, that the Australian government had no power to do so, it seemed that there was no-one who could advise the King on the appointment.
		The 1926 and the 1930 Imperial Conferences changed the status of the vice-regal office and established a new relationship between governors-general and their governments.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /articles/2005jan08_c.html (3375 words)

	Hard line is effective but not honourable - smh.com.au
		He gained a bachelor of laws from the Australian National University and was the first Vietnamese-born barrister admitted to the Bar.
		When he was named on Australia Day as one of three Achievers of the Year, he agreed about the things that unite Australians being greater than the things that divide us, but said society was also defined by finding solutions to division which were not short-term considerations.
		Oakes was speaking because he had rediscovered a letter written by Gough to Margaret in 1944, when he was a navigator with 13 Squadron, flying Ventura bombers on raids between Townsville and the Philippines.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/06/14/1023864346687.html (1192 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendums and Plebiscites
		The referendum is used in Australia as part of the formal process of amending the Commonwealth Constitution.
		The Constitution originally provided that Bills to alter the Constitution had to be approved by referendum in a majority of States and by a majority of all electors voting.
		No proposed amendment diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or altering the boundaries of a State, may become law unless the majority of the electors voting in that State approve the proposed law.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums (519 words)

	ACM -Kingsford Smith Branch Incorporated
		It should be noted that the federal government has allocated a total sum of $15,000,000.00 of taxpayers funds to both sides to present their respective campaigns, and this is only the start of a financial debacle that could cost this country many billions of dollars.
		The Governor-General is an Australian citizen and, as the Queen's Private Secretary wrote in November 1975 to Mr Scholes, then Speaker of the House of Representatives, in a letter which was publicly released shortly afterwards,..The Queen has no part in the decisions which the Governor-General must take in accordance with the Constitution.
		When asked what she would do if the referendum was defeated, she replied that she would have to leave Australia and go and live in a republic.
	www.chilli.net.au /~rcolman/ksf/personal.htm (4441 words)

	CBC - British Columbia Votes 2005 - Features -
		Currently, STV is used in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Malta and in some Australian elections.
		At the provincial level, Calgary and Edmonton MLAs were elected this way from 1926 to 1959.
		If the referendum passes, the government would bring legislation to ensure the new electoral system is in place for the election of May 2009.
	www.cbc.ca /bcvotes2005/features/stv_faq.html (629 words)

	Documenting Democracy
		Australian delegates in London for debate on the Australian Constitution Bill in the British Parliament
		Referendum to alter Section 13 of the Australian Constitution successful
		Referendum to alter Section 105 of the Australian Constitution successful
	www.foundingdocs.gov.au /timeline.asp?b=1900&t=1926 (523 words)

	Prime Minister - Sir Earle Grafton Page
		Served as a Surgeon in the Australian General Hospital, Abassia, Egypt.
		Among the outcomes was the voluntary Loan Council set up in 1924, and the successful referendum in 1928 which made this a statutory body.
		He was one of the first Australians to own a car (in 1904).
	www.gavmag.com /austpm/pm_page.htm (2422 words)

	The Australian Federal Constitution: Net Resources (Discussion #5)
		The Constitution, as one authority put it, 'is remarkably brief when it comes to the structure of the executive government.' Of particular note is section 67 of the Constitution, which empowers the Governor General in Council to appoint and remove officers of the Executive Government of the Commonwealth, subject to Parliament providing otherwise.
		Also raises (briefly) a number of other constitutional points related thereto, including: the "efficacy of the entrenchment itself" (is it a "a law...respecting the constitution, powers or procedure of the Parliament"?), and the curious fact that "the usual provisions guarding against diminution of judicial salaries" were not entrenched by the legislation.
		Yet there was enough memory of the political connection to prompt the father of Australian federation, Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, in 1889 to insist that New Zealand be invited to participate in the Federation Conventions.
	www-personal.edfac.usyd.edu.au /staff/souters/constitution/others.html (11833 words)

	Prime Minister - Sir Robert Menzies
		In 1926, in an attempt to end the industrial unrest in this key industry, Nationalist Prime Minister SM Bruce proposed a constitutional referendum that would give the Commonwealth Arbitration Court power to deal with all industrial disputes, regardless of whether they were interstate or not.
		During his second period in office the ANZUS and SEATO treaties were signed, Australian troops were sent to support US-led forces in Korea, and Australia made its first commitment of combat forces to Vietnam.
		In 1941 became the first Australian Prime Minister to fly overseas, when he left Australia for England in a QANTAS Empire flying boat.
	www.gavmag.com /austpm/pm_menzies.htm (3725 words)

	Green Left - Panama's puppet president rebuffed
		Included in a package of constitutional amendments, the referendum became a plebiscite on the performance of a government installed by US marines three years ago.
		Despite promises made at the time of the invasion the poverty index has soared to 85%, corruption especially among the police has become rife, and money laundering is widespread.
		Even before the referendum, Panama's President Endara had single digit 2% and is living proof of Robespierre's dictum that people don't like liberators installed at bayonet point.
	www.greenleft.org.au /1992/83/1926 (523 words)

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