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Topic: Australopithecine

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Paranthropus

Hominidae

Human evolution

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Homo habilis

Australopithecus afarensis

Homininae

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Lower Paleolithic

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Bipedal locomotion

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	Australopithecine
		What is not mentioned in [his] book about Lucy is the fact that [the] bottom portion [of the skeleton fossil] - the knee and the leg bone which is [what] defines her as the ancestor of humans was not found with the rest of the skeleton.
		What is left out [of most of the Australopithecine material], especially regarding the Leakeys' effort, is [that] they don't think at all, and never did [think] that this led to man or has anything to do with man. Notice the point that is acknowledged by Lewin, the Editor of Research News in SCIENCE magazine.
		The facultative bipedalism exhibited by the Australopithecine appears to be a primary evolutionary criteria for transitional status and...
	www.lycos.com /info/australopithecine.html (555 words)

	Australopithecines
		Some believe that some of the australopithecine species are directly ancestral to humans, however others hold they are a "side-branch" of the line that led to humans, and not direct human ancestors.
		Australopithecines stood about 1-1.5 m in height and had relatively small brains typically measuring between 370 and 515 cm3 (cc)--only slightly larger than the brain of a chimpanzee.
		Early studies believed the australopithecine pelvis was a clear-cut precursor to Homo with human-like bipedality, while later studies of australopithecine locomotion found it to be different from modern apes, but also very different from humans--a distinct mode of locomotion.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Australopithecines (303 words)

	Australopithecines
		The robust australopithecine in East Africa is australopithecus boisei.
		The remainder of the skeleton:The gracile and robust australopithecines were roughly comparable, with the robust having a slightly greater stature.
		Difference between the 2 forms of australopithecine is that the robust species have taken this adaptation to an extreme, having enormous, flat molars and relatively small blade-like incisors and canines.
	www.stanford.edu /~harryg/protected/chp18.htm (837 words)

	Near-complete australopithecine fossil found in South Africa
		All of the other so-called hominids, such as the australopithecines, may be nothing more than extinct apes or ape-like creatures.
		Oxnard, an evolutionist, is one of several experts who do not believe that the australopithecines were on the human line.
		Because it is apparently fairly complete, it could settle the irrelevancy of australopithecines to human origins once and for all.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/3909.asp (827 words)

	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Australopithecine fossils provide an especially good example of two of the creationists' central concerns: the obvious biological similarity between humans and other organisms (particularly the apes) and the existence of creatures with a distinctive (perhaps disturbing or distressing to creationists) combination of apelike and human-like features.
		A good example is the use of the term human when describing all of the different australopithecine forms, because this may well leave the reader with the idea that all of these forms are ancestral to modern humans when this is clearly not the case.
		If knowledge of the number and nature of australopithecine fossil remains were based solely on creationist sources, then one might well be left with the impression that there are only a handful of fossils that have been discovered and that even these are not especially informative.
	www.ncseweb.org /resources/articles/623_issue_19_volume_6_number_3__5_28_2003.asp (16924 words)

	Australopithecine - Learn about each australopithecine species.
		The Australopithecine genus was composed which was composed of between 5 and 10 separate species (depending on various theories).
		Below are the various species belonging to the Australopithecine genus.
		Click on each one of the australopithecine species to learn more about what life was like, and how this species survived.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /australopithecine.htm (162 words)

	Australopithecines Overview - Leakey ancestors
		The gracile australopithecines are the earliest known true hominids.
		Australopithecines were first discovered at the limestone quarry of Taung in South Africa.
		In 1924, a student of Raymond Dart's (who was then Professor of Anatomy at the University of Witwatersrand), spotted an ape-like skull on the mantelpiece of the quarry foreman and brought it to Dart's attention.
	www.inhandmuseum.com /LA/aust.html (709 words)

	Skulls and 'Minds' (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Several relatively recent discoveries of australopithecines have yielded parts of endocasts that were previously unknown for some of the species that lived in Africa; approximately 1.0 to 3.5 million years ago.
		In one of the four australopithecine species that were studied, certain parts of the cerebral cortex appeared advanced compared to the brains of living great apes.
		Because they have long been extinct, one can only speculate about what gracile australopithecines were doing (or thinking) with the swollen parts of their frontal and temporal lobes in light of the known functions of these areas in humans and chimpanzees.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Falk_00.html (768 words)

