
	Where results make sense

Topic: Australian referendum, 1948

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Robert Gordon Menzies 1894-1978
		The Australian National Research Council, the predecessor of the Australian Academy of Science, organized a symposium in Canberra in 1954 under the chairmanship of the highly respected Chief Justice of the Commonwealth, Sir Owen Dixon, at which the plight of the universities was discussed.
		The president of the Australian National Research Council, the distinguished anthropologist, Professor A. Elkin, wrote to the Prime Minister outlining the plight of the universities and sending the text of a resolution passed at the symposium.
		Australian astronomers were interested in the building of a large telescope in Australia to facilitate joint optical and radio observing, and because a large part of the southern sky contained important stellar objects not visible to northern hemisphere telescopes.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/menzies.htm (14161 words)

	Australian Citizenship Legislation Amendment Bill 2002 (Bills Digest 78 2001-02)
		Australian citizenship may be acquired by birth, adoption, descent or discretionary grant.
		Australian law is anachronistic in that it allows naturalised Australians to hold dual citizenship, yet, in most cases prevents those persons who have been Australian citizens since birth from acquiring the citizenship of another country without losing their Australian citizenship.
		Australian citizens by grant who are able, under the law of their country of origin, to keep their previous citizenship on obtaining Australian citizenship
	www.aph.gov.au /library/Pubs/bd/2001-02/02bd078.htm (3584 words)

	Australian Unity: Centenary of Federation Website: The role of Australian Unity
		One of Australian Unity's predecessor organisations, the Australian Natives' Association (ANA), played an integral role in the achievement of Federation of the Australian colonies.
		Consisting of first-generation Australian men, the ANA was established to progress their rights and interests in a society where the interests of England dominated.
		The ANA organised 212 meetings prior to the first referendum, including the "Monster Meeting" in the Melbourne Town Hall on 30th May 1898, which was attended by thousands of Victorians.
	www.australianunity.com.au /au/cofederation/aurole.asp (1624 words)

	[No title]
		A referendum was needed to determine whether Papuans wanted to remain with New Guinea or seek ties with Australia perhaps under some form of free association, he said.
		Under Australia's 1948 Citizen Act, the territory was defined as part of Australia and anyone born there acquired Australian citizenship, though indigenous Papuans needed entry permits to enter Australia.
		Papuans born before independence in 1975 were Australian citizens but that was stripped from them and they were even forced to renounce their Australian passports, he said.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/512-24265.aspx (790 words)

	Austrralia's Native People
		On May 27 1967 a referendum was held which approved two changes to the Constitution, one of which gave the Commonwealth power to legislate in favour of Aboriginals.
		Indigenous Australians are still almost entirely dependent on the patronage and goodwill of government and on legislation that can be diluted or changed at any time.
		Furthermore, indigenous Australians need to convince both the wider community and the indigenous community that they are in a process of change.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Heritage/indigenous.htm (3478 words)

	ARPA:Looking for theory in Australian foreign policy
		Australian conservative politicians, especially under the influence of Menzies and close associates, understood international relations as a matter of interests and power.
		Whitlam had reoriented Australian policy towards the moral and legal principles that had such easy currency in the United Nations, and there was a body of opinion in the Labor Party that, from Washington’s perspective, was hostile to the United States and its view of its role in the world.
		Australian governments have been finding it difficult to recognise that it may often be in our best interests to take a lower profile in international relations.
	www.australianreview.net /digest/2003/04/dalrymple.html (2682 words)

	A CENTENARY REFLECTION ON THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION: THE REPUBLIC REFERENDUM, 1999
		At the Australian Convention in Sydney in 1891, which produced the first draft that was to become the Constitution, a former Premier of New South Wales, Mr George Dibbs, described as the "inevitable destiny of the people of this great country" the establishment of "the Republic of Australia"[29].
		He indicated an intention to put his proposals for a republic to the Australian people in a referendum "sometime in 1998 or 1999 with a view to acceptance of the referendum entailing a change to a republic in the centenary year of Australian federation, 2001"[50].
		Australians are fiercely loyal to their country in war and in sport; but for the most part they are quiet about their allegiance.
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_menzies.htm#_ftn10 (8343 words)

	MOST Programme - Multiculturalism: A Policy Response to Diversity
		The Australian multicultural policy is given special attention here for two reasons: firstly, it constitutes an extensive effort to cope democratically with diversity, developed in the very short time-span of two decades, against the earlier, long-standing assimiliationist, and later integrationist, tradition.
		In the first major phase of Australian policy, when the target group were newly arrived immigrants of non-English speaking background, the main focus was on the provision of linguistically and culturally appropriate services with the longer term acceptance that cultural maintenance, especially involving language diversity, should be supported.
		In the Australian case the earlier formulation of the Australian identity was partially developed as a reaction against the perceived inadequacies of the European societies from which the settlers came (albeit located on a dominant British linguistic and institutional foundation which also had a strong pro-European racist element).
	www.unesco.org /most/sydpaper.htm (15932 words)

