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Topic: Australian referendum, 1937

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	Referendum Information
		A referendum (plural: 'referendums' or 'referenda' [N.B. referenda implies a plurality of issues]) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		The 1980 Quebec referendum and 1995 Quebec referendum on the secession of Québec are notable cases.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Referendum (4159 words)

	Casino Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	www.casinoencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Referendum (2815 words)

	referendum
		A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in modern times, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are taken by an elected legislature.
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	en.mcfly.org /referendum (2346 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in modern times, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are taken by an elected legislature.
		Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to clothe oppressive policies in a veneer of legitimacy.
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Referendum (2383 words)

	Articles - Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Quebec in Canada is an example; a referendum in 1980 rejected "sovereignty-association" by a vote of 59-41 percent against; a second in 1995 rejected, by 51-49 percent, a mandate to allow the provincial government to negotiate sovereignty with an undefined relationship with Canada based on a common currency.
		The 1980 Quebec referendum and 1995 Quebec referendum on the secession of QuÃ©bec are notable cases.
		Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on membership of the European Economic Community.
	www.mainearth.com /articles/Referendum (3030 words)

	Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A referendum (plural: 'referenda') or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice and in principle, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature.
		Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies in a veneer of populism.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Referendum.htm (4214 words)

	Referendums in Australia - When Leadership Fails
		Furthermore, the Australian head of state is not a directly elected leader that won his popularity with a charismatic gift of the gab.
		When politicians have had to cease their criticism, and just sell an idea, as is the case in a referendum, they simply haven't known how to behave.
		After the referendum was defeated, the Menzies government conscripted Australians to suppress the rights of Vietnamese to be communist.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/republic.htm (1100 words)

	Austrralia's Native People
		On May 27 1967 a referendum was held which approved two changes to the Constitution, one of which gave the Commonwealth power to legislate in favour of Aboriginals.
		Indigenous Australians are still almost entirely dependent on the patronage and goodwill of government and on legislation that can be diluted or changed at any time.
		Furthermore, indigenous Australians need to convince both the wider community and the indigenous community that they are in a process of change.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Heritage/indigenous.htm (3478 words)

	Referendums in Australia
		Prior to the 1977 referendum residents within Australia's territories did not vote at referendums, however since this date residents of territories are counted, but only towards the national total and are not counted against any of the states.
		When a referendum question is carried, it is presented for the Royal Assent, given in the Queen's name by the Governor-General.
		Similar to a referendum is a plebiscite which is conducted by the government to determine a matter relating to statute law rather than the constitution.
	www.1bx.com /en/Referendums_in_Australia.htm (606 words)

	Resources - Referendum 1999 - 05 November 1999
		The last time a referendum was carried was on 21 May 1977 and on this occasion only the minor propositions were approved with the major question, the approval of half senate elections at the time of each house of representatives election, going down because it did not win approval in a majority of states.
		To be successful the referendum question must be passed by (3) a majority of all of the electors voting (that is an absolute majority of Australian voters) and (4) by a majority of voters in a majority of states.
		The most famous examples of the Australian tendency to vote 'no' in referendums against seemingly commonsense proposals occurred when a conservative parliament (1937) and then a Labor government (1944) asked for power to control civil aviation (unheard of and unprovided for when the constitution was framed) and the overseas marketing of Australian products.
	www.brisinst.org.au /resources/botsman_peter_Referend.html (768 words)

	Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new Advance Australia Fairnational anthem/ was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
		Since the introduction of parliamentary democracy six referendums have been held in Sweden: the first was on prohibition in 1922 and the most recent on euro membership in 2003.
		Ballots for the referendum on whether to continue the Pierce's disease assessment of California's winegrape growers are being placed in the mail today, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
	www.infothis.com /find/Referendum (2739 words)

	Timeline for Australian Jewish History
		The Australian Aborigines League attempts to present a resolution ‘condemning the persecution of Jews and Christians in Germany’ to the German Consul-General.
		However the full story about the attitude of Australian public figures to the Jews in the British mandate territory of Palestine pre-1948, and to Israel in its early years is rather complex; this is detailed by Chanan Reich in Australia and Israel: An Ambiguous Relationship, published by MUP 2002.
		Official Australian War Artist Alan Moore was present at the liberation by British troops of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp on 15 April 1945.
	www.ajhs.info /jha/timeline.htm (2153 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A referendum on independence was soundly defeated in 1995.
		Between the referendum and the arrival of a multinational peacekeeping force in late September 1999, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution.
		In referendums held in 1967 and 2002, Gibraltarians ignored Spanish pressure and voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (16146 words)

	Dominique Clément \| 'It is Not the Beliefs but the Crime that Matters': Post-War Civil Liberties Debates in Canada ...
		The Australian Council for Civil Liberties and the Canadian Civil Liberties Union were founded in the 1930s to counter increasing tendencies of the state to suppress political rights, most often directed against the radical left.
		While the Australian Council for Civil Liberties was being formed in Melbourne in the mid-1930s, the Canadian Civil Liberties Union was born in Montreal in 1937.
		The referendum had undoubtedly raised the public profile of the communist menace and the vulnerability of civil liberties in a way the dissolution bill, 1944 referendum, Crimes Act, WWII emergency powers and the espionage commission had failed to do.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/86/clement.html (15708 words)

	Encyclopedia: Australian referendum, 1910 (State Debts)
		The referendum of the 13 April 1910 approved an amendment to the Australian constitution.
		Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration (State Debts) Act, 1909, which after being approved in the referendum received the Royal Assent on the 6th August.
		On the same day the referendum was held on the state debts amendment, a proposed surplus revenue amendment was also put to the electorate but was defeated.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Australian-referendum,-1910-%28State-Debts%29 (457 words)

