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Topic: Australian referendum, 1916

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	Australian plebiscite, 1916 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1916 Australian plebiscite was held on 28 October 1916.
		It was the first Australian plebiscite, and contained one question concerning Military Service.
		This plebiscite was held due to the Government's desire to increase the available forces for overseas service during the ongoing World War I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_plebiscite,_1916 (192 words)

	1999 Australian republic referendum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1999 Australian republic referendum was a two question referendum held on 6 November 1999.
		Firstly, Australians have traditionally been cautious about proposed constitutional change: only 8 out of 43 referenda since 1909 have been approved by a majority of voters in a majority of states (as they must be to succeed).
		Despite the hopes of radical republicans such as Phil Cleary, the referendum defeat was generally viewed as a setback for the republican cause and no further referenda on the subject were mooted by the Howard government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum (1540 words)

	Australian Military Units
		It was the main Anglo-French offensive of 1916 and was originally planned as part of a wider strategy of attacking Germany simultaneously on the Western and Eastern Fronts, with the aim of destroying Germany's reserves of manpower.
		The massive German attack launched on the French fortress of Verdun on 21 February 1916 significantly reduced the French contribution, and the Somme offensive was partly intended to divert the German forces from Verdun.
		The major contribution of Australian troops to the Somme offensive was in the fighting around Pozieres and Mouquet Farm between 23 July and 3 September.
	www.awm.gov.au /units/event_158.asp (318 words)

	The Australian Experience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nevertheless, on 9 July an Australian court-martial sentenced a soldier to death for falling asleep on sentry to demonstrate the gravity of the offence and ensure a heavy prison sentence was awarded in lieu of a punishment that was bound to be commuted.
		When an Australian soldier was sentenced to death in April and another in May, the commander of 1 ANZAC, Lt-Gen. Birdwood, recommended that the Australian Government should be asked to waive Section 98, thereby putting its troops on the same footing as the rest of the British Army.
		The collective Australian opinion that the hardened deserter saw a long prison sentence as merely a safer alternative to the trenches was advanced by Field-Marshals Allenby and Plumer when they publicly opposed the abolition of the death penalty in the British Army after the war.
	www.shotatdawn.org.uk /page38.html (2690 words)

	CIAOPS World Guides - WWI Australian Battlefields
		The Australian 3rd Division commanded by Major General John Monash with the New Zealand, along with the Australian 4th Division were the spearhead formations in the attack.
		The Australian 1st and 2nd Divisions were relieved on the nights of the 22nd and 23rd of September, 1917 by the Australian 4th and 5th Divisions, with the 5th Australian division taking the right and the Australian 4th division (transferred to I Anzac) taking the left.
		The blockhouse in the centre of the cemetery was captured by the Australian 3rd Division on October 4, 1917.
	www.ciaops.com /guides/battle/page2.htm (4755 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Robert Gordon Menzies 1894-1978
		He graduated in 1916 from the University of Melbourne with first class honours in law; he was awarded the Dwight Prize in Constitutional History (1914), the Sir John Madden Exhibition, the Jessie Leggatt Scholarship (1915), the Bowen Essay Prize and the Supreme Court Prize (1917)(2).
		The Australian National Research Council, the predecessor of the Australian Academy of Science, organized a symposium in Canberra in 1954 under the chairmanship of the highly respected Chief Justice of the Commonwealth, Sir Owen Dixon, at which the plight of the universities was discussed.
		Australian astronomers were interested in the building of a large telescope in Australia to facilitate joint optical and radio observing, and because a large part of the southern sky contained important stellar objects not visible to northern hemisphere telescopes.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/menzies.htm (14161 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography E
		Western Australia did not take part in the referendum held in 1898, and the government under Forrest (q.v.) was opposed to the proposals for federation even so late as the end of 1899.
		He was awarded the Wollaston Fund by the Geological Society of London in 1877, the Clarke medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1895, and the von Mueller medal by the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science in 1911.
		The South Australian government sent a vessel with fresh supplies to Fowler's Bay, and, after a rest of some days, Eyre, Barter, one of the Europeans of the original party, and three aborigines with 11 horses, started on their long journey to King George's Sound.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogE.html (10132 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography R (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Another Australian student whose studio was in the same building, Ambrose Patterson, was a nephew of Madame Melba (q.v.), then at the height of her fame.
		Reid fought for federation at the second referendum and it was carried in New South Wales by a majority of nearly 25,000, 107,420 Votes being cast in favour of it.
		He was chancellor of the university from 1916 to 1922 and was also president of the trustees of the public library, museum and art gallery at Perth.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogR.html (20789 words)

