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Topic: Australian referendum, 1988

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	John Howard's Statement on the Republic Referendum [October 25, 1999] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The referendum on the issue of a republic fulfils a promise I made to the Australian people, on behalf of the Coalition, before the 1996 election and before I became Prime Minister.
		The 1988 report of the Hawke Government’s Constitutional Commission, of which Mr Whitlam was a member, found that "Australia had achieved full independence as a sovereign state of the world" sometime between 1926 and the end of World War II and was so recognised by the world community.
		Almost all of the prominent politicians who support the ‘yes’ case for the referendum are in favour of the members of Federal Parliament choosing the president.
	www.australianpolitics.com /issues/republic/howard-statement.shtml (3004 words)

	Australians at War
		The referendum was lost narrowly and Hughes, because of his role in the 'yes' campaign, was expelled from the Labor Party which was against conscription.
		Australian, British Commonwealth and Polish troops were besieged in Tobruk by the Germans and Italians until relieved in December.
		Australian soldiers fought in a number of bitterly contested actions, including Kapyong and Maryang San, and mounted numerous patrols and raids during the static war which developed from late 1951 to July 1953 while armistice negotiations dragged on.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Defence/ozatwar.htm (3792 words)

	Electoral Newsfile 84: Referendum 1999 Information Guide
		The Australian Electoral Commission's role at the referendum is to provide voting services to the electors of Australia to enable them to have their say on the proposed laws to alter the Constitution.
		Australians living or travelling overseas will be able to vote at approximately 100 different overseas locations including Australian embassies, consulates and high commissions or they will be able to vote by post.
		The referendum is carried only if it is approved by a majority of voters overall and a majority of voters in a majority of States, ie, in at least 4 of Australia's 6 States.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/How/newsfiles/084/news84.htm (2074 words)

	PM lukewarm on four-year terms \| \| The Australian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Australians voted as recently as 1988 to reject longer parliamentary terms for MPs and senators, and the proposal has failed at previous referenda.
		Australian Greens leader Bob Brown said Mr Howard should introduce fixed election dates so the government could not manipulate the timing of elections to suit its political needs.
		Australian Democrats senator Andrew Murray said the government could hold a referendum on four-year terms to coincide with next year's federal election.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20201348-29277,00.html (512 words)

	Resources - Referendum 1999 - 05 November 1999
		The last time a referendum was carried was on 21 May 1977 and on this occasion only the minor propositions were approved with the major question, the approval of half senate elections at the time of each house of representatives election, going down because it did not win approval in a majority of states.
		To be successful the referendum question must be passed by (3) a majority of all of the electors voting (that is an absolute majority of Australian voters) and (4) by a majority of voters in a majority of states.
		The most famous examples of the Australian tendency to vote 'no' in referendums against seemingly commonsense proposals occurred when a conservative parliament (1937) and then a Labor government (1944) asked for power to control civil aviation (unheard of and unprovided for when the constitution was framed) and the overseas marketing of Australian products.
	www.brisinst.org.au /resources/botsman_peter_Referend.html (768 words)

	BBC News \| Asia-Pacific \| The birth of republicanism
		Australian republicans would have to wait over a century before their cause gained widespread appeal.
		The father of modern Australian republicanism is another Labor Prime Minister, Paul Keating.
		Although the tide of Australian History seems to be sweeping the Republicans' way, a Yes vote on 6 November is by no means certain.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/491114.stm (875 words)

	Australian Quotes & Notes - The Quotes - 1950 to the Present
		Extensive consideration of the problem clearly indicates that there is no one cause and we have discussed various relevant factors such as the previous preparation of students, the gap between school and university, the pressure of curricula, teaching methods, inadequate staffing and the absence of student guidance.
		Australian women embraced the contraceptive pill from the mid-1960s and they were in charge of their own bodies as never before.
		In the event of a successful introduction which may be made or arranged by you, and provided the interest for a term does not exceed eight percent per annum in total, we would be prepared to pay a brokerage fee of two and a half percent deducted at the source to you and/or you nominees.
	www.australianquotes.com /quotes_1950-present.html (18674 words)

	OLA Citizen:stories:prog7
		South Australia has the distinction of introducing the referendum into practical politics in Australia on 25 April 1896, but the federation referendums of 1898 and 1899-1900 established the tradition of referring matters of great moment to the people.
		The theory behind the constitutional referendum is that on matters of such great moment politicians propose but voters dispose.
		It took nearly 60 years from the first recorded suggestion for some form of political union in 1842 until the Commonwealth was established as a nation for a continent on the first day of the 20th century.
	www.abc.net.au /ola/citizen/stories/trans/program7.htm (1287 words)

