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Topic: Australopithecus (biology)

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	Australopithecus robustus
		The monograph received the U.S. National Academy of Sciences award for the most important book of the year in biology, and along with L Gros Clark's published approval of the South African australopithecines as hominids, was very important in altering the view that the South African specimens were human ancestors and not simply an ape.
		Clark, R.J. "A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing on the ancestry of Paranthropus.." In Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecine, ed.
		Sillen, A. "Strontium-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) of Australopithecus robustus and associated fauna from Swartkrans." In Journal of Human Evolution, vol.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /australopithecusrobustus.htm (1334 words)

	LOVEJOY - PUBLICATIONS
		1989 The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedalism.
		1994 Senescent Biology of the Pelvis and Implications for Paleodemography.
		Senescent Biology of the Pelvis and Implications for Paleodemography.
	dept.kent.edu /anthropology/love.html (2224 words)

	79.06.02: Hominid Evolution
		Biology textbooks frequently relegate topics in evolution to the last chapters of the book, much the way that organic chemistry used to be an addendum to chemistry textbooks.
		Australopithecus africanus was probably an omnivorous form, feeding on plant materials such as seeds, nuts, berries, and roots, as well as on occasional insects and other small animals.
		Australopithecus africanus: This skull of a femme in her twenties was found in Sterkfontein, South Africa in a quarry, in 1936.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html (14230 words)

	Australopithecus
		Australopithecus, the most primitive possible human ancestor identified, ranges from 435 to 650 cc (other say 413 to 530 cc), well within the gorilla and chimpanzee range.
		Australopithecus was a bipedal ape with a small brain (450 cubic centimeters) (Washburn, 1978), and had massive, thickly enamelled molar teeth adapted to a diet of tough plant material.
		Australopithecus ' articular ball of the hip joint exerts about half the pressure on the joint that a human's does, as it is closer to its centre of gravity
	www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_austral.htm (7207 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition (1999)
		Studies in evolutionary biology have led to the conclusion that human beings arose from ancestral primates.
		Australopithecus, whose earliest known fossils are about four million years old, is a genus with some features closer to apes and some closer to modem humans.
		Just as Australopithecus showed a complex of ape-like, human-like, and intermediate features, so was early Homo intermediate between Australopithecus and modem humans in some features, and dose to modem humans in other respects.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309064066/html/23.html (1733 words)

	Chapter 21: Human Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Australopithecus africanus described by Raymond Dart in the 1920's is a gracile type from southern Africa.
		Australopithecus robustus was a robust type, it had a brain size of 500 cc similar to A. africanus.
		Australopithecus boisei is robust form from eastern Africa that probably fed on tougher foods than gracile forms.
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/apbio21.html (1484 words)

	ScienceWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		CELL BIOLOGY: ON INTERNAL SIGNALING IN BIOLOGICAL CELLS Every multicellular organism is essentially a colony of biological cells, and in all cases the viability of the colony (and the viability of the "organism") is critically dependent on direct or indirect organized communication between the cells constituting the colony population.
		With the advent of molecular biology, intracellular streaming motion was recognized as a phenomenon related to dynamic motor proteins.
		In general, the biology is written for physicists and chemists, and the physics and chemistry are written for biologists, with an attempt to retain some exactitude in the particular science involved in the news.
	scienceweek.com /2000/sw000623.htm (8895 words)

	Human Evolution \| Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition
		tudies in evolutionary biology have led to the conclusion that human beings arose from ancestral primates.
		Australopithecus, whose earliest known fossils are about four million years old, is a genus with some features closer to apes and some closer to modern humans.
		Just as Australopithecus showed a complex of ape-like, human-like, and intermediate features, so was early Homo intermediate between Australopithecus and modern humans in some features, and close to modern humans in other respects.
	www.nap.edu /html/creationism/human.html (881 words)

	Australopithecus (biology) Definition / Australopithecus (biology) Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Australopithecines (genusIn biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or further related and morphologically similar species.
		[click for more] Australopithecus) are a group of extinct Hominids The Hominids (Hominidae) are a biological family which includes humans, extinct species of humanlike creatures and the other great apes: chimpanzees and bonobos (genus Pan), gorillas, and orangutans (genus Pongo)....
		The brains of most species of Australopithecus were roughly 35 percent of the size of that of modern humanHuman beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof.
	www.elresearch.com /Australopithecus_%28biology%29 (440 words)