	South Australian History - Chronology
		Although the Liberal Party gained one Legislative Council seat from Labor (11 to 9) the Australian Democrats held onto their two seats and balance of power, as the President of the Legislative Council is a Member of the Liberal Party.
		Shock announcement that the rights to stage the Australian Formula One Grand Prix after 1996 had been granted to Victoria and that the event would be held on a new street track in Melbourne.
		On 3 March 2001 the South Australian Government entered into a non-financial facilitation agreement for the construction of a 45 petajoule, 660 kilometre gas pipeline from Victoria to Adelaide.
	www.bright.org.au /chrono~1.htm (3585 words)

	Remembrance Day
		In Victoria Street a group of Australian 'boys' accompanied by a band and their girls decorated in red, white and blue, were swinging down towards Whitehall to the huge delight of all spectators...
		Australian troops earned a reputation for their gallantry and courage under dreadful conditions, and they were often used by the British command as the first wave of an assault, leading to heavy casualties.
		Even on the Western Front he had exercised his vote in the Australian elections and in the referendums as to conscription, and it was largely through his own act in these ballots that the Australian people had rejected conscription and that, to the end, the A.I.F. consisted entirely of volunteers.
	www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au /articles/remembrance (1011 words)

	Dreaming Online: Indigenous Australian Timeline
		December, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies is formed in Canberra.
		The Western Australian Native Welfare Act repeals the 1905 Act and alters the definition of an Aboriginal person and eligibility for aid.
		The South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act is the first of its kind in Australia and bans all types of race and colour discrimination in employment, accommodation, legal contracts and public facilities.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/timeline3.cfm (2566 words)

	Catholics and the Australian Labor Party
		In 1916 the rabidly pro-British right-wing Labor leader, Billy Hughes, precipitated a split in the labour movement by attempting to impose conscription on a reluctant Australia.
		After the defeat of the first conscription referendum, at the silver jubilee celebration of Convent of Mercy nuns in Melbourne, Mannix made it clear that the defeat of the referendum and his interest in Ireland were related when he commented that, "I have lately become a better Irishman".
		What he feared most was that, having lost the referendum, business interests would take the law into their own hands, "I fear that some of them, having failed at the referendum, are now endeavouring to enforce economic conscription by dismissing men from employment for no other purpose than to force them to the front".
	members.optushome.com.au /spainter/Catholics.html (18383 words)

	EU Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The picture we've shown on the left is the Australian Bushmaster Infantry Mobility Vehicle, currently in use in Iraq.
		Meanwhile, the Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper and the Australian, John Howard, have stated clearly that Israel had a right to defend itself.
		It seems to me that Fabius is a little shaky on his history, as the battle of Verdun started in 1916, which would put his hundredth anniversary in 2016, but it is evident that he intends to invoke the powerful symbolism of that event.
	eureferendum.blogspot.com (14095 words)

	A history of the Australian Labor Party
		The Australian Labor Party was the product of an evolutionary process in trade unionism that began in the 1880s and culminated in the spread of mass unions to important sections of the working class such as miners and bush workers.
		It is the only alternative to the parties of the Australian bourgeoisie, but it also remains an obstacle to the construction of the mass revolutionary party that is necessary for the achievement of socialism and the final emancipation of the Australian working class.
		The mass campaign that followed the announcement of the referendum was the largest and most intensive confrontation between the industrial and political organs of the working class and the front organisations of the Australian bourgeoisie.
	members.optushome.com.au /spainter/Conrick.html (20739 words)

	Conscription in Australia
		By 1916 there were insufficient new volunteers to cover the AIF's massive casualties and to meet the British authorities requests for reinforcements.
		By contrast with the First World War, an overall majority of Australians supported Curtin's proposals; South Australia was one of four states where a majority approved conscription for this broadened 'home defence', which was, of course, conscription for overseas service in the areas where Australian forces were needed.
		Many Australians were opposed to involvement in the Vietnam War and even more objected to the use of conscripts there.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/conscription.htm (1701 words)

	Teaching Young Australians to be Australian Citizens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		What Australians might also learn from an awareness of national achievements is that the business of social change in their nation-state is usually conducted in a particular kind of way.
		In considering the training of Australian citizens today, we need to understand the effects of ambiguous training in the past in order to be clearer about the concepts and symbols we might use in the future.
		Separating 'British nationality' from 'Australian citizenship' was difficult: the powerful sentiment, encapsulated in the statement Civis Britannicus sum (I am a British Subject), had been enshrined in Australian law; Australians, conscious of their isolated geographical position, were reluctant to weaken traditional ties.
	www.arts.monash.edu.au /ncas/teach/resources/austudies/tyoz.html (11658 words)

