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Topic: Austrian nobility

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	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
		Nobles typically commanded resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members or nobles of lower rank of their societies, and could exercise religious or political power over them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobility (1220 words)

	Austrian nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Especially members of the lower nobility (such as the civil servants) found this radical step of abolition degrading and humiliating, since working towards and finally earning a nobility title was a way for them and their families to rise within society.
		To many Austrians, the abolition of noble privileges and titles was and still is an important element of a democratic and republican state, where indivdiuals are treated equally and thus should hold any titles of honor solely by their individual merit.
		Noble families could have the preposition "von", "zu" or a combination of it ("von und zu"), non-German-speaking nobility however preferred to use the "de" such as in Bohemia, Hungary, and Galicia, as that was less germanic-sounding.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austrian_nobility (1950 words)

	Austria-Hungary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the unified government determined overall military direction, the Austrian and Hungarian governments each remained in charge of "the quota of recruits, legislation concerning compulsory military service, transfer and provision of the armed forces, and regulation of the civic, non-military affairs of members of the armed forces".
		Though Hungary's leaders showed on the whole less willingness than their German Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, they granted (it is argued) a large measure of autonomy to the kingdom of Croatia in 1868, parallelling to some extent their own accommodation within the Empire the previous year.
		On one notable occasion, that of the so-called "ordinance of April 5, 1897", the Austrian Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni gave Czech equal standing with German in the internal government of Bohemia, leading to a crisis because of nationalist German agitation throughout the Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire (3262 words)

	Habsburg - Psychology Central
		Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
		The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal.
		However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Habsburg (2831 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ROTHSCHILD: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the early stages of its existence the Austrian house did a large money-lending business with the mediatized and impoverished nobility of the Austrian empire, loans to the amount of no less than 24,521,000 gulden being on record.
		Austrian banker; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Sept. 9, 1774; died at Paris July 28, 1855; second son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, head of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild house.
		Among the other enterprises in which he was interested may be mentioned: the Austrian state loans of 1823, 1829, and 1842; the coal-mines of Witkowitz; and the asphalt lake of Dalmatia.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=445&letter=R (7456 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ESKELES, BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Austrian financier; born at Vienna 1753; died at Hietzing, near Vienna, Aug. 7, 1839.
		Eskeles was the founder of the Austrian National Bank (1816), and its director for twenty-three years.
		He was raised to the Austrian nobility in 1797, and became a knight.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=467&letter=E (322 words)

	Kingdom of Bosnia & Hercegovina / Nobility
		In everyday use we find certain stereotype views of noble privilege yet history shows that the nobility have by all means enjoyed privileges but that these privileges have varied and have at times even been limited to the use of a title rather than to any economic or political prerogatives.
		In fact the first indications of noble titles of a western sort are to found in the monarchy itself when the banate of Bosnia became a kingdom proper.
		Nobles holding land in these areas were also in part recognised by the Austrian Empire and as such became part of the Austrian nobility.
	hem.passagen.se /bosnia/nobility.html (1817 words)

	Goethe
		Although, to begin with, these were mainly members of the nobility and princes of the blood, notably their self-appointed leaders the King's younger brothers, the Counts of Provence (later Louis XVIII, 1755-1824) and of Artois (later Charles X, 1757—1836), a third of the final tally were peasants and workers.
		As the French troops approached, the Mainx nobility fled, `and the old boy [the Elector] as well', wrote Caroline, `in a carriage from which he had had the coat of arms scraped off...
		On 14 April 1793 the Austrians and Prussians completed their encirclement of the city and a siege began, vigorously resisted by a French garrison 20,000 strong.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/b/boyle-goethe2.html (6714 words)

	AACS Austrian Room
		The Austrian Nationality Room is based on elements from the Haydnsaal (Haydn Hall) in Schloss Esterhazy--a castle in the small town of Eisenstadt, the provincial capital of Burgenland, near Vienna.
		The originals are the work of Carpofora Tencalla (1632-1685), an Italian artist brought north by the Habsburg emperor and the Austrian nobility to decorate churches, castles, and chapels throughout Austria.
		The oldest period of Austrian culture is reflected in a replica of the Venus of Willendorf, a Stone Age sculpture that dates from 28,000-22,000 B.C. This carving, along with paleolithic weapons and tools, was unearthed in 1908 by railroad workers in a small village only four miles from Vienna.
	www.aacs-pit.org /aacs_room.html (1452 words)