	Dual Nationality and an Australian Republic
		The qualification for the office of President be an Australian citizen qualified to be a member of the House of Representatives (see Section 44 of the Constitution).
		For example, the child of an Australian father and an Irish citizen mother is an Australian citizen by birth and Irish citizen by descent.
		Providing young former Australian citizens with an adequate period before the age of 25 years to resume their Australian citizenship where it was renounced in order to retain the nationality or citizenship of another country.
	www.statusquo.org /aru_html/html/dual_nationality.html (3599 words)

	Shots fired over protest at Aussie embassy \| \| The Australian
		Australian Papuan Community co-ordinator Jonathan Baure said the protesters wanted Australia to recognise that Papuans were not given a choice to remain Australians when PNG became independent in 1975.
		The rally was in response to a call from the High Commission for all Australian citizens to register at the commission's offices so they could be readily found in emergencies.
		Mr Baure said that as Papuans in PNG they were still Australian citizens and there had never been a referendum in Papua to legally sever ties with Australia.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20798120-23109,00.html (491 words)

	Significant Cold War Events
		The Malayan Emergency was declared in June 1948 in response to Communist insurgency.
		By 1955 when Australian ground forces became involved the Emergency was winding down but much mopping-up remained to be done.
		The Australians were initially deployed as instructors and were not permitted to accompany the South Vietnamese into combat.
	www.awm.gov.au /korea/origins/cold/events.htm (970 words)

	Timeline for Australian Jewish History
		The Australian Aborigines League attempts to present a resolution ‘condemning the persecution of Jews and Christians in Germany’ to the German Consul-General.
		However the full story about the attitude of Australian public figures to the Jews in the British mandate territory of Palestine pre-1948, and to Israel in its early years is rather complex; this is detailed by Chanan Reich in Australia and Israel: An Ambiguous Relationship, published by MUP 2002.
		Official Australian War Artist Alan Moore was present at the liberation by British troops of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp on 15 April 1945.
	www.ajhs.info /jha/timeline.htm (2153 words)

	Australian Republican Movement - History - The Constitutional Convention Communique
		That a referendum for change to a republic or for the maintenance of the status quo be held in 1999.
		If the referendum is in favour of a republic, that the new republic come into effect by 1 January 2001.
		That prior to the referendum being put to the people, the Government undertake a public education programme directed to the constitutional and other issues relevant to the referendum.
	www.republic.org.au /ARM-2001/history/conv/communique.html (1582 words)

	Didj "u" Know - 1967 Referendum
		The 1967 Referendum was about amending The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 Section 51 (xxvi) by removing the words other that the aboriginal race in any State; and the repeal of Section 127.
		In 1948, 10 December, the UN General Assembly agreed upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
		The main aim for its establishment was to push for a referendum.
	www.abc.net.au /messageclub/duknow/stories/s888141.htm (1146 words)

	Norfolk Island - Bloodless Genocide
		Simmons that it had no objections to Australian citizens living in Norfolk Island being allowed to vote in Australian elections if they wished, provided that they could vote in the electorates of their choice.
		Simmons stated that the referendum was irrelevant, and proceeded to put his Bill before the House of Representatives, where it passed.
		The final Act reads that residents of Norfolk Island who are Australian citizens and wish to vote in Australian Federal elections may enrol in the electorate with which they have an affinity (community interest), or, if they feel no affinity for a particular electorate, may enrol in the electorate of Canberra.
	www.pitcairners.org /bloodless_genocide2.html (6104 words)

	H.V. Evatt hero file
		During the Charter negotiations he fights for the rights of smaller powers and advocates that the UN should have the power to effect social and economic reform and protect human rights.
		1948 - He is elected president of the UN General Assembly at its third session.
		He campaigns tirelessly for the no vote in the referendum seeking to ban the Communist Party of Australia, insisting that the banning of any political ideology was "a definite step towards the police state." The referendum is defeated.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/evatt.html (666 words)

	The Little Magazine - Other - Noam Chomsky
		But after intensive Australian pressure, the calculations shifted: "we have a very big dog running down there called Australia and we have to support it," a senior government official concluded.[36] The survivors of U.S.-backed crimes in a "tiny impoverished territory" are not even a small dog.
		Well before the referendum, the commander of the Indonesian military in Dili, Colonel Tono Suratman, had warned of what was to come: "I would like to convey the following," he said: "if the pro-independents do win...
		Leaked official cables reveal the "Australian Government’s harsh assessment of the Pentagon’s ‘overly generous’ interpretation of Indonesian army (TNI) involvement with the militias."[51] The Indonesian Generals had every reason to interpret the evasive and ambiguous reactions of their traditional friends and backers as a "green light" to carry out their work.
	www.littlemag.com /2000/chomsky3.htm (1760 words)

	The Southern Cross Group: Working for change for the Australian Diaspora
		Australian Citizenship for Adults who were Adopted as Children by Australians Overseas: Over the years, the SCG has identified several families who adopted children under the laws of countries such as the UK and Canada in for example the 1960s.
		Low levels of electoral participation among Australian youth, Australian youth abroad and the diaspora in general are undesirable for a nation in which the vast majority of citizens support compulsory voting, which itself has given rise to a culture, or norm, of universal participation.
		Australian citizens who have been living overseas for six years should be entitled to renew their enrolment as an eligible overseas elector if they have returned to Australia (for any length of time) within the last three years.
	www.southern-cross-group.org (5051 words)

