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Topic: Australian referendum, 1973

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	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is recognised as one of the great English-language writers of the twentieth century.
		Australian English is a major variety of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found their way into standard English.
		Australian rules football was developed in Victoria, Australia in the late 1850s and is played at amateur and professional levels.
	www.thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php (5165 words)

	AUSTRALIA
		Australian voters rejected a move to become a republic in 1999 by a 55% majority, but the result is generally viewed in terms of dissatisfaction with the specifics of the proposed republican model rather than attachment to the monarchy.
		In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is recognised as one of the great English-language writers of the 20th century.
		Australian rules football is one of the most popular national sports, albeit it, one that is only played in Australia; players gain some international prominence through International Rules which is an annual meeting between the Australian code and Irish Gaelic Football.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/australia.htm (4906 words)

	Western Australia Accommodation Save up to 65% Hotels , Day Tours, Car Hire, Package Deals
		The Australian Constitution can be changed only by referendum and then only if a majority of voters in at least four of the six States, as well as an overall national majority of voters, favour it.
		The Australian Democrats and the West Australian Greens, political parties with close ties to the environmental movement, were formed to capture the balance of power in the Senate, where neither of the major political parties has a majority.
		Australians are required to ensure that they are enrolled in the electoral division in which they live and computer records are kept of those who voted and failed to vote at federal elections and referendums.
	www.discoverwest.com.au /sysgov.html (2542 words)

	The Australian Republic: Paving the Way for the Regional Empire
		Australians also resented wealthy Asians coming in and buying up prime real estate when the economy was not doing well.
		Such a message is appealing to many Australians who are worried about the direction that Australia is heading in and want a return to the Australia of the 1960s where aboriginals were second-class citizens and Asian immigration was not allowed.
		It is of the utmost importance that the decision by Australians to become a Republic is not something which emerges simply as a reaction to external events or external perceptions.
	www.angelfire.com /pa3/ericblair/menuaustralianrepublic.html (15878 words)

	MOST Programme - Multiculturalism: A Policy Response to Diversity
		The Australian multicultural policy is given special attention here for two reasons: firstly, it constitutes an extensive effort to cope democratically with diversity, developed in the very short time-span of two decades, against the earlier, long-standing assimiliationist, and later integrationist, tradition.
		The Australian policy considers multiculturalism as a means of improving democracy and respect of individual rights, whereas Singaporian policies favour the community over the individual, and practice a differentialist " multiracialism ", as a means of furthering a strict social and political discipline.
		In the Australian case the earlier formulation of the Australian identity was partially developed as a reaction against the perceived inadequacies of the European societies from which the settlers came (albeit located on a dominant British linguistic and institutional foundation which also had a strong pro-European racist element).
	www.unesco.org /most/sydpaper.htm (15932 words)

	It's an Honour - Symbols - Australian National Anthem
		In 1973 a competition was held for a distinctively Australian national anthem.
		While permission is not required to use, perform or record the Australian National Anthem for non-commercial purposes, there is a requirement to seek permission for commercial use of the anthem.
		The Australian National Anthem is a national symbol of Australia and should be used with respect and dignity.
	www.itsanhonour.gov.au /symbols/anthem.cfm (1054 words)

	Flag History - Other National Symbols - National Anthem
		On Australia Day 1973 Prime Minister Gough Whitlam announced that his government would be fulfilling its promise to find a replacement for God Save the Queen and that a public competition would be held under the auspices of the Australia Council for the Arts to develop a new national anthem.
		On April 8th, 1974, an opinion poll of 60,000 Australians was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to determine which tune the public preferred out of God Save the Queen and the three proposed alternatives.
		Australians were asked to state their preference for a tune for a national song and once again Advance Australia Fair emerged as the most favoured.
	www.australianflag.org.au /nationalanthem.php (1002 words)

