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Topic: Australian referendum, 1967

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Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)

Australian cuisine

	Referendum Information
		A referendum (plural: 'referendums' or 'referenda' [N.B. referenda implies a plurality of issues]) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on continued membership of the European Economic Community.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Referendum (4159 words)

	Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is frequently stated that the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginal people Australian citizenship and that it gave them the right to vote in federal elections.
		In his speech on the referendum legislation, the Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, said that Section 51 would not be altered so that the possibility of laws discriminating against Aborigines could not be enacted.
		The 1967 referendum has acquired a symbolic meaning in relation to a period of rapid social change during the 1960s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals) (2192 words)

	Referendum biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in modern times, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are taken by an elected legislature.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	referendum.biography.ms (2344 words)

	REFERENDUM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
		In June 1948, a multiple-choice referendum was held in Newfoundland, with three choices: join Canada as a province, be restored as a dominion under the British crown, or continue with the commission administration in effect since 1934.
		Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on membership of the European_Economic_Community.
	www.gottaorderflowers.com /referendum (3102 words)

	Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A referendum (plural: 'referenda') or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice and in principle, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature.
		The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia was adopted on a referendum held in 28-29 October 2006.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Referendum.htm (4214 words)

	referendum
		A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in modern times, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are taken by an elected legislature.
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	en.mcfly.org /referendum (2346 words)

	The 1967 Referendum, or When Aborigines Didn't Get the Vote
		The thesis of this brief monograph on the successful 1967 Australian referendum to amend the constitution is that a second referendum is needed to recognize the indigenous rights of the Aboriginal people.
		The burden of the majority of the work’s eight chapters is to explicate the actual changes in the Australian constitution wrought by the 1967 referendum.
		The Australian constitution stands in sharp contrast to the constitution of the United States, where Indian affairs is an entirely federal responsibility.
	www.unt.edu /lpbr/subpages/reviews/attwood.htm (1147 words)

	The 1967 referendum was a hallmark in Aboriginal history
		The 1967 referendum was a hallmark in Aboriginal history.
		In relation to the other question that was asked during the 1967 referendum all states except NSW voted No to changing the composition of the parliament.
		Although the 1967 referendum was a historical event for the Aboriginal people it has not solved all inequalities that they are faced with.
	golum.riv.csu.edu.au /~aleona04/1967_referendum.htm (2148 words)

	Timeline-second century
		Australians are renowned for being apolitical hence a war fought over political ideologies ran contrary to the Australian grain.
		In 1967, there was a referendum to decide whether Aborigines should be counted in a census and be given the right to vote.
		It seems that instead of having a political argument, most of the Australian public was more interested in praising the character that the victims showed on the day of the blast and during their subsequent rehabilitation.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/timeline2.htm (1646 words)

	Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new Advance Australia Fairnational anthem/ was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
		Since the introduction of parliamentary democracy six referendums have been held in Sweden: the first was on prohibition in 1922 and the most recent on euro membership in 2003.
		Ballots for the referendum on whether to continue the Pierce's disease assessment of California's winegrape growers are being placed in the mail today, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
	www.infothis.com /find/Referendum (2739 words)

	Australia articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Dutch languageDutch adjectival form Australische ("Australian", in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in JakartaBatavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638.
		Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Patterson and Henry Lawson captured the experience of the Australian bush.
		Australian English is a major variety of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found their way into standard English.
	www.startlearningnow.com /Australia.htm (4450 words)

	1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004
		Australian voters duly received the official YES case for the ‘Aborigines' amendment, but there was no preparation of an opposing NO case, a clear indication of how support for such a change was spread across the political spectrum.
		Interestingly, the referendum has assumed an important place in peoples' consciousness that has transcended what it actually did to the Constitution: ‘the passing of time has seen the precise terms of the referendum disappear from historical consciousness, only to be replaced by myths…'.
		The referendum campaign emphasised the emotional side of the battle, and what was used for emotional purposes has become entrenched in the public mind, seemingly impervious to a statement of the facts.
	www.abs.gov.au /ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/3d9011710bf9dd3dca256dea0005395a?OpenDocument (4977 words)