	Asia Times: Documents highlight Australian role in PNG conflict
		A 1969 intelligence committee report, appended to one of the cabinet submissions, reveals that officials ridiculed mine opponents as ''collaborators with the Japanese'' during World War II, dismissed as ''suspect'' the motives of a member of Papua New Guinea's parliament leading concerned landowners and argued that he was ''probably motivated by self-interest''.
		The environmental damage and social dislocation caused by the mine catalyzed a civil war from 1988 to 1997 between independence-minded Bougainvilleans and the government of Papua New Guinea that was determined to maintain national unity at all costs.
		Australian Defense Minister John Moore, addressing Australian troops in Bougainville just before Christmas, put pressure on the PNG government for a quick resolution of the protracted Bougainville crisis.
	www.atimes.com /oceania/BA06Ah01.html (878 words)

	Australian Official Registers: Citizenship
		The salient legislation is the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 (ACA), reflecting the federal parliament's power under s 51(xix) of the Constitution to make laws with respect to naturalisation and aliens.
		Enrolment is compulsory for Commonwealth purposes for Australian citizens who are 18 years of age or over and who have lived at their current address for at least one month.
		The incidence of fraudulent enrolment, multiple voting, 'cemetery voting' (i.e., people voting in the names of dead electors whose names are yet to be cleansed from the roll) and impersonation is a matter for conjecture.
	www.caslon.com.au /registersnote2.htm (1515 words)

	ACT Electoral Commission - 1995 Referendum
		The Entrenchment Bill provided that, should the referendum proposal be approved at referendum, elements of the electoral system would only be able to be changed if a majority of electors voted in favour of change at a future referendum, or if a two-thirds majority of Legislative Assembly members voted in favour of change.
		The referendum was held in conjunction with the 18 February 1995 general election for the Legislative Assembly.
		The results of the referendum showed that 56.68%, a majority, of all the electors entitled to vote at the referendum approved the entrenching law.
	www.elections.act.gov.au /ref95.html (292 words)

	Federation in Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A special election called a referendum was held so that people in the colonies could vote on the constitution.
		The amended constitution went to referendum once again in all colonies except Western Australia, and the Bill was passed.
		In August 1900 a referendum was held, and the people of Western Australia voted to join the Commonwealth.
	www.kidcyber.com.au /topics/federation.htm (756 words)

	Spring 1999 issue
		Equally dramatic, support for a directly-elected president, an option not on the referendum ballot paper but a key issue in the whole debate about a republic, fell from 50 per cent to 19 per cent once voters deliberated about what, exactly, directly elected a president would entail.
		The Australian and UT-Austin scholars who collaborated to stage this unique event are now undertaking a detailed analysis of the data steming from it, which they expect to publish in a book next year.
		ASAL 2000 (Association for the Study of Australian Literature) is scheduled for 6-9 July at the University of Tasmania in Hobart.
	www.utexas.edu /depts/cas/fall99.html (2218 words)

	Peter Reith - Uncyclopedia
		Peter 'Twopot' Reith, (born 15 July 1850), Australian politician, was a senior Cabinet minister in the first twelve terms of the Howard government.
		Reith was born in Melbourne and graduated in law and economics, with a Major in sex-crimes, from Melbourne University.
		Reith was a shadow puppet in various portfolios from 1987 until 1996 (except for a few months in 1993 when he was holidaying in Thailand), including Shadow Attorney-General in 1988 (when he led the successful "no" campaign at the Australian referendum on whether Australians should have their forheads stamped at birth).
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Peter_Reith (389 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Leonard George Holden Huxley 1902-1988
		George was the grandson of Thomas Huxley and the grand nephew of another George Huxley from whom the famous biologists Thomas Henry Huxley (the prominent spokesman for Darwin and advocate of his new theory of evolution) and Julian Huxley were descended.
		The Committee on Australian Universities, chaired by Sir Keith Murray, had recommended that careful consideration should be given to the relationship between the existing Australian National University and the Canberra University College which, prior to 1960, had prepared students for the degree examinations of the University of Melbourne.
		Accordingly, he arranged for the Australians to attend as representatives of the Academy, and at the same time suggested the establishment of a committee, to be chaired by Huxley, to 'deal with questions of justification, telescope design, and Anglo-Australian co-operation'.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/huxley.htm (9100 words)

	soc.culture.australian FAQ (Part 4 of 6) (monthly posting)
		About 20 sea snakes found in Australian waters are also capable of causing death but bites rare as they are normally only encountered by divers and fishermen.
		Ausflag was established in 1981 by Harold Scruby and other interested Australians with the objective of securing the popular support of the Australian people for the adoption of a truly Australian flag.
		The Australian women's team is the best in the world; I believe there has even been some TV coverage of Test and/or One-day cricket recently.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/australian-faq/part4 (9382 words)