	Articles - Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Due to the specific mention of referenda in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referenda are usually termed plebescites in Australia.
		In France a constitutional amendment must be approved by either a super-majority in parliament or by the people in a referendum.
		The referendum is valid only if at least a majority of electors goes to the polling station.
	www.sidepoint.com /articles/Referendum (3036 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography Sa-Sp
		In January 1939 as president of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science which met at Canberra, he chose as the subject of his address, "The History of Australian Science", and in February he was appointed a trustee of the public library, museums and national gallery of Victoria.
		She was a good leader, able to show initiative and ready to co-ordinate the ideas of other people, she had a fine intellect and great powers of work, she commanded the loyalty of her associates, and the combination of these qualities made her one of the great personalities of her period.
		He was president of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1913, of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Chemical Institute in 1922-3, and of the chemistry section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at the meeting held in Wellington in 1923.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogSa-Sp.html (21609 words)

	Events in the News - Australia
		Australian cricket captain Donald Bradman retires from Test cricket with a Test average of 99.94 after playing in 52 Test matches.
		Australian Bicentennial celebrations of European settlement—Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders march in Sydney as a statement of protest and survival.
		Australian Reconciliation Convention in Melbourne; Prime Minister John Howard refuses formal apology to indigenous Australians for past injustices.
	www.slsa.sa.gov.au /exhibitions/boland/AustTLvertical.htm (2130 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		So during the last election campaign the euro was hardly debated.
		The possibility of facultative referenda forces the parliament to search for a compromise between the major interest groups.
		However the constitutions of 24 states and many local and city governments provide for referendums and citizen's initiatives.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Referendum (2815 words)

	Green Left - BOLIVIA: Was referendum result a victory for Mesa? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Mesa's ability to come out as the “victor” in the referendum was in large part due to the divisions within the left that the referendum was able to sow.
		For the MAS, the referendum was seen as a “conquest of the October insurrection”, and therefore needed to be supported as a step towards nationalisation.
		Those who wrote the referendum have contrived that the main thing is not the questions, much less the percentage reached by each reply, but rather that it takes place at all so as to have legal validity.
	www.greenleft.org.au /2004/591/32064 (1520 words)

	1999 Referendum Report and Statistics
		Australian electors vote in referendums to approve or reject proposed changes to the Australian Constitution.
		Since Federation on 1 January 1901, there have been 42 proposals for constitutional change put to Australian electors but only eight proposals have received the 'double majority' required to be passed. A further five proposals, while receiving an overall majority of votes, did not gain a majority in a majority of the States.
		A historical listing of Australian referendums held since 1906 is on the following page. Detailed results of these historical referendums at the national, State and Territory and divisional levels as well as by vote type are provided on the attached CD-ROM.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/When/referendums/1999_report/ref_background.htm (201 words)

	Dreaming Online: Indigenous Australian Timeline
		December, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies is formed in Canberra.
		The Western Australian Native Welfare Act repeals the 1905 Act and alters the definition of an Aboriginal person and eligibility for aid.
		The South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act is the first of its kind in Australia and bans all types of race and colour discrimination in employment, accommodation, legal contracts and public facilities.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/timeline3.cfm (2566 words)

	Australian Parliamentary Library Background Paper 11 1996-97
		It is, for example, widely believed that the referendum was whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics, that it ended legal discrimination, conferred the vote, equal wages and citizenship on Indigenous Australians, and that it permitted for the first time Commonwealth government involvement in Aboriginal Affairs.
		These myths include that the referendum was whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics and that it conferred the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and that it ended legal discrimination.
		The referendum was not whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics, did not end legal discrimination, did not confer the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and did not permit for the first time Commonwealth government involvement in Aboriginal Affairs.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/bp/1996-97/97bp11.htm (7496 words)

	Constitutional amendment Summary
		Referendum: Some constitutions may only be amended with the direct consent of the electorate in a referendum.
		In referenda to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons.
		By contrast, in the United States a proposed amendment originates as a joint resolution of Congress rather than a bill and, unlike a bill, is not submitted to the President for his assent.
	www.bookrags.com /Constitutional_amendment (3619 words)

	Didj "u" Know - 1967 Referendum
		The 1967 Referendum was about amending The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 Section 51 (xxvi) by removing the words other that the aboriginal race in any State; and the repeal of Section 127.
		The main aim for its establishment was to push for a referendum.
		The Referendum was a fantastic win for the Aboriginal movement — the movement for equality.
	www.abc.net.au /messageclub/duknow/stories/s888141.htm (1146 words)

	Prime Minister - John Joseph Curtin
		The federation of the Australian colonies was by no means a foregone conclusion in the 1890s and there was much discussion by republicans, socialists, nationalists, anarchists and others as to the value of the federation and the new constitution.
		His rejection of the British strategy for Australian troops enabled the successful defence of New Guinea and in a remarkable move, he put US General Douglas MacArthur in charge of Australia’s defence forces.
		With Japanese planes bombing northern Australian ports, he mobilised the entire nation by instituting the military conscription which he had so strongly opposed in World War I. Curtin was also intent on ensuring that Australia emerge from the war free from the unemployment problems of the 1930s.
	www.gavmag.com /austpm/pm_curtin.htm (3162 words)

	Timeline: 50 000 BC - 1999
		An overwhelming 90% of the Australian population vote to eliminate sections 51 and 127 from the Commonwealth Constitution, 1901.
		The name of the case refers to the late Eddie Mabo, from the Murray Islands off Queensland, who fought the courts for 10 years but died before the historic decision was handed down.
		The landmark Native Title Act 1993 is passed to incorporate the principles of the Mabo judgement into Australian land law, overturning the myth that land belonged to no-one before British colonisation in 1788.
	www.angelfire.com /hi2/sayrc/timeline.html (1987 words)

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