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Topic: Austria legislative election, 1949

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	Austria POLITICAL PARTIES
		In general elections that November, the Austrian People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei—ÖVP), successor to the prewar Christian Socialists, emerged as the strongest party, with the reborn Socialist Party of Austria (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs—SPÖ) trailing slightly.
		In the elections of 24 April 1983, dominated by economic issues, the SPÖ; (with 47.8% of the vote) won 90 seats, down from 95 in 1979; the ÖVP (with 43.21%) 81; and the FPÖ (with 4.97%) 12.
		Following parliamentary elections on 23 November 1986, a new government was sworn in on 21 January 1987, with Vranitzky from the SPÖ; as chancellor and Alois Mock, FPÖ chairman, as vice-chancellor and prime minister.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Europe/Austria-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (831 words)

	Austrian Press & Information Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Austria's constitutional law comprises the Federal Constitution, in the strict sense of the term, a multitude of constitutional acts and state treaties.
		Austria is involved in international matters at different levels: after the signing of the State Treaty in May 1955, and the decision in favour of permanent neutrality, Austria joined the UN at the end of 1955, and the Council of Europe in 1956.
		Austria's international role in the nineties is also attested to by other events: membership of the UN Security Council in 1991/92, coincided with the Gulf War and the incipient conflict in Yugoslavia.
	www.austria.org /political.shtml (9406 words)

	Austrian Press & Information Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1925 Austria issued a new currency in the form of the schilling and the rigid control exercised by the League of Nations was withdrawn.
		Austria and its politicians, who had learnt from the bitter experiences of the past, together turned their attention to the reconstruction of the country and the restoration of full sovereignty.
		Austria's efforts to join the EEC met with harsh comments from the Soviet Union as one of the signatory parties of the State Treaty.
	www.austria.org /history_rep.shtml (6034 words)

	Austria Regional Country Austria
		Austria (German Österreich), republic in central Europe, bounded on the north by the Czech Republic; on the northeast by Slovakia; on the east by Hungary; on the south by Slovenia, Italy, and Switzerland; and on the west by Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Germany.
		Austria is a democratic, federal republic governed according to the constitution of 1920, as amended in 1929 and subsequently modified.
		Elections to the Nationalrat in 1956, 1959, and 1962 resulted in little change in the relative strength of the two main parties.
	www.latifm.com /look/Regional_Austria.htm (9362 words)

	[No title]
		Elections, boycotted by pro-Lithuanian forces, lead to the participation of parties that are more or less supporting idea of incorporation of the area into Poland - with different grades of autonomy.
		The Emirate of Cyrenaica is recognized in 1949 and the whole of Libya becomes independent as the United Libyan Kingdom in 1951 (renamed Libyan Kingdom in 1963).
		In the USSR occupation zone of Germany, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is established in 1949.
	www.electionworld.org /former.htm (8441 words)

	REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA et al. v. ALTMANN, 541 U.S. 677 -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		Born in Austria in 1916, respondent Maria V. Altmann escaped the country after it was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938.
		Austria then enacted a restitution statute allowing individuals to reclaim properties that were subject to any such false assertion of ownership or coerced donation in exchange for export permits.
		Austria replies that, even so, this part of the statute is not "retroactive." Austria means that §1605(a)(3), the expropriation exception, does not apply to events that occurred in 1948, almost 30 years before the FSIA's enactment.
	supreme.justia.com /us/541/677/case.html (16832 words)

	Situation and Outlook - Government
		The legislative branch is a bicameral Parliament that consists of House of Lords and House of Commons.
		The legislative branch is a bicameral Federal Assembly consisting of the Council of States (Standerat) with 46 seats serving four-year terms and the National Council (Nationalrat) with 200 seats elected by popular vote on a basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms.
		Elections in the country are set for 9 April 2000, but a postponement into the fall would greatly benefit the states leader for re-election.
	www.ianr.unl.edu /kendrick/411/government-S00.html (19210 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Legislative power in the states is vested in chambers of deputies, whose members are elected to 3-year terms.
		In the presidential election of July 2000, the PRI nominee lost to the candidate of the Alliance for Change, a coalition that included the PAN.
		National elections were held on July 3, 1949, and the government party, renamed the Institutional Revolutionary party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI), won overwhelmingly in the Chamber of Deputies.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/mexico.html (8728 words)