	New Zealand Government
		So while the Australian Government has relied on a colonial act passed by the British in 1900, Britain has said otherwise, saying the Australian Constitution Act (UK) is null and void.
		in the recent Australian referendum on becoming a republic, the voters were asked to vote on a specific question that would also have provided a break in legal continuity.
		The New Zealand and Australian people, when independence from Britain came in 1920, were never asked by their Governments what laws they wished their new nations to operate under.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Arbor/8335 (6571 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendum results 1988
		Constitution Alteration (Parliamentary Terms) 1988 sought to increase House of Representatives terms from a maximum of three years to a maximum of four years, and to reduce Senate terms from a six-year fixed term to a four-year fixed term.
		Constitution Alteration (Fair Elections) 1988 sought to ensure that democratic electoral arrangements would be guaranteed for Commonwealth, State and Territory elections.
		Constitution Alteration (Rights and Freedoms) 1988 sought to guarantee various civil rights in relation to trials, freedom of religion and compulsory acquisition of property.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums/r1988.htm (307 words)

	Lawrence LeDuc: Pol 199Y Syllabus
		Referendums are becoming more frequently employed as instruments of direct democracy even in many countries where they are not part of the established political tradition.
		In Canada, the referendums held in Quebec on sovereignty (1980, 1995) and nationally on the Charlottetown constitutional proposals (1992) were major political events.
		This seminar developed out of a research project entitled the Comparative Referendums Project, in which we have been examining the characteristics of referendums and similar devices in thirty-six democracies.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~leduc/POL199Y.html (2596 words)

	Race Relations and Australian Frontiers
		Attwood, Bain and Andrew Markus, The) 1967 (Referendum) and All That: Narrative and Myth, Aborigines and Australia’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.
		The Anti-Mabo Debate’, Australian Journal of Anthropology (Sydney: Dept of Anthropology, Univ of Sydney, 1995), vol 6, nos.
		Blood from a Stone: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League (Clayton, 1986).
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /history/hsty2055/week10.html (747 words)

	AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY (SELF-GOVERNMENT) ACT 1988 - SECT 26 Special procedures for making certain enactments
		(2) The entrenching law shall be submitted to a referendum of the electors of the Territory as provided by enactment.
		(a) includes the requirement (however expressed) that an enactment or enactments be submitted to a referendum of the electors of the Territory; and
		(b) includes provision (however expressed) that, to have effect, the referendum is to be passed by a specified majority of the electors (in this subsection called a special majority);
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/legis/cth/consol_act/acta1988482/s26.html (323 words)

	New Page 1
		It could be the most fundamental New Zealand issue of the century: if a group of Australian lawyers and researchers is correct, the Treaty of Waitangi ceased to be valid on January 10, 1920, and the New Zealand Government does not, lawfully, exist.
		The Australian Government, allegedly realising its difficult constitutional position, passed the Australia Act in 1986 to repeal a range of Imperial laws and shore up its status.
		He points out that in the recent Australian referendum on becoming a republic, the voters were asked to vote on a specific question that would also have provided a break in legal continuity.
	www.investigatemagazine.com /Feb00.htm (5792 words)

	Australian Constitution & Cyberspace: Landmarks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This page highlights key Australian legal developments, in particular those relating to the constitution and cyberspace.
		Cases are those in the High Court unless otherwise identified.
		1944 rejection of Commonwealth referendum on constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and religion
	www.caslon.com.au /constitutionprofile17.htm (1478 words)

	PRSA(Q) submission on Proportional Representation for Queensland - Bibliography
		Graham Ihlein, "Proportional Representation: A Key Reform for Social Progress?" (Fabian Newsletter, April 1988).
		Don McKinnon, "Proportional Representation in Theory and Practice" (Legislative Studies Quarterly, Autumn 1988).
		Joan Rydon, "Electoral Reform and Parliament" (Legislative Studies Quarterly, Autumn 1988).
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /~lee/prsa/earc/bibliog.html (485 words)

	FAQ Headers
		Australian women, from their sixties to their nineties, talk about
		Suddenly, Australians loomed large as a force in the
		Rikky and Pete (1988) Pete is a misfit with a penchant for gimmicky
	www.newsville.com /cgi-bin/getfaq?file=soc.answers/australian-faq/part6 (9299 words)

	Lex Scripta: Australian Federal Constitution
		Australian Electoral Commission - Referendum Dates and Results 1906 - 1988
		Australian Parliament: Select sources on Constitutional change in Australia 1901-1997
		The Australian Federal Constitution - A Guide to Net Resources
	www.lexscripta.com /legal/statutes/constitution_Australia.html (136 words)

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