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Topic: Austrian post offices in the Turkish Empire

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	INTERNATIONAL PHILATELIC DIRECTORY - SERBIA & MONTENEGRO
		The Austrian Post Office operated in Belgrade between 1718 and 1739 when Serbia were reverted to the Turks.
		Austrian Consular Post Office was open on 1 August 1841 and functioned until 30 September 1869.
		The first Serbian Post Office was opened in Belgrade on 25 May 1840 and the first stamps were issued on 1 July 1866.
	www.ceebd.co.uk /phil/serbia.htm (171 words)

	Austrian post offices in the Turkish Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Austria and other European nations maintained an extensive system of post offices in the Ottoman Empire, typically motivated by the unreliable postal system of the Ottomans.
		For Austria, the practice started in 1748 with the establishment of a post office in Galata outside of Constantinople, and eventually extended to dozens of locations throughout the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean.
		Stamps printed specifically for the offices resumed in 1906, by using Austrian stamps missing the denomination (at this point the denomination of Austrian stamps was printed in a second step), and the Jubilee issue of 1908 included the same designs denominated in piasters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austrian_post_offices_in_the_Turkish_Empire (247 words)

	Austrian post offices in the Turkish Empire - Biocrawler
		Austria and other European nations maintained an extensive system of post offices in the Ottoman Empire, typically motivated by the unreliable postal system of the Ottomans.
		For Austria, the practice started in 1748 with the establishment of a post office in Galata outside of Constantinople, and eventually extended to dozens of locations throughout the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean.
		Stamps printed specifically for the offices resumed in 1906, by using Austrian stamps missing the denomination (at this point the denomination of Austrian stamps was printed in a second step), and the Jubilee issue of 1908 included the same designs denominated in piasters.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Austrian_post_offices_in_the_Turkish_Empire (228 words)

	Postage stamps and postal history of Ottoman Empire
		Austrian stamps of the period are denominated in neu-kreuzer and gulden and later in heller and krone.
		Austrian stamps for use in offices in the Ottoman Empire often had the same designs as stamps for use in Austria, but they were denominated in different currencies.
		Originally, the post office used postage stamps of France, but these were denominated in centimes and francs instead of the local piasters, so beginning in 1885, some French stamps were surcharged in piasters, at a rate of four piasters to the franc.
	geocities.com /stampsmuseum/ottoman_stamps.htm (1177 words)

	LINNS.COM: The website of the world's largest weekly stamp newspaper-Linn's Stamp News
		Algeria was a territory of the Ottoman Turkish Empire from 1518-1830 and during this period was one of the centers of the Barbary pirates.
		Austrian post offices in the Turkish Empire were closed Dec. 15, 1914.
		Turkish and British occupation was followed by the establishment of a communist regime in 1920.
	www.linns.com /reference/entities/entity_a.asp (3695 words)

	Ottoman Empire - MSN Encarta
		Allied troops occupied the empire from the end of the war until 1922, when nationalist forces under Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) drove them out; Kemal abolished the empire later that year and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
		After his death the empire experienced severe internal crises, including disorder in the provinces, unrest in the military as serious inflation caused soldiers to be underpaid or not paid at all, and succession issues due to the lack of candidates who were of age to assume the sultanate.
		In accordance with the Turkish proverb, “the fish begins to stink at the head,” this lack of leadership became a serious factor in the decline of the empire.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html (6111 words)

	[No title]
		Turkish forces are reported to have expanded their area of control six miles to the east from Kyrenia, ordering United Nations peacekeeping troops to leave the area.
		Turkish armed forces are reported to be trying to occupy ‘all the high ground on both slopes of the mountains that dominate the road from Myrtou to Lapithos’.
		Turkish troops are reported to have arrested the able-bodies male residents in the ‘last Greek Cypriot havens in the Turkish-occupied area of northern Cyprus’.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /~cases/papers/cyprus.html (9231 words)

	Turkish Stamps
		The gradual erosion of the Ottoman Empire was hastened by World War I. By 1919, Turkey in Asia was reduced to its present boundaries, except for some difficulties in the establishment of the Syrian border, which was not finalised until 1939.
		Post organized by General Wrangel to serve White Russian refugees (military and civilian) from the Crimea, lodged in camps mainly round Istanbul.
		All offices were closed on 30 September 1914, but the Smyrna office was reopened during 19 19-22 and used unoverprinted adhesives.
	www.efilateli.com /en/pullarimiz.en.php (1528 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		In diplomatic circles, the empire was often referred to as the Sublime Porte or simply as the Porte, deriving from the French translation of the Ottoman name Bab-i-ali, meaning "the high gate", due to the greeting ceremony the sultan held for foreign ambassadors at the grand Palace Gate of the Imperial Topkapı Palace.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman I in the 16th century, when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest, and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West and interacted throughout its six-century history with both the East and the West.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki (1800 words)