	European Union Research - Boston College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Any policies or legislation of the Union must be undertaken in pursuit of and in concert with the principles set forth in the treaties.
		Secondary legislation, made up of regulations, directives, and decisions, is the massive body of law that controls the life and operation of the European Union.
		Harmonizing legislation, such as that passed by a member state's legislature to implement a directive, is not published in the Official Journal.
	www.bc.edu /schools/law/library/research/researchguides/eu (3387 words)

	Hungary (09/06)
		By February 1949, all opposition parties had been forced to merge with the MKP to form the Hungarian Workers' Party.
		The legislation transformed Hungary from a people's republic into the Republic of Hungary; guaranteed human and civil rights; and created an institutional structure that ensures separation of powers among the judicial, executive, and legislative branches of government.
		The first free parliamentary election, held in May 1990, was a plebiscite of sorts on the communist past.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm (5012 words)

	CCPR/C/83/Add.3 - State Party Report - Austria
		There is a rule that foreigners shall be refused entry into Austria's territory if the border police find that there are doubts about their identify, if they have no passport or visa, or if there is a regulation to the effect that they must use a different border crossing point.
		As regards criminal legislation, a violation of the secrecy of correspondence is subject to punishment in accordance with section 118 of the Penal Code.
		In Austria, a differentiation is made between churches and religious communities that are legally recognized and those that are not legally recognized.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1998/documentation/tbodies/ccpr-c-83-add3.htm (16679 words)

	Taiwan
		Because it was impossible to hold subsequent elections to represent constituencies on the mainland, representatives elected in 1947-48 held these seats "indefinitely." In June l990, however, the Council of Grand Justices mandated the retirement, effective December 1991, of all remaining "indefinitely" elected members of the National Assembly and other bodies.
		In the December 2004 LY election, the Pan-Blue coalition won a slender majority of 114 of the 225 seats (later increased to 115) compared to the Pan-Green coalition's 101 (later reduced to 100).
		Election of four KMT legislators to city mayor and county magistrate positions in the December 2005 local elections further reduced the Pan-Blue majority to 111 seats of the LY's 220 occupied seats.
	www.infoplease.com /country/profiles/taiwan.html (5988 words)

	Too Late for Empire - by Jonathan Schell and Tom Engelhardt
		Especially important was the presidential election of 2004, when many, though not all, of the abuses were already known.
		(And then the election itself was subject to grave abuses, especially in Ohio.) The weight and meaning of that majority does not disappear because it was demonstrably misinformed about key matters of war and peace.
		Voices are already being heard advising that the opposition to the Iraq War and the failed vision it embodies should, with the next election in mind, now embrace a generalized new readiness to use force.
	www.antiwar.com /engelhardt/?articleid=9421 (5551 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany.
		The Republicans lost both houses in the off-year congressional elections of 1954, but by such slim margins that the outcome could not be interpreted as a rebuke to the President.
		He was more successful in securing the termination of the four-power occupation of Austria and the restoration of Austrian sovereignty in 1955.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_eisenhower.html (5791 words)

	District Level Electoral Data on the Internet
		We are in the process of generating codebooks for each of these elections files; in the meantime, the abbreviations used are taken directly from the on-line source.
		When downloading results from national election authorities, users should be aware that a number of countries' websites are only compatible with Microsoft Explorer.
		The link for “results” at the bottom of the page links to a page listing the various districts and the winning candidate; complete results for each district are then available by clicking on the district name.
	www.duke.edu /~mms16/DistrictLeveldatasources.htm (878 words)

