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Topic: Austrian Habsburgs

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Habsburg

Spanish Habsburgs

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto von Habsburg

War of the Austrian Succession

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Franz Joseph of Austria

Maria Theresa of Austria

Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire

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War of the Spanish Succession

Frederick I of Prussia

Ferdinand I of Austria

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	Habsburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Habsburg (frequently spelled Hapsburg) was one of the ruling houses of Europe: rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918), kings of Spain (1516–1700), and Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806.
		NB: Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740 - 1780
		Emperors of Austria of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/h/ha/habsburg.html (714 words)

	Habsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I from his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (1516 - 1556), the family split into the Austrian Habsburgs and the Spanish Habsburgs.
		The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal.
		However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habsburg (2659 words)

	Habsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan Duke of Lorraine, and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine.
		Between and his brother, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III.
		The Austrian Habsburgs, as well as their wives and close relatives, were traditionally buried in the Capuchin Crypt in Vienna.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Habsburg (2539 words)

	Encyclopedia: Habsburg
		Frederick the Handsome (born 1286; died January 13, 1330), from the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria as Frederick I and King of the Romans as Frederick (III).
		Albert II of Austria (born December 12, 1298 on the Habsburg (Aargau); died August 16, 1358 in Vienna; known as the Wise or the Lame) was Duke of Austria.
		Albert II Habsburg (August 10, 1397 - October 27, 1439), German ruler, king of Bohemia and Hungary, and (as Albert V) duke of Austria, was born on August 10, 1397, the son of Albert IV of Habsburg, duke of Austria.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Habsburg (10589 words)

	HABSBURG - LoveToKnow Article on HABSBURG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Add to this Ferdinands inheritance, the Austrian archduchies and Tirol, Bohemia with her dependent provinces, and a strip of Hungary, and the two brothers had under their sway a part of Europe the extent of which was great, but the wealth and importance of which were immeasurably greater.
		However, the Austrian branch of the family received in 1714 the Italian possessions of Charles II., except Sicily, which was given to the duke of Savoy, and also the southern Netherlands, which are thus often referred to as the Austrian Netherlands; and retained the duchy of Mantua, which it had seized in 1708.
		Restored to the Habsburgs in the person of Ferdinand in 1814, it remained under his rule, and then under that of his son Leopold (1797-1870), i.intil the rising of 1859, when the Austrians were driven out and the grand-duchy was added to the kingdom of Sardinia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HA/HABSBURG.htm (5069 words)

	Habsburg Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Habsburg (or Hapsburg) was the name of one of the ruling houses of Europe: rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282 - 1453, archdukes 1453 - 1804, and emperors 1804 - 1918), kings of Spain (1516 - 1700), and Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806.
		After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy (the Low Countries) and the marriage of his son Philipp the Fair with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited an empire where "the sun does not set".
		Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699, the Habsburgs remaining kings of Hungary under an 1867 autonomy arrangement (see Austria-Hungary) until their deposition in both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
	www.thegamedunge.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/habsburg.html (556 words)

	Old Swiss Confederacy - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		With the rise of the Habsburg dynasty, the kings and dukes of Habsburg sought to extend their influence over this region and to bring it under their rule; as a consequence, a conflict ensued between the Habsburgs and these mountain communities who tried to defend their privileged status as reichsfrei regions.
		The Habsburgs responded by sending a strong army of knights against them to subdue their insurrection and to gain control over the St. Gotthard pass, but the Austrian army of Frederick's brother Leopold I was utterly defeated in the Battle of Morgarten in 1315.
		In the Battle of Näfels in 1388, an Austrian army of Albert III, the successor of Leopold, was defeated, and in the peace treaty concluded the next year, Glarus maintained its independence from the Habsburgs.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Old_Swiss_Confederacy (4650 words)

	HABSBURG FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy_Roman_Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal.
		However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan Duke_of_Lorraine, and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine.
		NB: Maria_Theresa_of_Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740 - 1780
	www.witwib.com /?s=Habsburg (2258 words)

