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| | turnout.htm |
 | | In addition to including the United States for four-year intervals beginning in 1952, the measure also captures joint legislative-presidential elections in Austria (1971, 1986), Finland (1962), France (1981, 1988) Ireland (1973), Israel (1996), and Portugal (1976, 1980, 1991). |
 | | For each election, the proportion of seats won by each party contesting the election are squared, summed, and then divided by 1. |
 | | In Italy, for example, the elections for the lower house (Chamber) are carried out using a system where 475 deputies are elected by plurality and 155 by PR (Mackie and Rose 1997, p. |
| www.scu.edu /polisci/faculty/rmcourses/turnout.htm |
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