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	Australopithecus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gracile australopithecines (members of the genus Australopithecus) are a group of extinct hominids that are closely related to humans.
		The brains of most species of Australopithecus were roughly 35 percent of the size of that of a modern human brain.
		The fossil record seems to indicate that Australopithecus is the common ancestor of the distinct group of hominins, now called Paranthropus (the "robust australopithecines"), but are not ancestral to the genus Homo, which includes modern humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australopithecus (535 words)

	Australopithecus garhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Australopithecus garhi is a gracile australopithecine species whose fossils were recently discovered.
		The remains were initially believed to be a human ancestor species and the final missing link between the Australopithecus genus and Homo (Man).
		The partial cranium shares a mixture of traits of those seen in Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus, such as the shape and size of its dentition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australopithecus_garhi (303 words)

	Australopithecus garhi: a new-found link? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australopithecus anamensis, 3.9 to 4.1 ma, from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Lake Turkana district, northwestern Kenya.
		Australopithecus africanus, the earliest described species, from South Africa; it has long known from the sites of Taung, Sterkfontein and Makapansgat, and recently specimens have begun to be excavated at other sites in the Sterkfontein Valley (Drimolen and Gladysvale).
		The type specimen of Australopithecus garhi is a partial cranium; from nearby sites, and perhaps belonging to the same species or perhaps not, come several postcranial bones including a partial skeletons, a fragment of a second cranium, and two mandibles (one fairly complete).
	talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/garhi_cg.html (2034 words)

	Hominid Chronology
		Australopithecus afarensis continued to roam a mixed habitat of savannah and woodland beside lakes and floodplains, foraging for fruit, seeds and nuts and maybe even some meat.
		As Australopithecus afarensis and bahrelghazali disappeared, the first hominid to replace them was Australopithecus africanus, a direct descendant of afarensis, which lasted until 2.4 million years ago.
		It was a short-lived side-shoot of Australopithecus africanus, and existed alongside it.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/FeaturesAfrica/HominidChronology2.htm (1832 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search View - Human Evolution
		Australopithecus afarensis is represented by many more fossils, including the famous partial skeleton known as “Lucy”, which was found at Hadar in Ethiopia.
		Australopithecus afarensis had a brain size hardly larger than those of chimpanzees (about 350 to 500 cu cm [21.6 to 30.5 cu in]).
		As with Australopithecus afarensis, no stone tools have been found in association with Australopithecus africanus fossils, and, as in the earlier species, hip and limb bones suggest that while these creatures were regular bipeds, they still had ape-like body proportions and other characteristics.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761566394__1/Human_Evolution.html (3888 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Australopithecus africanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australopithecus africanus was an early hominid, an australopithecine, who lived between 2.4 to 3.3 million years ago in the Pliocene.
		Australopithecus africanus fossils are found only within in South Africa.
		Australopithecus africanus on the other hand had a cranium which quite closely resembled that of a chimpanzee, yet both their brains measure about 400cc to 500cc and probably had an ape-like intelligence.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Australopithecus_africanus (690 words)

	Australopithecus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australopithecus, the most primitive possible human ancestor identified, ranges from 435 to 650 cc (other say 413 to 530 cc), well within the gorilla and chimpanzee range.
		Australopithecus was a bipedal ape with a small brain (450 cubic centimeters) (Washburn, 1978), and had massive, thickly enamelled molar teeth adapted to a diet of tough plant material.
		Australopithecus ' articular ball of the hip joint exerts about half the pressure on the joint that a human's does, as it is closer to its centre of gravity
	www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_austral.htm (7207 words)

	- Human Evolution -
		The importance of this hominid is that scientists believe it to be forest dwelling, which counter-argues the theory that hominids became bipedal because they moved to a savanna environment.
		Australopithecus This genus of hominid, scientists believe, is the link between Ardipithecus ramidus and the Homo genus.
		Australopithecus afarensis A. afarensis existed from 4-3 million years ago.
	www.humboldt.edu /~mrc1 (1649 words)

	Australopithecus_anamensis - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		Australopithecus anamensis is a fossil species of Australopithecus discovered in 1993 by Meave Leakey in Allia Bay at Kanapoi, near Lake Turkana, Kenya.
		anamensis shares many traits similar to Australopithecus afarensis and may as well be its direct predecessor.
		In addition to this, a fragment of humerus that was found 30 years ago at the same site at Kanapoi has now been assigned to this species.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Australopithecus_anamensis (282 words)