	Rijeka. Who is Rijeka? What is Rijeka? Where is Rijeka? Definition of Rijeka. Meaning of Rijeka.
		Created a free port in 1723, Fiume passed during the 18th and 19th centuries between the Habsburgs' Austrian, Croatian and Hungarian possessions until its attachment to the latter kingdom for the third and last time in 1870.
		Major port development, the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Hungarian and Austrian railway networks contributed to rapid population growth from 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910.
		Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's defeat and disintegration in the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Italian and Croatian administrations in the city as both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the later Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty over it.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Rijeka (600 words)

	Habsburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Habsburg (also spelled Hapsburg) was one of the ruling houses of Europe: rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282-1453, archdukes 1453-1804, and emperors 1804-1918), kings of Bohemia 1526-1618 and 1621-1918, kings of Spain (1516-1700), and Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806.
		After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I from his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (1516-1556), the family split into the Austrian Habsburgs and the Spanish Habsburgs.
		Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered Lower Austria from Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 - 1495.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ha/Habsburg.htm (1794 words)

	The Habsburg Achievement:Lessons for the World
		This family [the Habsburgs], from the unlucky day in 1273 when the College of Electors chose Rudolf of Hapsburg to be King of the Romans, on account of his mediocrity, till the abdication of Karl II [it was actually Karl I, but who's counting?) in 1918, produced no genius, only two rulers of ability...
		The Habsburgs' government was not what we in the 1990s increasingly understand government to be, a gaggle of largely moronic and otherwise generally unemployable puppets obediently appeasing pressure groups and opinion pollsters.
		Government in the Habsburgs' eyes meant the courage to persevere with policies that in the short term were sometimes unpopular, because the alternative was far worse.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1252376/posts (4944 words)

	The Habsburg Dynasty - History
		New territories were acquired, which resulted in the Habsburgs, now also the Holy Roman Emperors, ruling much of central Europe including Hungary and Bohemia and Croatia, parts of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Ukraine, as well as the Netherlands and Spain and its vast overseas possessions.
		Austrian forces under General Prince Eugene subsequently swept the Turks to the south-eastern edge of Europe.
		The Gothic style was popular between the 14th and 16th centuries, as evidenced by the number of imposing buildings with flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed ceiling vaults and pigeon toes.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/1605/habsburg.htm (841 words)

	The Germanies
		The Habsburg rulers were not only elective emperors but also hereditary rulers of their own crown lands centered on Austria..
		During the wars of religion in Germany, the Habsburgs were the primary champions of Catholicism.
		If the Austrian Habsburgs had won the Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648) in Germany, they would not only have restored Catholicism as the official religion but they would also have unified Germany (the Holy Roman Empire) under their domination.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/the_germanies.htm (726 words)

	Royalty.nu - The Habsburgs
		The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary by Alan John Percivale Taylor.
		The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse by Robin Okey.
		The Habsburg Monarchy 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire by Paula Sutter Fichtner.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Austria/Habsburgs.html (1311 words)

	Venice and the Revolution of 1848-49 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Although Austrian domination was not the unmitigated disaster once alleged, on balance it was injurious and fueled the flames of agitation demanding independence.
		Manned primarily by Austrian Italians friendly to the revolution, Venetians should have commanded and steered the fleet, thus depriving Austria of a formidable weapon which she later employed in the siege of Venice.
		The gesture was in vain, as the deadly Austrian boycott and bombardment of the lagoon accelerated.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/rz/venrev.htm (1322 words)

	Nation, Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		That holds true of the state of the Austrian Habsburgs, from the Ferdinand who as German emperor was called the First to the Ferdinand who as Austrian emperor was the only one of that name, just as it holds true of all other states of that time.
		Catholic-oriented historians sadly lamented the decline of the old Austria, that Austrian princely state which, from Ferdinand II until the outbreak of the revolution Of March 1848, had been the protector of Catholicism and of the legitimist idea of the state in Europe.
		The empire of the Habsburgs was erected by Ferdinand II on the ruins of the freedoms of the estates and the ruins of Protestantism.
	www.mises.org /nsande/pt1iich3~b.asp (7442 words)