	DAWN - Features; April 9, 2002
		Denmark had two referendums on this: in the first referendum, Danish voters turned down ratification and they only approved the treaty in a subsequent referendum after Denmark was granted substantial concessions and exemptions, including the right to opt out of both the European Monetary Union and any future common defence policy.
		The closest that the referendum has come to be used in the way that it has been used in Pakistan is in the Central Asian republics, where the referendum was often used to approve the extension of a president’s term during the 1990s.
		The referendum and the form of government to be evolved through it will alienate a big majority of the people as the leadership of the two major parties will be kept out of political arena and, subsequently, the parties might challenge the very electoral process.
	www.dawn.com /2002/04/09/fea.htm (4510 words)

	Dual Nationality and an Australian Republic
		The qualification for the office of President be an Australian citizen qualified to be a member of the House of Representatives (see Section 44 of the Constitution).
		For example, the child of an Australian father and an Irish citizen mother is an Australian citizen by birth and Irish citizen by descent.
		Providing young former Australian citizens with an adequate period before the age of 25 years to resume their Australian citizenship where it was renounced in order to retain the nationality or citizenship of another country.
	www.statusquo.org /aru_html/html/dual_nationality.html (3599 words)

	Australian Anti-Terror Laws Target Muslims, Media & Free Speech By Gideon Polya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Further, the same penalty is incurred if the Judge feels the defendant intended through statements about the Sovereign, Government, their advisers or “a person responsible for the government of another country” to prejudice safety or defence, assist national enemies, cause violence, create public disorder or cause a public disturbance.
		The "annual Australian probability of death" is about 0.0001% (from “Muslim” terrorist attack), 0.001% (from a family member or acquaintance), 0.01% (from a car accident) and 0.1% (from tobacco smoking-related causes).
		More specifically, Australian Universities depend financially on grossly-exploited, fee-paying, Overseas Students (typically from South, South East and East Asia) – but the Australian Anti-Terrorism Laws will soon force professors, lecturers, tutors and indeed ALL teachers to LIE by omission or commission to all their students under threat of 7 YEARS PRISON for Police State-interpreted “sedition”.
	www.countercurrents.org /aus-polya151105.htm (1391 words)

	National Archives of Australia - Cabinet - 1973 Cabinet Records - Events and Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As Whitlam pointed out at the end of 1973, nothing that was attempted or achieved was ‘unexpected or unpredictable': the policies had been formulated and publicised well before Labor took office in December 1972.
		In furthering its objectives, the government in 1973 surpassed all its predecessors in terms of the number of Cabinet decisions reached in any one year, and the volume of legislation introduced and approved.
		So, at the end of 1973, ministers were torn between their commitment to change, the political need to establish credibility as economic managers and the simple fact that, whatever they did, Australians would be hurt.
	www.naa.gov.au /the_collection/cabinet/1973_cabinet/events_issues.html (2595 words)

	Australia, 1900 A.D.–present \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The 1930s mark the establishment of a number of institutions for the exhibition of new Australian art, both abstract and representational, including the Modern Art Centre in Sydney and the Contemporary Art Society in Melbourne.
		In a national referendum, 92 percent of Australians vote to allow the federal government to legislate on behalf of Aboriginals.
		Australians vote down a referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with a president chosen by parliament.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/11/oca/ht11oca.htm (2256 words)

	ACM -Kingsford Smith Branch Incorporated
		If the 1999 referendum is approved, section 59 of the Australian Constitution will remove any similar role from the governor-general, although such a drastic move was not even contemplated in the model that emerged with less than majority support from the 1998 Constitutional Convention.
		For example, he says it would now be generally accepted that the rejection of the Menzies government's referendum in 1951 to dissolve the Australian Communist Party was an important protection of civil liberties in Australia.
		It is an assertion of the separateness of the crown of Australia, the distinctiveness of the crown of Australia and the concept of a crown acting on the advice of the Australian Government.
	www.aussiecrown.org /ksf/australiancrown.htm (5659 words)

