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Topic: Australian referendum, 1919

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	CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION - Tuesday, 10 February 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Australians are likely to recognise the same smell of snake oil cloaking a hidden agenda in many of the arguments for constitutional change that are now being debated.
		All Australians will have a direct say in the election of the head of state but, unless strict controls are put on the head of state's powers, it would result in the person selected having the largest political mandate in the country and therefore becoming a rival power base against the Prime Minister.
		He or she is happy with the idea of an Australian head of state - after all, such an idea appeals to the independence of the free spirited Australian character - but he or she will not support such an idea until chapter and verse of how it will operate is written down.
	www.australianpolitics.com /issues/republic/convention/10_02_3.shtml (11695 words)

	Rights of People
		These percentages are arrived at after disenfranchising 20% of the Australian electorate, by manipulation of the Electoral Act, and robbing the 20% of their choice, which was for neither of the major parties, and certainly against the GST.
		Australian government claims to be both a democracy and the supreme power - dictionaries say this is ok, - when in reality this is not possible.
		The Australian population was never made fully aware of complications flowing from the events of the time, nor have they been made aware since, not by government, or by the monarch.
	www.ja.olm.net /succeed/Pages/rights_of_people.htm (4500 words)

	Australian Unity - Company History
		The Australian Natives' Association (ANA) was founded in April 1871 and continued for one hundred and twenty-two years until September 1993, when it merged with Manchester Unity Friendly Society to become Australian Unity Friendly Society.
		With its concern for Australian interests and its vision of a country united by Federation, it attracted men with a sense of Australian destiny, many of whom were to rise to positions of national significance.
		Australian Federation: Lecture on The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia Bill, as adopted by The National Australasian Convention at Sydney, 9th April 1891.
	www.australianunity.com.au /au/info/federation.asp (901 words)

	Australians at War
		The referendum was lost narrowly and Hughes, because of his role in the 'yes' campaign, was expelled from the Labor Party which was against conscription.
		Australian, British Commonwealth and Polish troops were besieged in Tobruk by the Germans and Italians until relieved in December.
		Australian soldiers fought in a number of bitterly contested actions, including Kapyong and Maryang San, and mounted numerous patrols and raids during the static war which developed from late 1951 to July 1953 while armistice negotiations dragged on.
	www.irishaustralia.com /Australian/Defence/ozatwar.htm (3792 words)

	Didj "u" Know - 1967 Referendum
		The 1967 Referendum was about amending The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 Section 51 (xxvi) by removing the words other that the aboriginal race in any State; and the repeal of Section 127.
		1919 The Treaty of Versailles, along with the creation of the League of Nations and the International Labour Organisation (IOL) meant that there were International organisations set up to review countries human treatments and advance human rights in relation to working conditions and choice of association.
		The main aim for its establishment was to push for a referendum.
	www.abc.net.au /messageclub/duknow/stories/s888141.htm (1146 words)

	A CENTENARY REFLECTION ON THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION: THE REPUBLIC REFERENDUM, 1999
		At the Australian Convention in Sydney in 1891, which produced the first draft that was to become the Constitution, a former Premier of New South Wales, Mr George Dibbs, described as the "inevitable destiny of the people of this great country" the establishment of "the Republic of Australia"[29].
		He indicated an intention to put his proposals for a republic to the Australian people in a referendum "sometime in 1998 or 1999 with a view to acceptance of the referendum entailing a change to a republic in the centenary year of Australian federation, 2001"[50].
		Australians are fiercely loyal to their country in war and in sport; but for the most part they are quiet about their allegiance.
	www.hcourt.gov.au /speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_menzies.htm#_ftn10 (8343 words)

	Parliament of Australia: Senate: Papers on Parliament No 35 - Chapter 6
		As I mentioned earlier, approval of a referendum proposal requires the dual majority test: obtaining a national majority, which is a majority of votes on an Australia-wide basis; and also what was originally termed a federal majority, which is a majority of the votes in a majority of the states.
		Referendum scholars have traditionally held that `the balance of advantage is with the proponents of the “No” case.' [33] The onus is on the Yes case to turn things around, and the official pamphlet provides an opportunity for the No case to confuse rather than clarify.
		Referendums have a greater tendency to generate Yes votes when held separately from general elections; but at such referendums there is also a tendency for voters to stray from their traditional party loyalties.
	www.aph.gov.au /SEnate/pubs/pops/pop35/c06.htm (11361 words)

	Rape of the Australian Republic!
		This was to vote for an Australian Republic at a referendum held for that purpose.
		When the republic referendum began in earnest, the direct election advocates had already formed an unholy alliance with the monarchists to defeat this minimalist proposal.
		The majority of Australians were either born overseas or had either one or both parents born overseas, that does nothing to lessen our desire to be "independently Australian", nor is it a reflection upon our antecedents.
	my.integritynet.com.au /purdic/vivalarepublic.htm (2880 words)