	Dreaming Online: Indigenous Australian Timeline
		December, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies is formed in Canberra.
		The Western Australian Native Welfare Act repeals the 1905 Act and alters the definition of an Aboriginal person and eligibility for aid.
		The South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act is the first of its kind in Australia and bans all types of race and colour discrimination in employment, accommodation, legal contracts and public facilities.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/timeline3.cfm (2566 words)

	Australian LaRouche Forces Battle Against a Synarchist Police State
		Australian Council of Civil Liberties president Terry O'Gorman told the New Zealand Herald of March 27, in an article entitled "Fear threatens freedom in Australia," that "Laws are being progressively extended in a quite radical way that no other country is doing.
		Indeed, even elements of the major Australian media have voiced concern, both at the legislation, and at the alarming fact that almost no one (except the CEC, which the media usually chooses to fl out) is fighting it.
		Almost simultaneously with Collins' claims, a senior adviser to Australia's former Chief Defence Scientist Dr. Ian Chessell, the head of the Australian contingent in Hans Blix's WMD inspection team in Iraq, charged that she was sacked because she, too, disagreed with cooking the intelligence.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2004/3118aus_synarch_fight.html (4340 words)

	Apparently, there are many ways to say 'yes' at a referendum - but not 'no' - On Line Opinion - 14/4/2004
		Section 128 of the Australian Constitution sets out the method by which the Constitution may be altered by the people of Australia.
		The last such referendum was held in 1999, when Australian electors were asked whether they wished to amend the Constitution to change Australia’s system of government from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.
		Any referendum ballot paper that does not show either a "Yes" or a "No" vote against the question(s) provided is categorised as informal (under section 93 of the Referendum Act, read with section 24).
	www.onlineopinion.com.au /view.asp?article=2136 (1849 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendums and Plebiscites
		The referendum is used in Australia as part of the formal process of amending the Commonwealth Constitution.
		The Constitution originally provided that Bills to alter the Constitution had to be approved by referendum in a majority of States and by a majority of all electors voting.
		No proposed amendment diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or altering the boundaries of a State, may become law unless the majority of the electors voting in that State approve the proposed law.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums (519 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Leonard George Holden Huxley 1902-1988
		George was the grandson of Thomas Huxley and the grand nephew of another George Huxley from whom the famous biologists Thomas Henry Huxley (the prominent spokesman for Darwin and advocate of his new theory of evolution) and Julian Huxley were descended.
		The Committee on Australian Universities, chaired by Sir Keith Murray, had recommended that careful consideration should be given to the relationship between the existing Australian National University and the Canberra University College which, prior to 1960, had prepared students for the degree examinations of the University of Melbourne.
		Accordingly, he arranged for the Australians to attend as representatives of the Academy, and at the same time suggested the establishment of a committee, to be chaired by Huxley, to 'deal with questions of justification, telescope design, and Anglo-Australian co-operation'.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/huxley.htm (9100 words)

	Peter's Site - Draft Constitution for the Australian Republic - Explanatory Notes
		The objective of the nomination process is to ensure that the Australian people are consulted as thoroughly as possible.
		Submit a referendum proposal to the people if it is the subject of a deadlock between the two Houses.
		Australian citizen, qualified to be a member of the House of Representatives (see s.
	members.tripod.com /~petergc/ConstRef/ConConX.htm (5382 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| ASSLH\| An Australian socialist in England: Kim Mackay, the British ...
		It is argued that Mackay’s particular brand of Australian socialism allowed a greater doctrinal flexibility that remained absent from the politics of his contemporaries on the parliamentary left. Mackay produced an array of books and pamphlets, but his work merits little attention in the literature on the British Labour Party.
		As an Australian he did not carry the baggage of some of his contemporaries on the British left concerning cross-party alliances and an impulsive anti-European mentality.
		In essence, Mackay was an Australian socialist who had to develop a position within the confines of British Labourism.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/asslh/gildart.html (4543 words)

	History of Australia. A timeline from the beginning.
		1933: Western Australia produces a referendum for secession from England but it is rejected by Parliament.
		1948: The first all Australian car is produced-the Holden.
		1965: Australian troops sent to the Vietnam War.
	www.clickforaustralia.com /History.htm (263 words)

	Scoop: Australian racial discrimination and betrayal
		I am the president of a Indigenous Black group of Papuan people who were born as Australian citizens, and wish to reacquire their Australian citizenship but are denied on racially grounds.
		Prior to the "Nationality and Citizenship act no 83 of 1948", all resident in Australia were British subjects, under this act all resident in Australia including Papua(Indigenous and non-indigenous) became Australian citizens.
		British subject in UN Trust Territory of New Guinea had to apply and were granted Australian citizens, all other residents and indigenous persons were granted the status of "Australian Protected Persons" Any persons born after 26th January 1948 were free born Australian citizen.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/WO0306/S00240.htm (1057 words)

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