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Topic: Australian referendum, 1951

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	Australian republic referendum, 1999 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1999 Australian referendum was a two question referendum held on 6 November 1999.
		Firstly, Australians have traditionally been cautious about proposed constitutional change: only 8 out of 43 referenda since 1909 have been approved by a majority of voters in a majority of states (as they must be to succeed).
		Despite the hopes of radical republicans such as Phil Cleary, the referendum defeat was generally viewed as a setback for the republican cause and no further referenda on the subject were mooted by the Howard government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum (1522 words)

	The role of Australian imperialism in the Asia-Pacific region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Australian merchants, bankers and industrialists benefited from the wealth of the goldfields, the inflow of British capital and the growth of wage labour and of the domestic market as a result of large-scale immigration from the British Isles.
		Australian navy personnel, who help to maintain the boats and advise on their use, are considered a strategic benefit for the Australian military because they act as "eyes and ears" in the recipient countries.
		Australian imperialist policy during this period was not motivated by a desire to protect major investments or to achieve a boost in commercial activities for Australian capitalists.
	www.dsp.org.au /links/back/issue18/dsp.htm (8443 words)

	UNSW@ADFA - HASS - Staff Directory
		I have worked intensively on the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO) and this is reflected in my earlier publications, which include The Origins of Political Surveillance in Australia (1983), A.S.I.O. An Unofficial History (1995), and "Writings on Intelligence in Australia" in Intelligence and National Security (January 1991).
		I am presently compiling a biography of members of the Australian Communist Party who were attached to the Comintern in Moscow between 1920 and 1942.
		In particular, I am studying the politics of economic decision-making in NSW and the figure of NSW premier Jack Lang, a man sacked by the NSW governor in a period of political turmoil for advocating views which are still being debated today.
	www.unsw.adfa.edu.au /hass/staff/cain.html (335 words)

	Australian Unity - Company History
		The Australian Natives' Association (ANA) was founded in April 1871 and continued for one hundred and twenty-two years until September 1993, when it merged with Manchester Unity Friendly Society to become Australian Unity Friendly Society.
		With its concern for Australian interests and its vision of a country united by Federation, it attracted men with a sense of Australian destiny, many of whom were to rise to positions of national significance.
		Australian Federation: Lecture on The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia Bill, as adopted by The National Australasian Convention at Sydney, 9th April 1891.
	www.australianunity.com.au /au/info/federation.asp (901 words)

	Timeline-second century
		Australians are renowned for being apolitical hence a war fought over political ideologies ran contrary to the Australian grain.
		In 1967, there was a referendum to decide whether Aborigines should be counted in a census and be given the right to vote.
		It seems that instead of having a political argument, most of the Australian public was more interested in praising the character that the victims showed on the day of the blast and during their subsequent rehabilitation.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/timeline2.htm (1646 words)

	Australians at War
		The referendum was lost narrowly and Hughes, because of his role in the 'yes' campaign, was expelled from the Labor Party which was against conscription.
		Australian, British Commonwealth and Polish troops were besieged in Tobruk by the Germans and Italians until relieved in December.
		Australian soldiers fought in a number of bitterly contested actions, including Kapyong and Maryang San, and mounted numerous patrols and raids during the static war which developed from late 1951 to July 1953 while armistice negotiations dragged on.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Defence/ozatwar.htm (3792 words)

	Constitutional Referenda in Australia (Research Paper 2 1999-2000)
		Many Australians have benefited from the social services amendment of 1946, while Australia's indigenous population regards the Aborigines referendum of 1967 as a major landmark in their relationship with the Australian political system.
		Australian voters have been cautious, and conservative at times, but they have shown their willingness to accept change when persuaded that such change is sensible or right.
		A referendum is an exercise in participatory democracy and the temptations of partisan advantage have often proved too hard to resist at campaign time.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp02.htm (9816 words)

	Electoral Newsfile 84: Referendum 1999 Information Guide
		The Australian Electoral Commission's role at the referendum is to provide voting services to the electors of Australia to enable them to have their say on the proposed laws to alter the Constitution.
		Australians living or travelling overseas will be able to vote at approximately 100 different overseas locations including Australian embassies, consulates and high commissions or they will be able to vote by post.
		The referendum is carried only if it is approved by a majority of voters overall and a majority of voters in a majority of States, ie, in at least 4 of Australia's 6 States.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/How/newsfiles/084/news84.htm (2074 words)

	The Australian Republic: Paving the Way for the Regional Empire
		Australians also resented wealthy Asians coming in and buying up prime real estate when the economy was not doing well.
		Such a message is appealing to many Australians who are worried about the direction that Australia is heading in and want a return to the Australia of the 1960s where aboriginals were second-class citizens and Asian immigration was not allowed.
		It is of the utmost importance that the decision by Australians to become a Republic is not something which emerges simply as a reaction to external events or external perceptions.
	www.angelfire.com /pa3/ericblair/menuaustralianrepublic.html (15878 words)