	★ Australian Information Guide - All about Australia
		The Australian Capital Territory, centred on the new federal capital of Canberra, was separated from New South Wales in 1911.
		Aboriginal Australians were also denied the vote until a referendum in 1967 conferred citizenship on indigenous people.
		With this act of parliament, Australian law was made unequivocally the law in the nation, and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the single highest court in the country.
	www.australian1.com /Australian_Information (1717 words)

	A CENTENARY REFLECTION ON THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION: THE REPUBLIC REFERENDUM, 1999
		At the Australian Convention in Sydney in 1891, which produced the first draft that was to become the Constitution, a former Premier of New South Wales, Mr George Dibbs, described as the "inevitable destiny of the people of this great country" the establishment of "the Republic of Australia" [29].
		He indicated an intention to put his proposals for a republic to the Australian people in a referendum "sometime in 1998 or 1999 with a view to acceptance of the referendum entailing a change to a republic in the centenary year of Australian federation, 2001" [50].
		Australians are fiercely loyal to their country in war and in sport; but for the most part they are quiet about their allegiance.
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_menzies.htm (8442 words)

	Australian Parliamentary Library Background Paper 11 1996-97
		These myths include that the referendum was whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics and that it conferred the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and that it ended legal discrimination.
		The referendum was not whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics, did not end legal discrimination, did not confer the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and did not permit for the first time Commonwealth government involvement in Aboriginal Affairs.
		Though the technical and legal significance of the 1967 Referendum may be questioned, its symbolic significance cannot be, and it is this symbolic significance which gives the event a lasting practical significance.
	www.kooriweb.org /foley/resources/referendum.htm (7383 words)

	Constitutional Referenda in Australia (Research Paper 2 1999-2000)
		Many Australians have benefited from the social services amendment of 1946, while Australia's indigenous population regards the Aborigines referendum of 1967 as a major landmark in their relationship with the Australian political system.
		Australian voters have been cautious, and conservative at times, but they have shown their willingness to accept change when persuaded that such change is sensible or right.
		A referendum is an exercise in participatory democracy and the temptations of partisan advantage have often proved too hard to resist at campaign time.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp02.htm (9816 words)

	The Australian Constitution and Indigenous Australians
		On May 27, 1967, the Australian people as a nation, and in each of the six states, voted overwhelmingly to amend section 51(xxvi) and delete section 127 (which explicitly excluded Aborigines from the census).
		It was, and still is, the referendum that attracted the most support from voters of all the referenda in the history of Australia.
		The Australian Constitution's race power thus remains inherently discriminatory in nature and with the limits of allowable discrimination still to be determined.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/06hrights/GeoRegions/Australia/aust01.htm (1632 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar).
		Hong Kong 1967 riots: Clashes between striking workers and police kill 51 and injure 800.
		May 27 - The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, allowing the Government of Australia to make special laws for Indigenous Australians.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=1967 (2803 words)

	Aboriginal Australians - MSN Encarta
		A 1967 referendum gave the federal government the power to pass legislation relating to all indigenous people in Australia.
		Since then the Australian government has tried to make up for past mistreatment by greatly increasing funding to improve Aboriginal people’s socioeconomic standing and by passing legislation to restore Aboriginal land rights.
		Issues of reconciliation between the white majority population and Aboriginal people figure prominently in Australian public life today. Nevertheless, compared to the Australian population as a whole, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today continue to suffer disproportionately from serious social problems such as poverty, unemployment, lack of education, substandard housing, and poor health.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572789/Aboriginal_Australians.html (1285 words)

	The Whitlam Institute: Its Time: Issue 22: Federalism needs fixing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		An amendment must be passed by an absolute majority of both houses of the federal parliament or by one house twice, and then, at a referendum, passed by a majority of the people as a whole and by a majority of the people in a majority of the states.
		The 1928 referendum added a new section 105A to the Constitution, which is economically significant in enabling the Commonwealth to make agreements with the States to take over their debts.
		The objective of the 1967 referendum was to remove discriminatory references to Aboriginal people from the Constitution and to allow the Commonwealth to take over responsibility for their welfare.
	www.whitlam.org /its_time/22/federal.html (5003 words)