	Australopithecus bahrelghazali
		The species designation of Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a new one, currently gaining more and more support among scientists.
		bahrelghazali was discovered by Michel Brunet in 1993, in the ancient riverbed of Bahr el Ghazal in Chad, located 2,500 kilometers west of the East African Rift Valley.
		Australopithecus bahrelghazali dates to between 3.0 and 3.5 million years ago.
	www.msu.edu /~heslipst/contents/ANP440/bahrelghazali.htm (157 words)

	Australopithecus on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Among their many shared anatomical traits were a fully erect posture and bipedal gait.
		The first remains of an Australopithecus recovered outside of E or S Africa, this surprisng find suggests hominid evolution took place over a much larger portion of Africa than many experts had originally believed.
		A cranium specimen recovered from W Turkana, Kenya, is attributed to the robust species A.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Australo.asp (944 words)

	SCIENCE AND FAITH: THE HOMINID FOSSIL RECORD
		Australopithecus afarensis is the earliest hominid well known enough to draw phylogenetic conclusions.
		All three basins have yielded specimens of Australopithecus afarensis as well as sharing most of the other mammal species (White, et al., 1984, Brunet, et al., 1995) The percentage of the fauna shared would give a minimum estimate of the completeness of the fossil record.
		Australopithecus could be the F1 of a human-chimpanzee cross; Paranthropus could be the F1 of a gorilla-human cross.
	origins.swau.edu /papers/man/hominid (5146 words)

	Australopithecus_bahrelghazali - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil hominin that was first discovered in 1993 by Michel Brunet at Bahr el Ghazal, Chad.
		The findings were located roughly 2,500 kilometers West from the East African Rift Valley and were only a few teeth and a partial jaw found in deposits thought to be 3.0 to 3.5 million years old.
		This species is a mystery to some as it is the only australopithecine fossil found in Central Africa.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Australopithecus_bahrelghazali (168 words)

	The Genus Australopithecus
		The cranial capacity of the Australopithecus anamensis is unknown.
		Australopithecus africanus appeared to be apelike in having a protruding face and small brain, but had distinctly unapelike dentition, including small canines and large, flat molars.
		A bipedal posture was again indicated by the central position of the foramen magnum, and by the anatomy of the spine, pelvis, and femur.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/anthropology/v1007/2002projects/web/australopithecus/austro.html (989 words)

	[No title]
		For example, australopithecus afarensis has many chimplike features, especially in the upper body and head, though the arms are a tad shorter and the head a tad larger.
		The Australian Cohuna cranium of Kow swamp (1925) and Talgai cranium (1886), the Mossgiel cranium (1960), and the Cossack skull (1972) of Kow swamp have an appearance of Homo erectus fossils.
		Formally known as Australopithecus afarensis number 288-1, Lucy is among the oldest of 300 individuals discovered at the Hadar site, all of the zoological family Homindae, a group of animals, including humans, characterized by an upright stance.
	www.grahamkendall.net /Main_Files/B14-Evolve-B1.txt (19298 words)

	newStandard: 5/23/96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dubbed Australopithecus bahrelghazali, the species lived in Chad some 3 million to 3.5 million years ago.
		It is the first Australopithecus -- "southern ape" -- to be found as far west on the African continent.
		Only eight other species of Australopithecus, found in eastern and southern Africa, were previously known.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/05-96/05-21-96/3jaw.htm (372 words)

	Paleoanthropology Hominids Early Chronology - Wikibooks
		They base their claim on their assessment that this hominid was bipedal (2 million years earlier than previously thought) and exhibited expressions of certain traits that were more modern than those of other early hominids.
		Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.8 million years ago) exhibit mixture of primitive (large canine teeth, parallel tooth rows) and derived (vertical root of canine, thicker tooth enamel) features, with evidence of bipedalism.
		The first type retains the chimpanzee-sized brains and small bodies of Australopithecus, but has evolved a notable robusticity in the areas of the skull involved with chewing: this is the group of robust australopithecines (A.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Paleoanthropology_Hominids_Early_Chronology (1543 words)

	The Earliest Human Ancestors: New Finds, New Interpretations
		Until 1994, all of the known gracile australopithecines were placed in two species: Australopithecus africanus from South Africa, (see picture to the right) and Australopithecus afarensis from east Africa (enter here for image).
		third hominid - Australopithecus garhi - was recovered between 1996 and 1998 from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia.
		Dart RA (1925) Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2001/nov/ancestor.htm (1206 words)

	A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa : Nature
		This unusual combination of features is in turn associated with a relatively long braincase, comparable in size to those of extant apes (Fig.
		The infraorbital plane (from the lower orbital margin to the inferior malar margin) is similar to that of Pan and differs from both Gorilla and larger Australopithecus, in which this region is absolutely and relatively taller.
		Australopithecus bahrelghazali, une nouvelle espèce d'Hominidé ancien de la région de Koro Toro (Tchad).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v418/n6894/full/nature00879.html (3724 words)