	Conscription in Australia
		An account of the work of the Australian Freedom League, an organization founded by the South Australian Quakers in co-operation with other interested Christian groups, can be found in Charles Stevenson's publication, The millionth snowflake; the history of Quakers in South Australia.
		By contrast with the First World War, an overall majority of Australians supported Curtin's proposals; South Australia was one of four states where a majority approved conscription for this broadened 'home defence', which was, of course, conscription for overseas service in the areas where Australian forces were needed.
		Many Australians were opposed to involvement in the Vietnam War and even more objected to the use of conscripts there.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/conscription.htm (1701 words)

	Balancing Government Effectiveness With Oversight And Scrutiny [September 30, 2003] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		In 1919 Labor introduced abolition of the Senate into its platform (after the first Senate election was held using the new method of preferential voting).
		Australians will need to consider if wider representation in the Senate should be balanced by the sacrifice of some powers.
		This referendum was held in tandem with the resoundingly successful referendum to include Aboriginal people in national censuses, which produced the largest YES vote on record and passed in all six States.
	www.australianpolitics.com /news/2003/09/03-09-30b.shtml (3376 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Billy Hughes
		His insistence upon calling two conscription referendums (October 1916 and November/December 1917 and which he both lost) split Labor and resulted in his ejection from the party, upon which he formed the Nationalist Party.
		Hughes travelled to Britain in January 1916 to argue for greater Australian involvement in determining the conduct of the war.
		Successfully insisting upon a seat at the ensuing Paris Peace Conference Hughes was an imposing and (as ever) controversial figure whose white supremacist policies angered many (including U.S. President Wilson and the Japanese).
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/hughes.htm (730 words)

	Australian War Memorial - Australia's Prime Ministers: William Morris Hughes
		Hughes also visited the front, where he met Australian troops on the eve of the terrible battles at Fromelles and Pozières.
		The subsequent referendum was defeated and his advocacy of compulsory military service led to Hughes’ expulsion from the Labor Party.
		Hughes was able to form a new cabinet with those who followed him out of the Labor Party, and he hoped that this group could form the basis of a new party.
	www.awm.gov.au /pm/detail.asp?surname=Hughes (869 words)

	Billy Hughes
		In January 1916, he set out to Britain to argue for more Australian participation in deciding the conduct of the war, and whilst there purchased, without reference to Cabinet, a fleet of 25 ships to form the basis of the government-owned shipping line (sold off in 1928).
		In the midst of heavy losses on the Somme, the first referendum on compulsory conscription was rejected by the people.
		He was in London when the armistice was declared and insisted on an Australian seat at the Versailles Peace Conference.
	members.tripod.com /virtaus4/volume6/prime_ministers/billy_hughes.htm (782 words)

	The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History:
		Further, the Australian League of Rights, an organisation whose stated objectives were in many ways identical to those of the Country Party in the 1940s, sought to return the Country Party to its original beliefs via a campaign based around a series of economic reforms.
		In 'Is Danzig Worth the Life of One Australian?' Butler criticised Adolf Hitler, yet added that the Nazi leader 'appears to be showing some indication of attacking the financial system, and the Jews' (9).
		The Country Party could well have done without the Australian League of Rights and its 'Save the Country Party Campaign',' Brockett writes, 'although it is doubtful that its electoral defeat in 1972 would have been averted if the League had not existed.' This is a statement as curious as it is oblique.
	www.h-net.org /~anzau/journal/articles/greason.htm (6572 words)

	Prime Minister: Sir Edmund Barton
		In his thirties he moved readily between the spheres of the parliament and gentlemen's societies such as the Freemasons (he was initiated into the Australian Lodge of Harmony No. 556 in 1878) and Sydney's Athenaeum Club.
		In March 1900 Barton led an Australian delegation to London to assist the passage of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill through the British parliament.
		Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1979: v.7 (1891-1939): 194-200.
	www.gavmag.com /austpm/pm_barton.htm (1609 words)

	Australian Social History 1919-2000
		The aim of this course is to encourage students to ponder the ways in which they themselves are the product of historical developments over the last eighty years.
		We want you to recognise the skills you have, recognise the often tiresome jargon used to describe them and be able to articulate them, to your own advantage, in the future.
		By the end of this course you will have acquired a thorough understanding of history of Australia between 1919 and 2000 and the implications of this history for our current society.
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /history/hsty2014/courseinfo.html (2164 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendums and Plebiscites
		The referendum is used in Australia as part of the formal process of amending the Commonwealth Constitution.
		The Constitution originally provided that Bills to alter the Constitution had to be approved by referendum in a majority of States and by a majority of all electors voting.
		No proposed amendment diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or altering the boundaries of a State, may become law unless the majority of the electors voting in that State approve the proposed law.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums (519 words)

	Significant dates in Australian History from 1486-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		PG Library of Australiana - Australian Explorers - Australian Explorers Journals -
		Great battle on the Somme (August 8); capture of Mont St. Quentin by Australian forces.
		Defeat of Referendum on increased powers for Commonwealth.
	gutenberg.net.au /timeline.html (537 words)

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