	[No title]
		The southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs as did the Duchy of Milan.
		The Italian possessions of the Spanish Kings eventually passed to Spanish Bourbon collateral branches, with the exception of Sardinia, that was united with the Savoy lands to become the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont.
		Gaining Silesia was a consequence of the war of Austrian succession, which ensued when Charles VI left all his dominions, intact, to his daughter, Maria Theresia.
	home.versatel.nl /gerardvonhebel/1748.htm (317 words)

	Silesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Silesia was originally a Polish province that became a possession of the Bohemian crown in 1335, passed with that crown to the Austrian Habsburgs in 1526, was taken by Prussia in 1742, and was returned to Poland in 1945.
		Silesia was subsequently reacquired by Bohemia, however, and it passed to the Habsburgs in 1526 with the accession of the Austrian archduke Ferdinand (later Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I) to the Bohemian throne.
		It was chiefly its wealth that tempted Frederick II the Great of Prussia to wrest Silesia from the Habsburg heiress Maria Teresa in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48).
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Silesia/Silesia.html (1141 words)

	Hapsburgs
		The new Austrian republic consequently banished the Habsburgs in 1919.
		As a Habsburg, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 and, allied with Bavaria and the Catholic League, defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
		Born in Vienna, the son and successor of Emperor Maximilian II, Rudolf II of Habsburg served as Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612), King of Hungary (1572-1608), and King of Bohemia (1575-1611).
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/habsburgs.html (6790 words)

	Austrian Habsburgs -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This split the (A royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806) Habsburg family into the (Click link for more info and facts about Spanish Habsburgs) Spanish Habsburgs and the Austrian Habsburgs.
		The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of (Sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire) Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary.
		Technically, The Austrian Habsburgs died out in 1740 (prompting the (Prussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748) War of the Austrian Succession).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/A/Au/Austrian_Habsburgs.htm (118 words)

	History of THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The far-flung dynastic realm of the Habsburg family (medieval in concept, although compiled by Maximilian I as recently as the 15th century) is thus split into two empires - of Spain and Austria - held by separate Habsburg dynasties.
		But the Austrian empire remains securely in Habsburg hands until its demise, along with the separate German empire, at the end of World War I. The story of Austria blends, from 1556, with that of a wider Austrian empire.
		Holding this disparate realm together is the main concern of the Austrian Habsburgs.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab39 (371 words)

	Metternich & Napoleon diplomacy Congress of Vienna
		With Russians, Prussians and Austrians opposed to Napoleonic France advancing from the east and north and the British advancing from the south and west Napoleonic France was overthrown early in 1814.
		He succeeded in creating a German Confederation under Austrian leadership and was broadly satisfied with the degree to which Austria was influential in the Italian peninsula.
		It seems that the Austrian Emperor, Francis I, was of a notably reactionary outlook and this may well have helped to restrain any modest tendency towards flexibilty that Metternich might have himself favoured.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/metternich.html (2359 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria, 1519-1618
		These administrations pursued their own policies, the court in Brussels, on the occasion of the marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Habsburg, demanding that their son (Charles V.) be educated in Brussels; his sons were to be educated in Madrid (Philip II.
		This resulted in the split of the Habsburg dynasty in a Spanish and an Austrian line, and was one of the causes for the Dutch revolt.
		The Austrian Habsburgs, despite all there titles, were permanently in the red.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au15191618.html (586 words)

	Why War? Commentary: Origin of the Vampire Myth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1725 and 1732, two villages in the occupied territories of Serbia suffered an outbreak of a vampire that spurned the threat of a mass nonviolent uprising and a collective demand for respect of their cultural practices.
		Perhaps fearing that a shadowy monster would challenge their rational-imperial might, the Austrian Habsburgs sent in the scientists and seven years later another report was received.
		For the Austrians, the vampire likely appeared as a political entity that could hasten their demise, or at least frighten their subjects out of obedience, and thus worth investigation.
	www.why-war.com /commentary/2004/02/originofvampire.html (1426 words)

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