	OLA Citizen:stories:prog7
		South Australia has the distinction of introducing the referendum into practical politics in Australia on 25 April 1896, but the federation referendums of 1898 and 1899-1900 established the tradition of referring matters of great moment to the people.
		The theory behind the constitutional referendum is that on matters of such great moment politicians propose but voters dispose.
		It took nearly 60 years from the first recorded suggestion for some form of political union in 1842 until the Commonwealth was established as a nation for a continent on the first day of the 20th century.
	www.abc.net.au /ola/citizen/stories/trans/program7.htm (1287 words)

	Long Tan - Vietnam War
		The referendum was defeated not because Australians were communists, but because they believed in freedom of choice.
		As few Australians put up their hands to serve their country, the government decided "freedom" could best be defended by introducing conscription.
		When the Australians left their strongly defended positions to look for the VC mortar bases, they would be ambushed and quickly eliminated.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/longtan.htm (558 words)

	Australian Quotes & Notes - The Quotes - 1950 to the Present
		A survey of the records of students enrolled at six universities for the first time in 1951 showed that of every hundred students, only sixty-one passed in the first year examinations; only thirty-five graduated in the minimum period of time; and only fifty-eight graduated or are expected to graduate at all.
		Australian women embraced the contraceptive pill from the mid-1960s and they were in charge of their own bodies as never before.
		In the event of a successful introduction which may be made or arranged by you, and provided the interest for a term does not exceed eight percent per annum in total, we would be prepared to pay a brokerage fee of two and a half percent deducted at the source to you and/or you nominees.
	www.australianquotes.com /quotes_1950-present.html (18674 words)

	Australia, 1900 A.D.–present \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The 1930s mark the establishment of a number of institutions for the exhibition of new Australian art, both abstract and representational, including the Modern Art Centre in Sydney and the Contemporary Art Society in Melbourne.
		In a national referendum, 92 percent of Australians vote to allow the federal government to legislate on behalf of Aboriginals.
		Australians vote down a referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with a president chosen by parliament.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/11/oca/ht11oca.htm (2256 words)

	This Month in Australian Military History
		The Royal Australian Navy operated as part of a British empire force in one of the first instances in which Australian forces intervened in regional affairs.
		Australian troops of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, reach Chongju, the most northerly point of their advance into North Korea.
		Australian troops had taken a prominent part in the war against the Ottoman empire, especially on Gallipoli and in Sinai-Palestine.
	www.awm.gov.au /atwar/thismonth/oct.htm (1238 words)

	Dominique Clément \| 'It is Not the Beliefs but the Crime that Matters': Post-War Civil Liberties Debates in Canada ...
		The Australian Council for Civil Liberties and the Canadian Civil Liberties Union were founded in the 1930s to counter increasing tendencies of the state to suppress political rights, most often directed against the radical left.
		While the Australian Council for Civil Liberties was being formed in Melbourne in the mid-1930s, the Canadian Civil Liberties Union was born in Montreal in 1937.
		The referendum had undoubtedly raised the public profile of the communist menace and the vulnerability of civil liberties in a way the dissolution bill, 1944 referendum, Crimes Act, WWII emergency powers and the espionage commission had failed to do.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/86/clement.html (15708 words)

	Future of the Monarchy in New Zealand
		Drawing on the pro-republic campaign in Australia, Jim Bolger proposed a referendum in New Zealand and suggested that the turn of the century was an appropriate time symbolically for this country to break its remaining constitutional ties with Britain.
		Landmark events in the country's journey towards full independence included the 1951 ANZUS defence agreement with the United States; the emergence of a stronger sense of regional identity under the third Labour government (1972-75) of Norman Kirk; and Britain's entry into the European Community.
		While either the success of a republican referendum in Australia or an unpopular succession to the throne may advance the republican cause in New Zealand, this chapter has shown that the most convincing arguments for change are demographic.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/New_Zealands_Monarchy.htm (4324 words)

	Australian referendum, 1951 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1951 Australian Referendum was held on 22 September 1951.
		The Menzies conservative government tried to ban the Communist Party, by legislation that was declared constitutionaly invalid by the High Court.
		1951 1967 1973 1974 1977 1984 1988 1999
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_referendum,_1951 (191 words)

	The Monarchy
		Drawing on the campaign for a republic in Australia, Jim Bolger proposed a referendum in New Zealand and suggested that the turn of the century was an appropriate time symbolically for this country to break its remaining constitutional ties with Great Britain.
		Although the Australian referendum was lost by the advocates of a republic, support for change has been consistently stronger in Australia than in New Zealand.
		15 The Australian survey asked the question 'Do you think that Australia should become a republic with an Australian head of state, or should the Queen be retained as head of state?' It found that only 34.2 per cent wanted to retain the monarchy, with 9 per cent holding the view strongly.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/NZ_Monarchy_2.htm (4902 words)

