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Topic: Australian referendum, 1977

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Australian referendum, 1977 (Referendums)

James Bulger

	Australian referendum, 1977 (Referendums) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constitution Alteration (Referendums) 1977 proposed to allow residents in the territories to vote in referendums.
		The question was put to a referendum in the Australian referendum, 1977.
		In 1977 the question of Territory votes was relatively uncontroversial, being carried in every State, gaining a national YES vote of 77.7 per cent, though Queensland (40.4 per cent) and Tasmania (37.8 per cent) had quite large NO votes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_referendum,_1977_(Referendums) (436 words)

	LLRX.com - Update to Researching Australian Law
		Nick was the convenor of the Australian and New Zealand university law librarians group from 1993 to 1999 and was local convenor of the IALL conference held in Melbourne in September 1999.
		The national referendum to decide on amending the Constitution so as to bring about a republic, held in November 1999, was defeated, in large part because the advocates for a republic were split over the method of appointment of the president; a split exploited by those who favoured retention of the status quo.
		The Australian Commonwealth Parliament and those of the States are bicameral, with the exception of that of the State of Queensland which abolished its upper house in 1922.
	www.llrx.com /features/australian.htm (4762 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Robert Gordon Menzies 1894-1978
		The Australian National Research Council, the predecessor of the Australian Academy of Science, organized a symposium in Canberra in 1954 under the chairmanship of the highly respected Chief Justice of the Commonwealth, Sir Owen Dixon, at which the plight of the universities was discussed.
		The president of the Australian National Research Council, the distinguished anthropologist, Professor A. Elkin, wrote to the Prime Minister outlining the plight of the universities and sending the text of a resolution passed at the symposium.
		Australian astronomers were interested in the building of a large telescope in Australia to facilitate joint optical and radio observing, and because a large part of the southern sky contained important stellar objects not visible to northern hemisphere telescopes.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/menzies.htm (14161 words)

	ACT Electoral Commission - Fact Sheet: Referendums
		A referendum is the procedure of referring measures proposed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.
		The indicative referendum was held in conjunction with the general election for the Legislative Assembly held on 15 February 1992.
		The entrenchment referendum was held in conjunction with the general election for the Legislative Assembly on 18 February 1995.
	www.elections.act.gov.au /FactReferendum.html (799 words)

	DAWN - Features; April 9, 2002
		Denmark had two referendums on this: in the first referendum, Danish voters turned down ratification and they only approved the treaty in a subsequent referendum after Denmark was granted substantial concessions and exemptions, including the right to opt out of both the European Monetary Union and any future common defence policy.
		The closest that the referendum has come to be used in the way that it has been used in Pakistan is in the Central Asian republics, where the referendum was often used to approve the extension of a president’s term during the 1990s.
		The referendum and the form of government to be evolved through it will alienate a big majority of the people as the leadership of the two major parties will be kept out of political arena and, subsequently, the parties might challenge the very electoral process.
	www.dawn.com /2002/04/09/fea.htm (4510 words)

	System works in Australia
		In 1977, Australians debated whether to implement a mandatory retirement age of 70 for justices on our highest appellate court, the High Court of Australia.
		When put to the Australian electorate, the mandatory retirement age proposal was overwhelmingly carried, winning the support of four in five voters.
		The mandatory judicial retirement age remains the third most popular of the 44 referendum proposals that have been put to the Australian public since the nation was founded in 1901.
	www.law.com /jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1138961109955 (650 words)

	Resources - Referendum 1999 - 05 November 1999
		The last time a referendum was carried was on 21 May 1977 and on this occasion only the minor propositions were approved with the major question, the approval of half senate elections at the time of each house of representatives election, going down because it did not win approval in a majority of states.
		To be successful the referendum question must be passed by (3) a majority of all of the electors voting (that is an absolute majority of Australian voters) and (4) by a majority of voters in a majority of states.
		The most famous examples of the Australian tendency to vote 'no' in referendums against seemingly commonsense proposals occurred when a conservative parliament (1937) and then a Labor government (1944) asked for power to control civil aviation (unheard of and unprovided for when the constitution was framed) and the overseas marketing of Australian products.
	www.brisinst.org.au /resources/botsman_peter_Referend.html (768 words)

	Documenting Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Western Australian referendum was not held until three weeks after the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act became law — hence the wording of the Preamble to the Act and Clause 3, which provides for the Queen to issue a proclamation of the date of inauguration of the Commonwealth.
		An Australian delegation (Edmund Barton, Alfred Deakin, James Robert Dickson, Charles Cameron Kingston and Sir Philip Fysh) went to London to witness the passage of the Constitution into law but they were unsuccessful in their attempts to ensure that the Bill as agreed in Australia became law.
		This requires a referendum of all Australian voters, and the result must be that the proposed change is agreed by a majority of voters in a majority of States and also by a national majority of voters.
	www.foundingdocs.gov.au /item.asp?dID=11 (1563 words)