	HUMAN NATURE: ONE EVOLUTIONIST'S VIEW
		For a century after the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859, the story of evolution was reconstructed with evidence from paleontology (the study of fossils), biogeography (the study of the geographical distribution of organisms), and from the comparative study of living organisms: their morphology, development, physiology, and the like.
		Since mid-twentieth century we have, in addition, molecular biology, the most informative and precise discipline for reconstructing the ancestral relationships of living species.
		The recently described Australopithecus anamensis, dated 3.9-4.2 Mya, was bipedal and has been placed in the line of descent to Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, H.
	www.uchicago.edu /aff/mwc-amacad/biocomplexity/ayalazygon.html (6633 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog : AL 438-1
		Australopithecus afarensis shares some apomorphies with humans that suggest emphasis on use of the forelimb in flexed postures, and improved grip capability relative to apes.
		The presence of these synapomorphies suggests similarities in forelimb function among hominins, likely reflecting selection for expanded manipulative capabilities and flexed forearm postures relative to that found in apes and a diminished capacity for ape-like arboreal behaviors.
		We conclude that in Australopithecus afarensis, selection for natural manipulation outweighed selection for arboreal activities, but that selection for refined manipulative ability had not yet come into play in human evolution.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/fossils/afarensis/hadar/al_438-1_drapeau_2005.html (954 words)

	[No title]
		Members of the genus Australopithecus are believed to have displayed a critical step in human evolution: the ability to walk upright on two feet.
		Members of the Australopithecus genus are considered the first hominids, but not the first humans.
		These different species of Australopithecus lived in Africa and are believed to have been primarily plant eaters.
	www.nvo.com /jin/brochure2/list.nhtml (986 words)

	Purdue researchers determine age of fossilized human ancestor
		Purdue's Darryl Granger and Marc Caffee have determined the age of a fossilized skeleton thought to be an Australopithecus â a genus of African hominids from which humanity is thought to have developed â by measuring the radioactivity of the cave sediments in which the skeleton was buried millions of years ago.
		Tracing the development and spread of the hominid species that may have been mankind's ancestor is an arduous process, and it is difficult to determine what happened because precisely dated fossil records are hard to come by.
		The technique was not widely known outside geological circles, so when he heard about the Australopithecus discovery, he contacted the South African scientists who found the skeleton and asked if he could be of assistance.
	www.brightsurf.com /news/april_03/EDU_news_042503_f.html (1074 words)

	How running made us human
		That is the conclusion of a study published in the Nov. 18 issue of the journal Nature by University of Utah biologist Dennis Bramble and Harvard University anthropologist Daniel Lieberman.
		Bramble and Lieberman argue that our genus, Homo, evolved from more ape-like human ancestors, Australopithecus, 2 million or more years ago because natural selection favored the survival of australopithecines that could run and, over time, favored the perpetuation of human anatomical features that made long-distance running possible.
		Walking cannot explain most of the changes in body form that distinguish Homo from Australopithecus, which — when compared with Homo — had short legs, long forearms, high permanently "shrugged" shoulders, ankles that were not visibly apparent and more muscles connecting the shoulders to the head and neck, Bramble says.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/uou-hrm111204.php (1487 words)

	NSW HSC ONLINE - Biology
		Johanson’s theory is that Australopithecus afarensis is the ancestor of the Australopithecines and the genus Homo.
		Tattersall’s theory is that there has not been a simple transformation of one species into the next but rather a complex meandering with many extinctions that were dead ends.
		Australopithecus africanus (the southern ape of Africa) This was one of the early hominin species from Africa to be named.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /biology/options/human_story/2939/Bio983_18Mar04.html (3113 words)

	BIO 304. Ecology & Evolution: Macroevolution
		Fact: Hominids (the lineage of Australopithecus and Homo) and apes diverged from a common ancestor about five million years ago.
		Australopithecus afarensis, or as it became known, "Lucy", from Hadar, Ethiopia.
		Note that the existing difference in chromosome number between these species (46 vs. 48) is the result of the fusion of the chimpanzee chromosomes #2 and #3.
	www.micro.utexas.edu /courses/levin/bio304/humanevol/humanevol.html (309 words)