	The Australian Womens Weekly Index 1946 - 1971 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Australian Women's Weekly 1946-71 Index is a collaborative research project produced by researchers in the Women's Studies Department at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia.
		The Index is part of a larger research project and was conducted as a preliminary task to the writing of a cultural analysis of the Australian Women's Weekly over the period 1946-71.
		The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years, was published in 2002 by University of New South Wales Press (by Susan Sheridan, with Barbara Baird, Kate Borrett and Lyndall Ryan).
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /wmst/WWIndex (333 words)

	Australians at War
		Like French philosopher Voltaire, Australians on the whole disapproved of what the communists said but defended their right to say it.
		The Referendum to amend the Constitution giving the Commonwealth the power to ban communism was defeated.
		The Opposition accused Menzies and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) of manipulating the Petrov case for the political advantage of the coalition parties.
	www.australiansatwar.gov.au /throughmyeyes/ko_toh.asp (241 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		The Australian government argues that it has an obligation under the 1951 international convention on refugees to protect anyone who faces persecution at home.
		It underlined that, under Australian immigration law, it could not interfere in the independent tribunal that decided whether the Papuans should be granted visas.
		Although the Australian government and the opposition (Labor Party) have repeatedly stated that the case of East Timor is different than that of Papua, many Indonesians find it difficult to accept these assurances.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20060415.E03 (949 words)

	MVM 1951
		A referendum is put to the people asking for the government to have the powers to ban the Communist Party.
		"Leader of the Opposition Dr H V Evatt led the attack from the Labor side, claiming that in defeating the 1951 referendum, the Australian people had 'rejected the Menzies campaign of unscrupulous propaganda and hysteria' and saved themselves and their children from the 'insidious aggressions of a police state'.
		Menzies, while urbanely accepting defeat ('as a democrat I respect and recognise the popular voting') expressed his belief that the electors had been misled by a 'wicked and unscrupulous "No" campaign'.
	www.menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au /1950s/1951.html (387 words)

	Australian Peacekeeping Operations
		Australians have been involved in UN-led and other peacekeeping operations since 1947.
		Since 1947 Australians have joined peacekeeping operations in Korea, Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Rwanda and East Timor, among others.
		All three services of the Australian Defence Force, as well as police officers and others, have been involved in peacekeeping activities.
	www.dva.gov.au /commem/commac/studies/anzacsk/res1.htm (279 words)

	October
		The Australian War Memorial have produced a good Military History calendar.
		The Australian Governmenrt annouced that the 1st Battalion Royal Australian Regiment would join it in March 1952.
		Sewell GC Corporal J. Sewell, 10th Australian Bomb Disposal Platoon, British Commonwealth Occupation Force, was awarded the George Medal for his rescue of Japanese survivors after an explosion in a boat carrying high explosives.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-calendar/october.htm (1267 words)

	Professor George Winterton - Sydney Law School - The University of Sydney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Winterton, G, "The Evolving Role of the Australian Governor-General" in M Groves (ed), Law and Government in Australia, Federation Press (2005), 44-58.
		Winterton, G, "A Model for Electing the Australian President" in W Hudson & A J Brown (eds), Restructuring Australia, Federation Press (2004), 124-139.
		Winterton, G, "A Framework for Reforming the External Affairs Power" in Upholding the Australian Constitution, vol.5: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of The Samuel Griffith Society, (1995), 17-46.
	www.law.usyd.edu.au /about/staff/GeorgeWinterton (2547 words)

	Browse Event - A - Reason in Revolt
		Significant events, and festivals and rituals, in the history of Australian radicalism.
		- see Indigenous Workers Strike - Darwin (1950 - 1951)
		Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace (1943)
	www.reasoninrevolt.net.au /browse_a_events.htm (59 words)

	Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot Access to Australian Archive Records
		Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot Access to Australian Archive Records
		Griffin, Walter Burley and the design of Canberra
		Flynn, Reverend John and the Australian Inland Mission
	www.gunplot.net /australiana/ausarchiveaddresses.html (283 words)

	Australia books, find the lowest prices
		Guide to New Legislation, Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 : (Act No. 111 of 1992)
		Seeing Red : The Communist Party Dissolution Act and Referendum 1951 Lessons for Constitutional Reform the Inaugural Herbert Vere Evatt Memorial Address and Papers from the Evatt Foundation Conference Seeing Red the Communist Part [sic] Dissolution Act 1951 Less
		The Australian Loan Council in Federal Fiscal Adjustments, 1890-1965
	www.allbookstores.com /Australia_p3sd.html (266 words)

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