	Human Origins and Intelligent Design
		Australopithecines (literally meaning "southern ape") are a genus of extinct hominids that lived in eastern Africa (see Figure 4) from about 4.2 million years ago (Ma) until about 1 Ma.
		This strengthens the case that Homo habilis is not a species of intermediate morphology between australopithecines and Homo, as it lacks reliable criteria connecting it to modern humans, or establishing it as a link between australopithecines and Homo.
		The anatomy of the earliest H. sapiens [H. erectus and H. ergaster] sample indicates significant modifications of the ancestral genome and is not simply an extension of evolutionary trends in an earlier australopithecine lineage throughout the Pliocene.
	www.ideacenter.org /contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1146 (3418 words)

	Flashcards for Early Hominid Evolution Stack 2
		The group of australopithecine species that was least likely to have been an ancestor of humans.
		This can be seen in their legs which were relatively shorter than those of the later australopithecines.
		Skeletally, they were less ape-like than earlier species of australopithecines but were still usually small and light in frame.
	anthro.palomar.edu /hominid/flashcards_2.htm (567 words)

	Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)
		In 1995, Ronald Clarke and Phillip Tobias announced the discovery of the fossil Stw 573, nicknamed Little Foot, consisting of four articulating foot bones from an australopithecine.
		Other scientists, most notably Owen Lovejoy, disagreed, arguing that the australopithecine hip, knee and spine are all adapted for bipedality, and that it is "mechanically and developmentally naive" to ignore all this evidence in favor of one foot joint.
		Clarke is not yet prepared to say which species it belongs to, except that it does appear to be an australopithecine.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/littlefoot.html (730 words)

	Near (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is now recognized widely that the australopithecines are not structurally closely similar to humans, that they must have been living at least in part in arboreal [tree] environments, and that many of the later specimens were contemporaneous [living at the same time] or almost so with the earlier members of the genus Homo.
		Oxnard, an evolutionist, is one of several experts who do not believe that the australopithecines were on the human line.
		Because it is apparently fairly complete, it could settle the irrelevancy of australopithecines to human origins once and for all.
	home.austarnet.com.au /stear/cgcriticismfossil1.htm (1661 words)

	Early Man: Australopithecines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Australopithecines have been discovered in two types: the A. robustus which has massive teeth and boney ridges (sagittal and supramastoid crests), and the A. africanus which is a gracile form with smaller jaws and teeth.
		Both types are characterized by an ape-like cranium with a brain capacity of about 500 cc, which is about the size of a gorilla and about one third that of a human.
		For 15 years, Zuckerman led a team that examined Australopithecine fossils, monkeys, apes and man. His conclusion was that Australopithecines were not ancestral to man, nor habitually walked upright.
	emporium.turnpike.net /C/cs/emau.htm (237 words)

	WKU Anth 375 Paleoanthro Lab 4 Australopithecines
		The australopithecines are an extinct subfamily (Australopithecinae) of hominids that appeared at the end of the Miocene Epoch and continued into the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs.
		The physical characteristics of the australopithecines are a mixture of primitive and derived traits.
		The australopithecines also exhibit a number of traits that are transitional between modern humans and other apes.
	www.wku.edu /~darlene.applegate/paleoanthro/lab4.html (521 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Skull KNM-ER 1470
		The opinion that all australopithecine forms, whether or not one chooses to call some of them Paranthropus, belong to just one genus, is not uncommon, even in the evolutionary camp.
		Bromage believes that the real, common, ancestor of humans and australopithecines may be found in a form, which was already evolving in both Homo and Paranthropus (A. boisei), and that the best candidates may be the hyper-robust WT 17000 and the gracile A.
		The evolutionary view is that man’s ancient ape-like ancestors (the australopithecines) were generally much smaller human-like creatures, which gradually developed into larger man-like forms with constantly-increasing brain capacity.
	www.trueorigin.org /skull1470.asp (3631 words)

	australopithecine \| Anthropology.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A new study by Professor David Carrier of the University of Utah has led him to conclude that Australopithecines, who endured on this Earth from 4 million to 2 million years bp, retained short, stocky legs for that entire period, because it enabled them to fight, apparently over 'access to females'.
		It had previously been surmised that these short legs enabled the species to spend at least part of their time in an arboreal habitat, as short legs made it easier to climb trees, giving them greater stability and thus reducing the risk of injury or death from falls high up in the canopy.
		Australopithecines are well documented to be bipedal, with a restructed lower limb morphology to support walking on two feet.
	www.anthropology.net /tags/australopithecine (2323 words)