	Australian Parliamentary Library Background Paper 11 1996-97
		These myths include that the referendum was whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics and that it conferred the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and that it ended legal discrimination.
		The referendum was not whole-heartedly supported by both sides of politics, did not end legal discrimination, did not confer the vote, equal wages and citizenship on indigenous Australians and did not permit for the first time Commonwealth government involvement in Aboriginal Affairs.
		Though the technical and legal significance of the 1967 Referendum may be questioned, its symbolic significance cannot be, and it is this symbolic significance which gives the event a lasting practical significance.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/bp/1996-97/97bp11.htm (7496 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Drafted specifically in relation to immigrants, the Act states that: Australian citizenship represents formal membership of the community of the Commonwealth of Australia; and Australian citizenship is a common bond, involving reciprocal rights and obligations, uniting all Australians while respecting their diversity...
		Whether, in retrospect, the 1967 amendments to the Commonwealth Constitution have led to policies and programs in accordance with expectations of those involved in the referendum campaign, is yet to be recorded.
		Although Indigenous Australians met their duties and obligations to both the country and the nation, it took many years for the reciprocal rights and entitlements of citizenship to be debated.
	www.apapdc.edu.au /downloads/DD/Indigneous_Citizenship_Paper.doc (3820 words)

	Referendum 1967 - Australian Women Event
		In February 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt agreed to hold a national referendum in May 1967 as the result of a sustained campaign by the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) which was agitating for amendments to the constitution.
		Despite legislation enacted on 10 August 1967 as a result of the referendum, the effects of the constitutional changes were not immediate; some States were reluctant to repeal discriminatory laws, and did not do so for many years.
		The 1967 referendum has nevertheless been mythologised in Australia's history as a high-water-mark of popular support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights, and reflects the sustained efforts of generations of Indigenous advocates.
	www.womenaustralia.info /biogs/IMP0091b.htm (598 words)

	National Archives of Australia - The Collection - Cabinet Records - 1967 - Events and Issues that made the news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Victorians and the Western Australians could still be relied upon to maintain their losing touch and to resist much-needed structural reforms.
		Given that Australian forward defence strategy was based on an American presence in Indo-China and on the British remaining in Malaysia-Singapore, this decision caused a flurry in a Canberra which should not have been surprised.
		In May one of two proposals put to referendum – the attempt to break the nexus between the size of the Senate and the House of Representatives – was defeated.
	www.naa.gov.au /the_collection/Cabinet/1967_cabinet/events_and_issues.html (2113 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A foundational referendum or plebiscite may be drafted by a constituent assembly before being put to voters.
		For example, in the Republic of Ireland only citizens may vote in a referendum whereas British citizens resident in the state are entitled to vote in general election s.
		This can be resolved by apply voting system s designed for single winner elections to a multiple-choice referendum.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Referendum (2383 words)

	Aboriginal genocide in Australia and its solution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The referendum was passed in 1967 and Wentworth became the first Minister for Aboriginal Affairs.
		Intensive work will need to be done with the children in the special schools to give them the necessary skills, confidence and motivation to compete on the job market with the rest of the population.
		In spite of the wildly defamatory statements of the fl aristocracy and the white elites, Australians are not racist.
	www.australian-news.com.au /Aboriginal.htm (1453 words)

	About Australian Aboriginal Culture - the world's longest continuous culture?
		Australian Aboriginal culture can claim to be the oldest continuous living culture on the planet.
		The current Australian Government has refused to make a formal apology over the 'Stolen Generation' (in contrast to President Clinton's apology for the historical wrong of fl slavery, and successive Australian Governments' demands for the Japanese to give a full apology for crimes committed during World War 2).
		This second dispossession of Aboriginal Australians - in favour of big mining and pastoral interests - is a blemish on recent Australian history.
	www.didjshop.com /shop1/AbCulturecart.html (1087 words)

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