	PRSA(Q) submission on PR for Queensland, File 1
		But when (as in the 1983 and 1986 Queensland elections, and the 1990 Federal election) the party with a majority of seats falls well short of a majority of votes, and when sizeable minorities are denied direct representation and can contribute to the result only by yielding up their preferences, the outcome is less legitimate.
		This system also gives party machines an unhealthy power of patronage, and makes representatives less accountable to those who vote for them; Senators are safe for life if they retain the good grace of their State party executive, [58] and good relations with the party are more important than service to the electorate.
		The recent democratic elections in East Germany also used the former Weimar system; this did not prevent the conservative coalition from winning a majority of seats in their own right.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /~lee/prsa/earc/part1.html (5093 words)

	Biographies of the Attorneys General
		During his Senate career, he was responsible for drafting legislation which created the Department of Commerce, Department of Labor and for giving the Interstate Commerce Commission regulatory authority over railroad rates.
		He held that office until 1949 when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
		From 1949 to 1953, and again from 1955 to 1956, he practiced law in Boston.
	www.usdoj.gov /jmd/ls/agbiographies.htm (12842 words)

	Costa Rica
		The law reverted back to the 1949 Constitution, which states that ex-presidents may run for reelection after they have been out of office for two presidential terms, or eight years.
		Prior to 2002, the office of mayor did not exist and the president of the municipal council was responsible for the administration of each municipality.
		Municipal council presidents are elected through internal elections conducted by council members each year, but mayors are elected directly by the populace through general elections.
	www.factmonster.com /country/profiles/costa-rica.html (2359 words)

	The Pros and Cons of NATO Expansion
		In the1999 Duma election, the ultranationalist "Bloc of Zhirinovsky" received only 5.98% of the vote (see Table 1).
		Compliance with this democracy requirement would be relatively easy to verify, through inspection of a state's electoral laws and constitution and by election monitoring (note that transparency is also a democratic characteristic, facilitating verification).
		Specific suggestions regarding the formulation of civil-military relations in East European states include having a civilian minister of defense, ensuring that civilian officials work in the defense ministry, keeping the military out of partisan politics, maintaining legislative supervision of both the defense budget and defense policy, and encouraging open discussion of defense issues.
	pweb.jps.net /~gangale/opsa/ir/NATO_Expansion.htm (5979 words)

	sublocal government and schools consulting and lectures
		The franchise for elections of county officers is universally
		wider geographic scope of county elections, the extension of the
		elections in cities with high percentages of nonpropertyowners.
	www.liebmann.bizland.com /id7.html (8193 words)

	As proposed by Commission III, the Conference adopted the following resolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It recommends that funds for the Legislative Service be provided from savings elsewhere, and that the balance of IIA funds be earmarked to help maintain the Rome Library, if necessary, until the Organization is financially settled in Rome in 1951.
		In September 1949 the Australian Government submitted a proposal, the object of which was to bring the Working Capital Fund into line with that of the United Nations and other Specialized Agencies.
		That the Director-General is authorized to establish a staff assessment plan, effective 1 January 1950, or at such other date as he may determine in the light of developments effecting the attainment of the stated purposes of the Staff Assessment Plan.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5579E/x5579e0b.htm (3501 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Indonesia
		The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949.
		Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya.
		August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
	www.faqs.org /docs/factbook/geos/id.html (1271 words)

	OSCE Review Conference 1999 - Final Report
		Some participating States addressed the issue of legislative transparency: laws should be drafted in a transparent process, open to public scrutiny and in conformity with constitutional provisions as well as international standards.
		The ODIHR outlined its present approach to election observation missions: full-fledged missions could be undertaken in States meeting, or making progress towards, minimum electoral standards: limited operations should be launched when the electoral framework fell short of the minimum requirements.
		The gap between national legislation and policies prohibiting torture and the actual situation in many OSCE participating States was a matter of great concern for many speakers.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/osce/text/rc99gal175.htm (15339 words)

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