	An Australian Republic: the way forward
		Every Australian should know that the office will always be filled by a citizen of high standing who has made an outstanding contribution to Australia and who, in making it, has enlarged our view of what it is to be Australian.
		However, the Government has come to the view that if a new Australian Head of State were to be elected by popular mandate, he or she would inherit a basis of power that would prove to be fundamentally at odds with our Westminster-style system of government.
		The Australian Constitution cannot be changed in any way without a referendum, and to succeed at a referendum a proposed change must win the agreement of a majority of voters in a majority of States and a majority of voters overall.
	www.statusquo.org /aru_html/html/Keating.html (5273 words)

	Baron Alder: Too many causes draped in banner of historic importance \| History Articles \| The Australian
		H.V. "Doc" Evatt, the Labor leader during the 1950s, wrote: "Australian democracy was born at Eureka", and early radical nationalists such as Henry Lawson incorporated the legend of Eureka into their vision for an independent Australian republic.
		The middle-of-the-road Australian Republican Movement sought to identify itself with this tradition when it adopted the Eureka flag borne by the unobjectionable Blinky Bill during the 1999 referendum.
		A website describing itself as an Australian Nationalist Ideological, Historical and Legal Archive is advertising the Eureka Freedom Commemoration and Constitutional Convention to be held at a Ballarat RSL club to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,11557842-28078,00.html (941 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Leonard George Holden Huxley 1902-1988
		George was the grandson of Thomas Huxley and the grand nephew of another George Huxley from whom the famous biologists Thomas Henry Huxley (the prominent spokesman for Darwin and advocate of his new theory of evolution) and Julian Huxley were descended.
		The Committee on Australian Universities, chaired by Sir Keith Murray, had recommended that careful consideration should be given to the relationship between the existing Australian National University and the Canberra University College which, prior to 1960, had prepared students for the degree examinations of the University of Melbourne.
		Accordingly, he arranged for the Australians to attend as representatives of the Academy, and at the same time suggested the establishment of a committee, to be chaired by Huxley, to 'deal with questions of justification, telescope design, and Anglo-Australian co-operation'.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/huxley.htm (9100 words)

	Make MABO DAY - 3 June - an Australian Public Holiday
		The Mabo Judgement states in law that indigenous Australians have by prior occupation, ownership of land where native title has not been extinguished.
		June the 3rd, 1992 marks the beginning of a reconciliation process between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians that is based in law, not charity.
		A public holiday would be a celebration all Australians can share in with pride — a celebration of truth that unites Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and a celebration of justice that overturned the legal myth of terra nullius - Mabo symbolises truth and justice and is a cornerstone of Reconciliation.
	www.takver.com /history/ph_maboday.htm (1380 words)

	Home / Headlines / Australian Anti-Terror Laws Target Muslims, Media & Intellectuals - Media Monitors Network (MMN)
		Australian journalists and artists, notably the iconic playwright David Williamson, are strongly opposing the “sedition” parts of the Anti-Terror Laws as an egregious threat to free speech and free expression.
		Famous Australian expatriate journalist John Pilger is forthright in his condemnation of the horrendous consequences of war.
		The "annual Australian probability of death" is about 0.0001% (Western civilians from “Muslim” terrorist attack averaged over the last 4 years), 0.001% (from a family member or acquaintance), 0.01% (from a car accident) and 0.1% (from tobacco smoking-related causes).
	usa.mediamonitors.net /content/view/full/22657 (1800 words)

	2004 Congress Resolutions
		We demand that the Australian Government immediately abide by the International Law of the Sea and agree to the maritime boundary being halfway between the two countries.
		We urge the Australian Government to re-commit to the reconciliation process with Australia’s Indigenous peoples by recognizing that Australia was settled without a treaty.
		We urge the Australian Government to commence a process of consultation with Indigenous Australians to establish an agreement/ or treaty to deal with the unfinished business of reconciliation and thereby unite all Australians.
	www.wilpf.int.ch /statements/2004.htm (2768 words)