	Fossil Hominids: Type Specimens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For example, when it was decided that the 2nd known australopithecine fossil, assigned to Plesianthropus transvaalensis, actually belonged to the same species as the first, that name became invalid and all Plesianthropus fossils were reassigned to Australopithecus africanus.
		If it is decided that the fossils previously assigned to a species actually belong to two different species, then the type specimen and any other specimens belonging to the same species as it keep the old name.
		The latest development in this debate is the discovery of OH 65, a fossil jaw from Olduvai Gorge.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/typespec.html (723 words)

	ENSI/SENSI Papers & Articles:A. garhi...New-Found Link?
		Australopithecus afarensis is well known from Fejej in Ethiopia; about 4 Ma, Laetoli in Tanzania, 3.5 to 3.7S Ma; and Hadar in Ethiopia, 3.3 to 2.9 Ma.
		Australopithecus africanus, the earliest described species, from South Africa; it has long been known from the sites of Taung, Sterkfontein and Makapansgat, and new excavations have recently begun at other sites in the Sterkfontein Valley (Drimolen and Gladysvale).
		It lacks the anterior pillars of Australopithecus africanus, and it even has a gap (diastema) between the lateral incisor and the canine, a primitive feature seen in A.
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/pap.garh.html (2651 words)

	Early Hominid Evolution: Analysis of Early Hominids
		New discoveries are now beginning to fill in the missing picture of evolution leading to the australopithecines at that early time.
		Beginning in 1992, Tim White and several of his Ethiopian colleagues found fossils of what may be the immediate ancestor of the australopithecines at the Aramis site in the Middle Awash region of Northern Ethiopia.
		Beginning around 2.5 million years ago or a bit earlier, there was a major forking in the evolutionary path of hominids.
	anthro.palomar.edu /hominid/australo_2.htm (2124 words)

	Early Hominid Evolution: Discovery of Early Hominids
		Most paleoanthropologists in the 1920's rejected Dart's claims that Australopithecus africanus was intermediate between apes and humans in favor of the view that it was just an ape.
		She suggested that this fossil may displace Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) as the progenitor of humans.
		Some researchers have suggested that the bahrelghazali find is another variant of Australopithecus afarensis.
	anthro.palomar.edu /hominid/australo_1.htm (2261 words)

	Tucoxi's Lab
		Australopithecus bahrelghazali -- 3.5 to 3 million years ago
		Australopithecus boisei (including A. aethiopicus) -- 2.4 to 1 million years ago
		In 1925, Raymond Dart said A. africanus could do that; and since then we have unearthed other humanoids from sites all over Africa known as "Australopithecines." A. bahrelghazali was found in Chad and dated at 3 to 3.5 million years, which took geographic range 1500 miles west of the East African Rift.
	tucoxi.itgo.com /lab3.html (294 words)

	Australopithecus garhi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A.afarensis seems pretty primitive all round, but of course is more derived in the human direction than A.anamensis.
		It is basically australopithecine, with a small cranial capacity (450 cc), rectangular or slightly diverging dental arcade, and very prognathous face; it lacks the anterior pillars of Australopithecus africanus, and it even has a gap (diastema) between the lateral incisor and the canine, a primitive feature seen in A.afarensis but not in A.africanus.
		The humerofemoral index calculates the relative lengths of the arms and legs by comparing the upper arm to the thigh.
	home.austarnet.com.au /stear/cg_australopithecus_garhi.htm (2032 words)

	Facts and Fallacies of the Fossil Record--Lesson 5
		Anamensis and Bahrelghazali are said to be slightly younger than Ramidus, but older than Afarensis.
		All that is left of Anamensis and Bahrelghazali are portions of their jaws.
		Anamensis and Bahrelghazali are only thought to represent pre-afarensis stages of evolution because the use of unreliable methods determined that their fossils were older.
	www.giftofeternallife.org /books_articles/books/facts_fallicies/05.shtml (1458 words)

	ENSI/SENSI Papers & Articles:Hominid News
		Molar size is small relative to body size in Chimps, Ardipithecus and Orrorin (suggesting a diet of fruit and leaves) and again in H.
		Tooth enamel is thin in Chimps; intermediate in Ardipithecus; thick in Orrorin, Australopithecus and Homo (and in Orangutans and some earlier fossil apes).
		Canines in chimps and Orrorin are large, sharpened,and V shaped but smaller and diamond shaped in Ardipithecus and more advanced forms (smallest in Homo).
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/paphom.c.html (1012 words)

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