	Austrian Nobility since World War One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Taking into consideration that portion of the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire which is today part of Poland or the Ukraine, it is hard to include noble families of such countries for merely historical reasons among the Austrian nobility.
		The Austrian solution of abolishing titles has a great advantage over the German: when a name has no title the incentive to choose it in preference to a non noble name is much smaller; and also the danger of deception decreases.
		It should be noted that not one of those I mention originates from a family which is exclusively Austrian and was born in Austria - an unexpected example of the historic international character of the Austrian nobility.
	www.chivalricorders.org /nobility/austria.htm (2741 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Linguistitcs - Austrian linguistic inheritance
		Many Austrian and German landlords had possessions of parts of Istria from the early middle ages, but it was not until 1815 that the whole of Istria passed under the administration of Austria after a brief period of French rule which began in 1797.
		For a full century, Istria remained part a valued territory of the Austrian Empire which was called Kustenland, principally because of its strategic position for the Austrian war Navy (Pola), and also because of the fashionable resort that evolved for the Austrian nobility in Opatija (Abbazia).
		The Austrians were fair administrators and left a good impression in the minds of many nostalgic Istrians.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/linguistics/austrian-ling.htm (241 words)

	Austrian Studies Volume 12 - call for papers
		Three of the most notable Queens of France were from the Austrian nobility - Elisabeth of Austria (celebrated in François Clouet's remarkable portrait), Anne of Austria and Marie Antoinette (both central figures for Alexandre Dumas).
		The aim of volume 13 of Austrian Studies is to draw together work on some of the main strands of this relationship.
		The focus of the volume is expected to be on the Austrian reception of France, but proposals on the reverse relationship, or the mutual influence of the two cultures are very welcome.
	www.rhul.ac.uk /german/AS-papers/vol13.html (480 words)

	titles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Most modern titles of nobility in the Western world descended from these (see the table entitled Hereditary Western European Titles of Nobility for masculine and feminine forms of equivalent titles in Western Europe).
		French titles of nobility in descending order are duc; prince (only a prince of the blood royal was above a duke; an ordinary prince was often the son of a duke and was below a duke), marquis, comte, vicomte, baron, seigneur or sire, and chevalier (knight).
		Titles of the hereditary imperial nobility conferred on members of the imperial house were of 12 degrees, or lines of descent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/titles_titlesofnobilityandhonor.asp (2276 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As a result of the revolt by the Bohemian nobility in 1618, SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h .
		evil officials and nobles, not the tsar, were responsible for the conditions of the peasants.
		was dominated by the landed nobility, the boyars.
	www.sctechsystem.com /tctc/humanities/his102vanhuss/Chapter17.doc (4028 words)

	Austro-Hungarian Army - Friedrich Edler von Thurneyssen
		When the Austrian Volunteer Corps was disbanded in December 1866 Friedrich Thurneyssen decided not to enter further Mexican service and traveled back to Europe where he again entered Austrian military service in his old rank.
		Sword in hand Thurneyssen and the other Austrian officer stopped the fugitives, and were about to reform when the cavalry, taken in turn by a mad panic, fled pell-mell through the infantry.
		The decree of nobility was executed on the 12th of November 1907 and handed over to General Thurneyssen Pasha in Cairo on the 12th of February 1908.
	www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk /biog/thurneyssen.htm (2740 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - History of the Austrian Empire, Part I
		Austrian military leaders figure out how to use artillery in 1494, and to put that knowledge into practical use, we start covert preparations for war.
		Austrian military staff examines the mistakes made in the battlefield, and apparently something is learned, as Field Marshall Ferdinand (3/2/2) takes the lead in the Imperial Guard.
		Austrian troops march to Bohemia and Silesia, defeating the defending troops with relative ease, and start a long siege.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=169 (4599 words)

	\| Book Review \| The American Historical Review, 108.2 \| The History Cooperative
		The dramatic spread of Protestantism combined with the political aspirations of the Austrian nobility led to a great crisis of authority that culminated in the early seventeenth century.
		In an effort to understand how the Habsburgs and their allies confronted this challenge, Patrouch has turned to the region of Upper Austria, where he has carefully sifted through the records of local archives to present a fascinating story of how authority was constructed in this troubled period.
		Patrouch is part of this cohort of scholars, and his investigation of the Upper Austrian setting provides us with an important analysis of the complex workings of power in Central Europe.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.2/br_135.html (711 words)