	Ancient Ape Ruled Out Of Man's Ancestral Line
		There's still a lot of controversy in the field as to whether or not Australopithecines were obligate biped, or still possessed anatomy sufficient for arboreal locomotion.
		The australopithecine knee, hip, and spine all are solidly adapted for bipedalism.
		The main method of differentiating between Australopithecines is through differences in the skull, which is one of the parts that hasn't (or has only very recently) been removed.
	forums.crosswalk.com /fb.aspx?m=1934202 (1761 words)

	australopithecine \| Anthropology.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Again, from afarensis (he is on fire this week), there is outstanding news that beginning in September 2007, Lucy will enjoy top billing among 200 other Ethiopian exhibits that will tour museums in 10 US cities for four years.
		Australopithecines are well documented to be bipedal, with a restructed lower limb morphology to support walking on two feet.
		Even this specimen shows a robust calcaneus (bone on the lower left of the image to the right) and a buttressed tibia (bone on the lower right of the image to the right) to support the weight of the organism on two limbs.
	anthropology.net /tags/australopithecine (2294 words)

	A105 Primate and Early Hominid Skull Activity
		Robust australopithecine molars are larger than africanus molars, and their incisors are smaller, both in overall size and in relation to the molars.
		The robust australopithecine dental features are derived traits; they are not seen in chimpanzees and are more extreme than seen in earlier hominids.
		Robust australopithecine molars show this trend more than graciles'; robust australopithecines also have very reduced incisors, and their faces become even more massive than the graciles', along with their mandibles.
	www.indiana.edu /~a105lh/a105_primatehominid.html (590 words)

	Australopithecus/Paranthropus aethiopicus
		The discovery of KNM-WT 17000 (the "Black Skull") occurred in 1986, and is an important part of the australopithecine puzzle.
		Suwa, who has specialized in the analysis of australopithecine premolars, reported that the premolar was unusually thick-enameled and had the squared-off shape of the hyper-robust species.
		He was unable to attribute the premolar to a species, and placed it in an unspecified robust australopithecine other than boisei.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /aethiopicus.html (1191 words)

	Newswise
		Lucy was an unusually complete adult specimen of the up-right walking genus Australopithecine given the new species name “afarensis” because it was found in Afar in the Hadar region of Ethiopia.
		The more non-human-like nature of the shoulder, leg and fingers bones have lead scientists to speculate that this Australopithecine may have spent considerable time in arboreal as well as terrestrial locomotion; climbing in trees as well as walking the earth.
		Other fossils of antelopes are similar to modern East African antelopes that live in closed woodlands, while species such as the white Rhino, elephants, and relatives of the wildebeest show that savanna grasslands were also present.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/523781 (746 words)

	The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad)
		In 1993 a survey of Pliocene and Pleistocene formations in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Province of Chad (B.E.T.) led to the discovery of 17 new sites in the region of Bahr el Ghazal (classical Arabic for River of the Gazelles) near Koro Toro.
		One site, KT12 (15°58'10" N, 18°52'46" E) yielded an australopithecine mandible associated with a fauna biochronologically estimated to be 3.0-3.5 Myr old.
		Australopithecine species described since 1925 are known from southern Africa and from sites spread along the eastern Rift Valley from Tanzania to Ethiopia (Fig.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038%2F378273a0 (440 words)

	Primate facial allometry and interpretations of australopithecine variation
		These authors demonstrate that some general aspects of australopithecine morphology (tooth, brain and body size) support the hypothesis that certain early African hominids were merely scaled variations of each other at different sizes.
		They also speculate that the methods applied to these very broad anatomical categories can be extended to more specific and detailed traits, especially in the face and cranium.
		Such traits underlie most taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions of the early African Hominidae, so it is useful to follow Pilbeam and Gould's lead, as we do here, and investigate the structural differences in the australopithecine face and cranium in a quantifiable fashion.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v281/n5726/abs/281062a0.html (256 words)

	Study puts ‘Eve theory’ of human evolution to rest (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first members of early 'Homo sapiens' are really quite distinct from their australopithecine predecessors and contemporaries.
		Perhaps the most fundamental dissimilarity, dramatic size difference, is shown here in this correctly scaled comparison of the reconstructed skeletons of two women: ER 1808, a 16-million-year-old woman of our species from Kenya, who stood about 5 feet 9, and Lucy, a 3-million-year-old australopithecine from Ethiopia, who stood about three and a half feet tall.
		Australopithecine contemporaries of ER 1808 were as small as Lucy.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9900/Jan17_00/12.htm (650 words)

	Encyclopedia Galactica - Au - Human (Anglic) Revised 351st Edition
		Any of a number of extinct hominid species that lived in Africa between about 4 and 1 million years ago, and combined a fully erect posture and bipedal gait with a small and apelike brain case.
		The robust australopithecines (which are sometimes included in a separate genus, Paranthropus) were herbivores and became extinct between 1.5 and 1 million years ago.
		There have been a number of early attempts at australopithecine lazurogenesis, but authentic specimens were not geneered until the later First Federation period.
	www.orionsarm.com /eg/a/Au.html (3361 words)

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