	Swiss referendum frees Catholic Church
		The Tablet reports the a referendum earlier this month favoured dropping a 127-year-old provision in the Swiss constitution that regulates the activities of the Catholic Church.
		The regulation stems from the protracted nineteenth-century struggle between the Catholic Church and the German government known as the Kulturkampf, which spilled over into Switzerland and led to a series of anti-Catholic measures.
		Restrictions on the Jesuits were not lifted until 1973.
	www.cathnews.com /news/106/72.php (236 words)

	Apparently, there are many ways to say 'yes' at a referendum - but not 'no' - On Line Opinion - 14/4/2004
		Section 128 of the Australian Constitution sets out the method by which the Constitution may be altered by the people of Australia.
		The last such referendum was held in 1999, when Australian electors were asked whether they wished to amend the Constitution to change Australia’s system of government from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.
		Any referendum ballot paper that does not show either a "Yes" or a "No" vote against the question(s) provided is categorised as informal (under section 93 of the Referendum Act, read with section 24).
	www.onlineopinion.com.au /view.asp?article=2136 (1849 words)

	Constitutional amendment Summary
		Referendum: Some constitutions may only be amended with the direct consent of the electorate in a referendum.
		In referenda to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons.
		By contrast, in the United States a proposed amendment originates as a joint resolution of Congress rather than a bill and, unlike a bill, is not submitted to the President for his assent.
	www.bookrags.com /Constitutional_amendment (3619 words)

	theage.com.au - The Age -
		Shortly before the republic referendum in 1999, he decreed that he did "not believe in changing a constitutional system which worked so well", especially one that had helped to build our "democratic character".
		After angering many monarchists by breaking with convention and appointing a member of the clergy as governor-general, Howard is seeking cleverly to extend the life of Australia's crowned republic by democratising the office so as to render Caesar's republic even more unnecessary.
		The response of the Australian people to the Governor-General's gauche attempt to explain his errors of judgment has demonstrated the degree to which public expectations surrounding the office have shifted in the past decade.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2002/02/25/1014471628874.html (711 words)

	Spring 2000 issue
		TO COINCIDE with Australia's bicentenary in 1988, Ross Terrill published The Australians, in which he juxtaposed his experiences of growing up in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s with the accelerating changes that took place during the 1970s and 1980s.
		Several Australian auction houses have expressed interest in bringing this about, and it is expected that the collection will return to Australia by the end of this year.
		The Republic Referendum," that she and John Higley have.co-authored; George Purcell presented a paper assessing long-term trends in US and Australian trade flows and policies.
	www.utexas.edu /depts/cas/spring00.html (2244 words)

	The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Further, the Australian League of Rights, an organisation whose stated objectives were in many ways identical to those of the Country Party in the 1940s, sought to return the Country Party to its original beliefs via a campaign based around a series of economic reforms.
		In 'Is Danzig Worth the Life of One Australian?' Butler criticised Adolf Hitler, yet added that the Nazi leader 'appears to be showing some indication of attacking the financial system, and the Jews' (9).
		The Country Party could well have done without the Australian League of Rights and its 'Save the Country Party Campaign',' Brockett writes, 'although it is doubtful that its electoral defeat in 1972 would have been averted if the League had not existed.' This is a statement as curious as it is oblique.
	www.h-net.org /~anzau/journal/articles/greason.htm (6572 words)

	Quota Notes Number 69
		Unlike the 1992 poll, the referendum will have binding force and will thus, if carried, introduce MMP whether the Government or the Parliament likes it or not.
		This year's Federal elections are producing their own examples of how voters are given insight into our electoral systems and how their votes are put into effect (if at all, in the case of winner-take-all systems).
		At the previous two General Elections (1976 and 1979) a 1973 amendment to the Electoral Act 1907 had required that all ballot-papers for an electorate be identical, with the order of candidates' names within groups being determined by lot.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /~lee/prsa/qn/69.html (1430 words)

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