	Ottoman decay led to offices abroad stamps
		However, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, having offices abroad was often considered one of the hallmarks of a great power.
		Austria began to operate post offices in the Ottoman Empire as early as 1845.
		Stamps for the French Offices in the Ottoman Empire for the Levant, Cavalle, Dedeagh and Vathy are shown in Figure 3.
	www.linns.com /howto/refresher/officesabroad_20030811/refreshercourse.asp (1594 words)

	Austrian Post in Turkey and in Crete (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, having post offices abroad was often considered one of the hallmarks of a great power.
		In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was often referred to as "the Sick Man of Europe." By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottomans had to concede extraterritorial rights, including postal operations, to the great powers as well as to some powers that were not so great.
		Since the unit of money in Crete was the franc, the post office issued Austrian stamps surcharged in centimes and francs, from 1903 on, and in 1908 issued stamps similar to the 60th-year issue of Austria proper, but denominated in the local currency.
	www.cybamall.com /philaworld/gallery1/AU/austria_po.htm (318 words)

	Ottoman decay led to offices abroad stamps
		Austrian stamps for use in offices in the Ottoman Empire often had the same designs as stamps for use in Austria, but they were denominated in different currencies.
		Austrian stamps of the period are denominated in neu-kreuzer and gulden and later in heller and krone.
		One of the provisions of the treaty abolished all foreign post offices in Turkey.
	linns.com /howto/refresher/officesabroad_20030811/refreshercourse.asp (1594 words)

	HyeEtch - Armenian Genocide - Ambassador Morgenthau's Story p1
		The long welter of massacre and disorder in the Turkish Empire had apparently ended; "the great assassin", Abdul Hamid, had been removed to solitary confinement at Saloniki, and his brother, the gentle Mohammed V, had ascended the throne with a progressive democratic program.
		Austria had annexed two Turkish provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Italy had wrenched away Tripoli; Turkey had fought a disastrous war with the Balkan states, and had lost all her territories in Europe except Constantinople and a small hinterland.
		The practical effect of the event was to isolate the Turkish Empire from all the world excepting Germany and Austria.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /genocide/ambassador_p1.html (2849 words)

	[No title]
		The Austrian Consular and Military Post in the Romanian Principalities.
		Austrian troops peacefully "garrison" the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.
		The remaining six post offices (BAKEU, BERLAD, BOTTUSCHAN, JASSY, PIATRA and ROMAN, all in Moldavia) were placed under the Austrian postal administration of the postal directorate of Lemberg.
	membres.lycos.fr /dgrecu/BibAustria.html (2120 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		French post* offices in the Turkish Empire (1884-1923)
		Italian post* offices in the Turkish Empire (1908-1922)
		Polish post* offices in the Turkish Empire (1919)
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=List_of_people_on_stamps (333 words)

	History News Network
		Even as the Ottoman Empire began to centralize its far-flung domains in the nineteenth century, causing it to write new tariffs in commercial law and erect new customs posts on Imperial frontiers, Iraqis were busy rediscovering new routes and new markets from which to exchange and ship their goods.
		As I mentioned in an earlier post, Suq al-Shuyukh, the name of which is translated as the market of the sheikhs, grew out of an encampment to which Muntafiq tribesmen used to repair to buy and sell their wares.
		As recounted in an earlier post, the Mamluks were Georgian slaves, originally of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and later on, of other provincial governors in the wider Ottoman realm.
	www.historynewsnetwork.com /blogs/24.html (10147 words)

	Vienna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
		During the Middle Ages, Vienna was home of the Babenberg Dynasty and in 1440 became residence city of the Habsburg Dynasties from where Vienna eventually grew to become the secret capital of the Holy Roman Empire and a cultural centre for arts and science, music and fine cuisine.
		Exceptions of that are 1300 for the Vienna International Airport located in Lower Austria near Schwechat, 1400 for the UN Complex, 1450 for the Austria Center, and 1500 for the Austrian UN-Forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vienna (4875 words)

	Turkish Empire to United States 12/25/05 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Austrian post office rights were included in a treaty negotiated in 1739.
		The post office in Jerusalem was established in 1867.
		This stamp was issued in 1903 for Austrian post offices in the Turkish Empire (Scott 40a).
	www.stampwhiz.com /122505.html (244 words)

	Zionism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pogroms in Russia led Jewish philanthropists such as the Montefiores and the Rothschilds to sponsor agricultural settlements for Russian Jews in Palestine in the late 1870s, culminating in a small group of immigrants from Russia arriving in the country in 1882.
		Balfour was motivated partly by philo-Semitic sentiment, partly by a desire to weaken the Ottoman Empire (an ally of Germany during the First World War), and partly by a desire to strengthen support for the Allied cause in the United States, home to the world's most influental Jewish community.
		With the defeat and dismantlement of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, and the establishment of the British Mandate over Palestine by the League of Nations in 1922, the Zionist movement entered a new phase of activity.
	zionism.iqnaut.net (5769 words)