	Flag History - Other National Symbols - National Anthem
		On April 8th, 1974, an opinion poll of 60,000 Australians was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to determine which tune the public preferred out of God Save the Queen and the three proposed alternatives.
		Further to this on 21 May 1977 a national song poll was held in conjunction with four referendum questions to amend the Australian constitution.
		Australians were asked to state their preference for a tune for a national song and once again Advance Australia Fair emerged as the most favoured.
	www.australianflag.org.au /nationalanthem.php (1002 words)

	Australian Quotes & Notes - The Quotes - 1950 to the Present
		Extensive consideration of the problem clearly indicates that there is no one cause and we have discussed various relevant factors such as the previous preparation of students, the gap between school and university, the pressure of curricula, teaching methods, inadequate staffing and the absence of student guidance.
		Australian women embraced the contraceptive pill from the mid-1960s and they were in charge of their own bodies as never before.
		In the event of a successful introduction which may be made or arranged by you, and provided the interest for a term does not exceed eight percent per annum in total, we would be prepared to pay a brokerage fee of two and a half percent deducted at the source to you and/or you nominees.
	www.australianquotes.com /quotes_1950-present.html (18674 words)

	OLA Citizen:stories:prog7
		South Australia has the distinction of introducing the referendum into practical politics in Australia on 25 April 1896, but the federation referendums of 1898 and 1899-1900 established the tradition of referring matters of great moment to the people.
		The theory behind the constitutional referendum is that on matters of such great moment politicians propose but voters dispose.
		It took nearly 60 years from the first recorded suggestion for some form of political union in 1842 until the Commonwealth was established as a nation for a continent on the first day of the 20th century.
	www.abc.net.au /ola/citizen/stories/trans/program7.htm (1287 words)

	Norfolk Island - Bloodless Genocide
		Simmons that it had no objections to Australian citizens living in Norfolk Island being allowed to vote in Australian elections if they wished, provided that they could vote in the electorates of their choice.
		Simmons stated that the referendum was irrelevant, and proceeded to put his Bill before the House of Representatives, where it passed.
		The final Act reads that residents of Norfolk Island who are Australian citizens and wish to vote in Australian Federal elections may enrol in the electorate with which they have an affinity (community interest), or, if they feel no affinity for a particular electorate, may enrol in the electorate of Canberra.
	www.pitcairners.org /bloodless_genocide2.html (6104 words)

	The Monarchy
		Drawing on the campaign for a republic in Australia, Jim Bolger proposed a referendum in New Zealand and suggested that the turn of the century was an appropriate time symbolically for this country to break its remaining constitutional ties with Great Britain.
		Although the Australian referendum was lost by the advocates of a republic, support for change has been consistently stronger in Australia than in New Zealand.
		While either the success of a republican referendum in Australia or an unpopular succession to the throne may advance the republican cause in New Zealand, this chapter has shown that the most convincing arguments for change are demographic.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/NZ_Monarchy_2.htm (4902 words)

	The Whitlam Institute: Its Time: Issue 22: Federalism needs fixing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An amendment must be passed by an absolute majority of both houses of the federal parliament or by one house twice, and then, at a referendum, passed by a majority of the people as a whole and by a majority of the people in a majority of the states.
		The 1928 referendum added a new section 105A to the Constitution, which is economically significant in enabling the Commonwealth to make agreements with the States to take over their debts.
		Australian businesses operating in different States are less likely to be competitive if they must comply with different, and possibly conflicting, standards across six or more Australian jurisdictions.
	www.whitlam.org /its_time/22/federal.html (5003 words)

	THE UNRELENTING STRUGGLE OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS
		In 1967, a referendum was held where 90 percent of white Australians voted that Aborigines become citizens in their own land.
		There was much opposition by railway unions against the transport and export of Mary Kathleen uranium, and in 1977, the Australian Council of Trade Unions called for a ban on the export of uranium.
		Michael Mansell, an Australian Aboriginal activist, summed up the prospects of Aboriginal people in my country when he stated: "The most crucial prerequisite to empowering Aboriginal people is their desire and capacity to put an end to their disadvantaged situation and take control of their own lives.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/australians.html (1891 words)

	The Yes case
		The Australian President will be very different to the US President – an Australian President will have an important and respected position, but with limited powers that will not change our stable system of Government.
		Nor will an Australian President be chosen on the basis of money and influence, as has become the case in America.
		Our Australian President will be chosen on merit and, because he or she will need the support of both sides of politics, will be a person who is above party politics and who will unify all Australians.
	www.katelundy.com.au /australianrepu/theyes.htm (996 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendums and Plebiscites
		The referendum is used in Australia as part of the formal process of amending the Commonwealth Constitution.
		The Constitution originally provided that Bills to alter the Constitution had to be approved by referendum in a majority of States and by a majority of all electors voting.
		Following an amendment in 1977, the Constitution now allows electors in the Territories, as well as electors in the States, to vote in constitutional referendums.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums (519 words)

	1977 Australian Federal Election (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 1977 election was held a year earlier than required.
		He had formed a new political party, the Australian Democrats, and had announced his attention to run for the Senate.
		The election is remembered for the "fistful of dollars" advertisements run by the government, offering tax cuts to voters.
	www.australianpolitics.com /elections/1977 (266 words)