	Australian Labor Party (NSW): Party History
		The Australian Labor Party is Australia 's oldest party and one of the oldest in the western world.
		The Referendum was lost, Shortly thereafter, Holman and 17 other Labor members of the Assembly were expelled from the Party.
		This Plan called on Australian governments to pay no further interest to British bond holders until Australian overseas debt was restructured, interest on all government borrowings to be 3 per cent and the replacement of the gold standard with a 'goods' standard.
	www.nswalp.com /student/history/index.php (6425 words)

	No Republic! Australians for Constitutional Monarchy - ACM Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On that day, Her Royal Highness is scheduled to arrive by water between 9.10AM and 9.15 AM at the Australian National Maritime Museum, Darling Harbour in Sydney to attend the Gipsy Moth Exhibition.
		The fact is that 85-percent of Australians live within 50 kilometres of the coast, and of those, two-thirds live in a capital city.
		In the 1999 referendum campaign, the Party argued predictably that the monarchy is an “unwanted relic of feudalism in England and colonialism in Australia.” The comrades declared it irrelevant to the people of Australia.
	www.norepublic.com.au (2791 words)

	100 Years: The Australian Story
		By 1916, Hughes decided that conscription was the answer.
		A re-elected Hughes was emboldened to hold a second conscription referendum.
		I tried to make it strong because entrenous very few Australian women use their brains and if only they would wake up and realise how much they can do to help their country in this appalling struggle and tragedy.
	www.abc.net.au /100years/EP1_3.htm (646 words)

	Iraq Referendum Pt 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At present they are pinning their hopes on a referendum on a deeply flawed draft constitution.
		The referendum is due to take place on 15th October 2005 (CE) which equates to 15th Ramadan 1426 (AH) in the Muslim calendar.
		With the referendum on the new Iraqi constitution three weeks away, the interim government appears more determined than ever to foist the constitution on the people of Iraq, with areas where a no campaign was being mobilised subject to sustained attack.
	www.eurolegal.org /iraqwar/iraqreferendum_2.htm (13490 words)

	Australian Trade Union Archives, Timeline
		With the support of the Trades and Labour Council of Queensland and the Australian Workers' Union, the strike lasts ten months, despite the use of non-union labour.
		Amongst its objectives are a reduced role for the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, particularly as regards arbitral powers, a strongly-increased emphasis on direct agreements on employment matters between employers and employees at the workplace level, and a decreased role for trade unions in the industrial relations system.
		After two months an agreement is reached between the Union and Patrick, involving the dropping of all legal action against the company and their paying the expenses; Patrick also agrees not to seek to change key award conditions and to withdraw an application to the Industrial Relations Commission to reduce overtime and penalty rates.
	www.atua.org.au /atua_timeline.htm (2546 words)

	MVM 1916
		An estimated 23,000 Australian troops die on the Somme in seven weeks of heavy fighting.
		The nation-wide referendum to conscript men for overseas service is defeated by a narrow margin.
		Labor Party split: Pro-conscriptionist Prime Minister Billy Hughes decides to abandon the anti-conscriptionists in the Labor Party and try to govern with opposition support.
	www.menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au /1910s/1916.html (253 words)

	The Australian Public Intellectual Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Publication of the first two volumes was supported by Australian National University Press, but the third volume, reflecting the decline in university presses and the strength of Duncan’s personal commitment, was privately published.
		The Australian soldierwith whom I served in New Guineawas a man full of mateship and friendliness and diffident kindliness, doing good deeds by stealth, making sacrifices for his companions in the most extraordinarily casual way, ashamed and red-faced when caught at it, and embarrassed at being thanked.
		The other South Australians were: John H Kessell — a Presbyterian banker; John Jones — a grazier of unknown religion; and Sir James Heading — a Methodist farmer.
	www.api-network.com /articles/index.php?jas69_french (7526 words)

	AUSTRALIAN LAW - AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
		[1] reminding Australian lawyers of their links to the world, to the Commonwealth and to their region symbolised through Lawasia
		[65], the government had a mandate for its law. Most Australians saw communists as the bogey-man - indeed their doctrine of world revolution and the dictatorship of proletariat was widely viewed as a kind of political terrorism.
		[66] Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 at ..
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_after11sep01.htm (2089 words)

	Australian Legal History week 9
		Unlawful Associations Act 1916: IWW and associations inciting endangering of life or property were unlawful
		Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1: act held to be invalid - connection with Commonwealth powers insufficient
		Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2003 (Cth) and Parliamentary Library Bills Digest (including links to other material)
	webraft.its.unimelb.edu.au /730450/pub/week9.html (889 words)

	Australian Women Repository Browse List - N
		Davis, Mervyn Twynam (1916 - 1985), Landscape architect and Servicewoman
		Australian Federation of University Women (Australian Capital Territory) Inc. (1944 -)
		The Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace (1943)
	www.womenaustralia.info /br_n_repository.htm (2828 words)

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