	Descent of Man Theory: Disproven by Molecular Biology
		The first bipedal hominid genus that is supposedly the ancestor of modern humans is Australopithecus, which appeared in the fossil record from about 4.4 to 1 million years ago throughout eastern Africa.
		Australopithecus comprised a diverse group of small-brained bipedal species that were confined to the savannas of Africa.
		Modern molecular biology tells us that modern humans arose less than 100,000 years ago (confirmed by three independent techniques), and most likely, less than 50,000 years ago (12-22).
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/6562/evolution/descent.html (3649 words)

	Moopuna: Term Papers on Australopithecus
		of australopithecus that roamed the earth was a.
		The first discovery of an australopithecus fossil was made in 1924.
		Australopithecus anamensis was only named in august 1995, even though it is one
	www.moopuna.com /a2114.htm (260 words)

	Issues in Biology
		Now, however, more accurate dating techniques and other new technologies, especially in molecular biology, can be brought to bear on this evidence from our past, and the story is becoming clearer.
		Humans have long wondered about the possibility of an evolutionary relationship with other animals, and apes seemed the most likely candidates for our nearest "relatives." Because our large brain seems to be our most unique characteristic, it was believed that a larger brain was what would have distinguished our earliest ancestors from the other apes.
		It wasn't until Robert Broom's several discoveries of fossils (cranial and post-cranial remains) of adult specimens in South Africa that Australopithecus africanus was widely accepted as a true hominid approximately 2 million years old.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_audesirk_bloe_7/0,8753,1141115-,00.html (1345 words)

	Human Evolution Biology Science English España
		Australopithecus: English Science Biology Flora and Fauna Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Australopithecus
		Traces origins from ape ancestors such as Australopithecus to modern man. Talks about Neanderthals and their relationship to the gorilla and chimpanzee.
		A forum for the scientific discussion of paleoanthropology, paleoprimatology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, stone age archeology, human origins, primate biology, and primate evolution.
	www.amigar.com /buscador/Top/1010195324-10000001 (1013 words)

	Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Evolution
		Ang magkakalapit na kaurian ay pinagsasama sa pangkatan (genus), gaya ng 2 pangkatan ng mga mala-tao, Australopithecus at ng mga tao-na, Homo.
		Pagkabili nito ni Dart nuong 1936, pinasiya niyang magsiyasat nang masugid duon at natuklasan niya ang australopithecus robustus nuong Junio 8, 1938 bagaman at nuong 1946 na niya inilathala ang kanyang mga napag-alaman.
		australopithecus bilang isang kaurian ng mala-tao, at ang sapantaha na maaaring sa Africa nagmula ang mga unang tao.
	www.elaput.com /evolutn.htm (5086 words)

	Human ancestor Australopithecus did indeed walk upright
		William Sanders, a paleontologist at the University of Michigan, has found that Australopithecus shared many, but not all, of the anatomical features that enable humans to walk upright.
		Sanders examined the association between soft and bony tissue in the lower back and function of this region for posture and movement in a number of animals related to australopithecines, including baboons, gibbons, chimpanzees, and modern humans.
		"Like humans, Australopithecus had an S-shaped spine to hold an upright trunk on a tilted pelvis, and vertebral facets that are immense and become wider as you progress downward through the column—lending stability to an upright column.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/gsoa-haa040302.php (447 words)

	Biology \| Multiple Choice Quiz
		The average brain size of Australopithecus species was _______________ cubic centimeters.
		The average brain size of a modern human is _______________ cubic centimeters.
		Australopithecus robustus -- Lucy; bipedal hominids; ancestral to the genus Homo
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0073031208/student_view0/chapter23/multiple_choice.html (416 words)

	Human Origins and Intelligent Design
		To strengthen this claim, it remains to be seen if there are species linking Australopithecus to Homo from the fossil record, and the nature of fossil record of the genus Homo must be examined.
		This strengthens the case that Homo habilis is not a species of intermediate morphology between australopithecines and Homo, as it lacks reliable criteria connecting it to modern humans, or establishing it as a link between australopithecines and Homo.
		Some have contended that brain-size is not event necessarily a good way to measure intelligence or language ability because internal brain organization is much more complex and important for determining intelligence than is the sole dimension of brain size.
	www.ideacenter.org /contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1146 (3418 words)

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