	1977 - Qwika
		1977 in literature Years of the literature: 1974 1975 1976 - 1977 - 1978 1979 1980 Decades of the literature...
		Season NFL 1977 season NFL 1977 is the 58e season of National League...
		1977 in aeronautics Chronology of aeronautics 1976 in aeronautics - 1977 in aeronautics - 1978 in aeronautics 18 February...
	www.qwika.com /find/1977?int=90 (467 words)

	qn2000bx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Australian people have, by right of the Constitution, the Senate as a second house of review, and it would be in their best interests to resist all attempts to nobble it, whether by cajolery or threat.
		The latent danger for the Senate and the Australian people is that Section 7 of the Constitution enables the government to fundamentally change the way the Senate functions without a referendum.
		The Australian Electoral Commission Web site (www.aec.gov.au) shows that, at the request of the Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission, two AEC officers were funded to report on possible reforms before PNG’s elections in 2002, such as voter registration, staff and polling official training and electoral education.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /~lee/prsa/qn/2000b.html (2984 words)

	John Winston Howard, Australian political leader — FactMonster.com
		A graduate of Sydney Univ., a conservative lawyer, and a member of the Liberal party, he was elected to parliament in 1974 and served as minister for business and consumer affairs (1975–77) and treasurer (1977–83) in the government of Malcolm
		He retained power after the 1998, 2001, and 2004, elections, becoming the third Australian prime minister to win four terms.
		He strongly supported retention of the British monarch as head of state in the 1999 referendum, has opposed a formal national apology for Australia's mistreatment of the aborigines, and has increased Australia's involvement in the Asia-Pacific region.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0824338.html (180 words)

	QEHS 1977 Graduates
		"Grad '77 in Grade 5" is a photo of the graduating class of 1977 taken in 1970/71 when they were in the fifth grade.
		I did not work long in the field though, I left Quebec shortly after the first Referendum and was one the those transplanted to Ontario.
		I was wondering if you have the list for the 1977 graduating class; that was my graduating year at QEHS.
	pages.total.net /~qehs/grad_1977.html (2922 words)

	The people's process: King Charles III or an Australian head of state? - On Line Opinion - 7/9/2004
		The Australian Republican Movement considers the inquiry to be the most important initiative since the ‘99 referendum in moving Australia towards a republic.
		The Australian Republican Movement, in common with many of the submissions to the current Senate Inquiry, supports the use of plebiscites as the framework to move towards an Australian republic.
		The model put to referendum won’t be the favoured model of individuals or parties but of the Australian people themselves.
	www.onlineopinion.com.au /view.asp?article=2528 (913 words)

	Women for an Australian Republic News 1999
		The Australian reports that she is travelling to Canberra this weekend to take part in the deliberative poll at Old Parliament House, where 350 randomly selected people will gather to hear key personalities from YES and NO cases before indicating how they intend to vote.
		She adds that the referendum was certain to fail in Queensland, claiming that a second referendum would be necessary to remove the British monarch as King or Queen of the State (reported in The Australian)
		There is also a lengthy reference to Indigenous Australians as the nation's first people, having a deep kinship with their lands and honouring them for their ancient and continuing cultures.
	www.womenrep.netspeed.com.au /news1999.htm (9530 words)

	Referendums
		Any proposed alteration to the Australian Constitution must be put to the direct vote of the entire electorate in a referendum.
		This CD-ROM contains all 1999 referendum statistics to polling place level and also provides the electoral history and results to divisional level of all constitutional Referendums since 1906.
		Voter turnout for Referendums and Elections 1901 - Present
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/when/referendums/index.htm (124 words)

	Race Relations and Australian Frontiers
		Attwood, Bain and Andrew Markus, The) 1967 (Referendum) and All That: Narrative and Myth, Aborigines and Australia’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.
		The Anti-Mabo Debate’, Australian Journal of Anthropology (Sydney: Dept of Anthropology, Univ of Sydney, 1995), vol 6, nos.
		Blood from a Stone: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League (Clayton, 1986).
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /history/hsty2055/week10.html (747 words)

	Australian Constitution & Cyberspace: Landmarks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This page highlights key Australian legal developments, in particular those relating to the constitution and cyberspace.
		Cases are those in the High Court unless otherwise identified.
		1977 Constitutional amendments carried to provide retirement age for all federal judges, ensuring a replacement Senator should be from the same party as the departing Senator and giving ACT and NT voters the right to vote in constitutional referenda
	www.caslon.com.au /constitutionprofile17.htm (1478 words)

	Peter's Site - Draft Constitution for the Australian Republic
		It is consistent with the communiqué issued by the 1998 Constitutional Convention, providing for the choosing of candidates for the office of President by a special committee, joint nomination by the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition, and election by a super-majority of a joint sitting of Parliament.
		Nothing in the provisions added to this section by the Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) 1977 affects the continuance of a person in office as a Justice of a court under an appointment made before the commencement of those provisions.
		The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.
	members.tripod.com /~petergc/ConstRef/RefConst.htm (11632 words)

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