	Niew1a
		As the reaction to the Austrian germanization, nobility and townsmen were unhappy, and later they organized anti-Austrian uprisings.
		The result was such, that in 1846 the peasants turned against the nobility, and killed many nobles and land administrators (23).
		Currently, the known Niewodowskis are 1) Konstanty Niewodowski - Furowicz b.1898, the son of Antoni, a judge and second lieutenant of the reserve forces (28), and 2) general physician, captain Witold Niewodowski, killed during WWII in 1939 (29).
	www.geocities.com /a_gulinski/niew1a.htm (1863 words)

	Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Lambergs, which belonged to the Austrian territorial nobility, were made Imperial Princes in 1707 and were admitted to the Council in 1709 as Langraves of Leuchtenberg.
		If a noble family possessed a county, all members of the family were styled 'counts', even those, who did not rule the county.
		Mansfeld: the HRE Prince and Prince of Fondi, Count and Lord of Mansfeld, Noble Lord of Heldrungen, Seeburg and Schraplau, Lord of the Lordship of Dobrzisch, Neuhaus and Arnstein.
	www.geocities.com /vrozn/Constit.html (7918 words)

	Into Fresh Air - Altaussee \| Travel + Leisure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But they were a century-old pair of lederhosen, an Austrian man's most prized possession, that had been handed down for generations.
		The consistency of the lake's thin beach varies from chunky cobblestones to a fine gravel, but the Austrians treat it as though it were Malibu, stretching out towels and lolling in their tiny Euro bathing suits, which do so much to deflate their stolid Germanic dignity.
		Austrians seem to have been inspired in the other direction, to close themselves behind a laconic façade of order.
	www.travelandleisure.com /articles/into-fresh-air (1006 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Austria
		Austrian history prior to the late nineteenth century and the emergence of homosexual identity and culture contains many suggestive traces of homosexuality.
		From the mid-seventeenth century through the mid-nineteenth century sexual innuendo surrounded a handful of individuals who were members of the Austrian nobility.
		Although the Austrian law prohibiting sodomy was not lifted, in 1803 Emperor Francis II lessened the punishment for sodomy from death to a prison term ranging from six months to a year.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/austria.html (806 words)

	Croatian Coats of Arms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Croatian nobility grants and records were found from Vienna in Austria to Budapest, Hungary and Venice in Italy.
		Titles of the nobility varied somewhat due to the influence of foreign rulers and the time period involved.
		The basic condition that the clans appear to have laid down to the Hungarian ruler was that the Croatian nation in general should retain full possession of Croatian territory and national property; more particularly the twelve noble families or clans named, who ruled were confirmed in their possession of this territory.
	www.hr /darko/etf/nobil.html (868 words)

	Biographies of the Porges von Portheims
		Despite this declaration, the brothers were elevated to the rank of noble Austrians by decree of June 5, 1841 and given the title of Edle von Portheim.
		Was baptized and ennobled to the Austrian nobility on July 5, 1879.
		Be they Austrian or foreign University professors, students of history or literature doctorates, researchers or historians in the fields of music, history, theater, opera, ballet, librarians from all over the world: all know about the treasures of Portheim, draw from this golden horn, and thus save months or years of research.
	www.porges.net /FamilyTreesBiographies/BiographiesVonPortheim.html (9399 words)

	Austrian Press & Information Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 976, Leopold von Babenberg, a descendant of a noble Bavarian family, was invested with the area between the rivers Enns and Traisen.
		The Austrian nobility then sided with the Bohemian king, Ottokar II, Premysl, who secured the heritage for himself by marrying the last Babenberg's sister.
		The assassination on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was only the provocation for the outbreak of the First World War.
	www.austria.org /history.shtml (1781 words)

	Five Arrows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first appearance of a bundle of arrows representing the family was in the Austrian patent for arms of 1817 that placed the brothers on the first rung of the nobility.
		In 1822, the brothers advanced yet further in the ranks of the Austrian nobility, becoming barons of the Empire.
		Nathan's design incorporated a lion (rejected by the Austrians) grasping in its paw a bundle of five arrows.
	www.rothschildarchive.org /tools/forprint.asp?doc=/ib/articles/data_faq_5arrow (332 words)

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