	Ken Lawrence: Before the Penny Black
		For purposes of this essay, mail is defined as written communication carried from one predetermined place (post or post office) to another on scheduled rounds at uniform rates by a disinterested third party (the postal system), and stamps are printed tokens that denote the franking privilege or prepayment of postage.
		According to the pseudonymous 1883 author, De Velayer's post was described in an 1838 pamphlet by M. Piron of Paris.
		These mailboxes were cleared three times a day, the letters delivered to the central post office, the billets removed (so they could not be used again), and the letters sent on their way.
	www.norby.dk /btpb.html (3164 words)

	AskPhil -- Stamp Collecting starts here. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Toypkia: Greek post offices in Turkish Empire used stamps of Greece with name of town and Toypkia in brackets, Oct. 13, 1861-April 25, 1881.
		Transit mark: handstruck mark on a letter besides those of the origin and destination, usually post offices located at intersection of mail routes and designated as "distribution centers," may contain the word "transit" in the device.
		1909-14; overprint on stamps of Russia, Offices in Turkish Empire; used in Turkish cities with Russian post offices, Beyrouth, Constantinople, Dardanelles, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Kerassunde, Metelin, Mont Athos, Salonique, Smyrne, Rizeh, and Trebisonde; issued to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Russian post offices in the Turkish Empire.
	www.askphil.org /b25t.htm (9277 words)

	Hungary - Post Report - e Diplomat
		It is recommended that employees and their family arrive at post with an initial supply of prescription and over-the-counter medications, and a first-aid kit for their home and car.
		Post City Last Updated: 6/30/2002 6:00 PM Despite heavy damage during World War II and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Budapest has been rebuilt and is considered one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.
		The Post and Its Administration Last Updated: 6/30/2002 6:00 PM The Embassy Chancery Building is located at Szabadsag Ter 12 and houses most State Department offices and the Defense Attaché‚ Office (DAO).
	www.ediplomat.com /np/post_reports/pr_hu.htm (10989 words)

	Libertarian Samizdata
		I was heading through the Austrian Tyrol on Thursday when after rounding a corner on a descending road, my car started skidding on ice and began spinning uncontrollably, somewhere vaguely near Bischofshofen.
		Perhaps I will not feel so extreme tomorrow but seeing the images of those exhausted fireman just fills me with fury at the thought their lives are in peril through the actions of worthless nihilists who care nothing for the property or life of others.
		This opportunity comes to us courtesy of the European Empire which, ever mindful of the need to be seen to be doing something, has published a list 'person and groups considered to be terrorists'.
	samizdata.blogspot.com /2001_12_30_samizdata_archive.html (12249 words)

	Gideon's Blog
		Anna is not so different from my Princip from the lengthy piece I posted some weeks ago - she has lived beyond her own tale's end, beyond the moment that, had she died in it, she might have thought she had redeemed her life.
		My father I knew to have died when the Austrians destroyed the old village, but Jovo, well, the cleft between brothers is deeper than that cut by Crni Potoci, the Black Brook, between the stones.
		She is pulling at the buttons of his jacket, to expose his wounds, but the buttons are all for show, twinkling golden miniatures of the Empire.
	www.gideonsblog.blogspot.com /2004_06_01_gideonsblog_archive.html (17292 words)

	European Commission - Margot WallstrÃ¶m, Vice-President of the European Commission: my blog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Posted by The Moderator on July 28, 2005 at 05:41 PM CEST
		Even the short lived Empire ruled by Charlamagne collapsed in ruin, bloodshed, war and famine, just as it was forged by his Father with battle axe and war lords, rape, pillage and slaughter.
		Jorge: Sorry but you cannot claim to represent the views of the majority, you are counting those countries where a minority voted yes to the constitution, that minority happened to be members of the respective parliaments, there is no evidence to suggest that they actually did represent their respective peoples.
	weblog.jrc.cec.eu.int /comments/wallstrom/Weblog/sri_lanka (13741 words)

	WHKMLA Historical Atlas : Ottoman Empire Page
		For maps of specific regions of the Ottoman Empire, click on Rumelia, Ottoman Anatolia,.
		Maps of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1922, from Atlas of the Orient
		Maps of the Ottoman Empire, from Ottoman Souvenir
	www.zum.de /whkmla/histatlas/asmin/haxottoman.html (1428 words)

	Jewish Web Index - Make it easier for you to do your personal research
		Public Records Office - Kew, Richmond - The Public records Office (PRO) have made available, on-line, an index to the Wills that they are holding for the period 1850 to 1858, and also on-line access to the images of these Wills.
		Posts relating to all aspects of life for British Jews as well as research methods, success stories and genealogy will be welcomed.
		A child born in Britain to an Austrian father would be considered Austrian, and this would be the case if his parents or he had been resident in Austria.
	jewishwebindex.com /britishempire.htm (4291 words)

	Top20Poland.com - Your Top20 Guide to Poland!
		Belarusian, Cassubian, German and Ukrainian are used in five communal offices.
		Numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ultimately came to an end in 1699.
		During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on Russia.
	www.top20poland.com (3000 words)

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